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學

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 学

學 U+5B78, 學
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B78
← 孷
[U+5B77] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 孹 →
[U+5B79]

Translingual

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Japanese 学
Simplified 学
Traditional 學
Stroke order
Stroke order
(alternative)

Han character

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學 (Kangxi radical 39, 子+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 竹月弓木 (HBND), four-corner 77407, composition ⿱𦥯子)

Derived characters

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Further reading

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 280, character 28
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7033
  • Dae Jaweon: page 549, character 27
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1019, character 11
  • Unihan data for U+5B78

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 學
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (學) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
攪 *kruːʔ
覺 *kruːɡs, *kruːɡ
澩 *ɡruːʔ, *sɡruːɡ, *ɡruːɡ
斆 *ɡruːɡs
鱟 *ɡoːɡs, *quːɡ
嶨 *kʰruːɡ, *ɡruːɡ
礐 *kʰruːɡ, *ɡ·rɯːɡ, *ɡoːɡ, *ɡuːɡ
觷 *ŋɡruːɡ, *ɡruːɡ, *quːɡ
學 *ɡruːɡ
鷽 *ɡruːɡ, *qruːɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : abbreviated 敎 (“to teach”) + 𦥑 (“mingling hands; hands-on learning”) + 宀 (“house; roofed building”) – a child learns in a roofed place. See 敎／教 for more; the bottom part is partly related graphically to 字. Ancient variants include 斅 and 斆, which preserve more of 敎.

In the modern form, 宀 has corrupted to 冖 (“cover”), and the hands 𦥑 around the 爻 have become connected with the roof 冖 on top of the child 子. Shuowen regards 𦥑 as the phonetic component in the character, which may be true according to some Old Chinese reconstructions such as that of Pan Wuyun's, though probably not others.

See also the top component of 覺, which is a contraction of 學.

The earliest oracle bone script forms may be a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡruːɡ) : semantic 爻 + phonetic 六 (OC *ruɡ).

Etymology 1

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trad. 學
simp. 学*
alternative forms
斈
𢻯
𡕕
𣁃
𫝯
斈
𢻯
𡕕
𣁃
𫝯
𭓕
𭓘
 

May be an endopassive derivation of 覺 (OC *kruːɡs, *kruːɡ, “to awake, get insight”). Ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kruk (“to rouse; to awaken; to disturb”).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • ò̤ - vernacular;
  • hă - literary.
Note:
  • ŏ̤h - vernacular;
  • hŏk - literary.
Note:
  • o2 - vernacular;
  • hah7 - literary.
Note:
  • o̍h - vernacular;
  • ha̍k - literary.
Note:
  • oh8 - vernacular;
  • hag8 - literary.
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin: o6 / hiog4
      • Sinological IPA: /ɔ³³/, /hiɔk̚⁵/
Note:
  • o6 - vernacular;
  • hiog4 - literary.
Note:
  • 8ghoq - vernacular;
  • 8yaq (Shanghainese), 8yoq (Suzhounese) - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 學
Mandarin Beijing /ɕyɛ³⁵/
Harbin /ɕiau²⁴/
/ɕyɛ²⁴/
Tianjin /ɕiɑu⁴⁵/
/ɕye⁴⁵/
Jinan /ɕyə⁴²/
Qingdao /ɕyə⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ɕyo⁴²/
Xi'an /ɕyo²⁴/
Xining /ɕyu²⁴/
Yinchuan /ɕye¹³/
/ɕye⁵³/
Lanzhou /ɕyə⁵³/
Ürümqi /ɕyɤ⁵¹/
Wuhan /ɕio²¹³/
Chengdu /ɕyo³¹/
Guiyang /ɕio²¹/
Kunming /ɕio³¹/
Nanjing /ɕioʔ⁵/
Hefei /ɕyɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /ɕyəʔ⁵⁴/
Pingyao /ɕiʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /ɕyaʔ⁴³/ ～习
/ɕiɔ³¹/ ～话
Wu Shanghai /ɦoʔ¹/
/ɦiaʔ¹/
Suzhou /ɦioʔ³/
/ɦoʔ³/
Hangzhou /ɦiɑʔ²/
Wenzhou /ɦo²¹³/
Hui Shexian /ɕiɔ²²/
/xɔ²²/
Tunxi /xo¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ɕio²⁴/
Xiangtan /ɕio²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /hɔʔ²/
Hakka Meixian /hok̚⁵/
Taoyuan /hok̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɔk̚²/
Nanning /hɔk̚²²/
Hong Kong /hɔk̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hak̚⁵/
/oʔ⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /houʔ⁵/
/oʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xa²⁴/
/ɔ⁴²/
Shantou (Teochew) /hak̚⁵/
/oʔ⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hiɔk̚⁵/
/o³³/
Rime
Character 學
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 覺 (10)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 胡覺切
Baxter haewk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦˠʌk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦᵚɔk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣɔk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦaɨwk̚/
Li
Rong 		/ɣɔk̚/
Wang
Li 		/ɣɔk̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɣɔk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xué
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hok6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 學
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xué
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hæwk ›
Old
Chinese 		/*m-kˁruk/
English study; imitate

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 學
Reading # 1/1
No. 14079
Phonetic
component 		學
Rime
group 		覺
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		學
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡruːɡ/
Notes 甲文象習持爻於膝前，
金文方加子

Definitions

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學

  1. † to comprehend; to realise; to understand
  2. (transitive) to learn; to study
    學習／学习  ―  xuéxí  ―  to study; to learn
    我打算學攝影。／我打算学摄影。  ―  Wǒ dǎsuàn xué shèyǐng.  ―  I plan to learn photography.
    我父母親希望我學醫，但是我不願意。 [MSC, trad.]
    我父母亲希望我学医，但是我不愿意。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ fùmǔqīn xīwàng wǒ xué yī, dànshì wǒ bù yuànyì. [Pinyin]
    My parents hoped I would study medicine, but I didn't want to.
    老師叫極佢都唔肯學講唔該。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    老师叫极佢都唔肯学讲唔该。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    lou5 si1 giu3 gik6 keoi5 dou1 m4 hang2 hok6 gong2 m4 goi1. [Jyutping]
    He refuses to learn to say thank you, even though his teacher asked him many times.
  3. to imitate; to copy; to mimic
    鸚鵡學人語。／鹦鹉学人语。  ―  Yīngwǔ xué rén yǔ.  ―  Parrots imitate human speech.
    我妹妹什麼都學我。 [MSC, trad.]
    我妹妹什么都学我。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ mèimèi shénme dōu xué wǒ. [Pinyin]
    My little sister likes to copy everything I do.
    學人哋用叉食飯 [Cantonese, trad.]
    学人哋用叉食饭 [Cantonese, simp.]
    hok6 jan4 dei6 jung6 caa1 sik6 faan6 [Jyutping]
    imitate others and use a fork to eat
  4. school
    上學／上学  ―  shàngxué  ―  to go to school
    小學／小学  ―  xiǎoxué  ―  primary school
    學費／学费  ―  xuéfèi  ―  school fees
  5. learning; knowledge
    求學／求学  ―  qiúxué  ―  to seek knowledge
    才疏學淺／才疏学浅  ―  cáishūxuéqiǎn  ―  to be of humble talent and shallow learning
  6. theory; doctrine
    儒學／儒学  ―  rúxué  ―  Confucianism
  7. subject; branch of learning; science; -ology
    化學／化学  ―  huàxué  ―  chemistry
    生物學／生物学  ―  shēngwùxué  ―  biology
    哲學／哲学  ―  zhéxué  ―  philosophy
  8. (Cantonese) like; as
    學佢話齋／学佢话斋 [Cantonese]  ―  hok6 keoi5 waa6 zaai1 [Jyutping]  ―  as he said
Synonyms
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Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (學):
  • → Japanese: 学(がく) (gaku); 学(かく) (kaku)
  • → Okinawan: 学(がく) (gaku)
  • → Korean: 학(學) (hak)
  • → Jeju: ᄒᆞᆨ (hawk)
  • → Vietnamese: học (學)

Etymology 2

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trad. 學
simp. 学*

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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學

  1. (obsolete) Alternative form of 斆 / 敩 (xiào, “to teach; to instruct; to train”)

Etymology 3

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trad. 學
simp. 学*

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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學

  1. Used in 學鳩／学鸠.

References

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Japanese

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Shinjitai

学

Kyūjitai

學

Kanji

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學

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 学)

  1. Kyūjitai form of 学
  2. learning, knowledge, school

Readings

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  • Go-on: がく (gaku)
  • Kan-on: かく (kaku)
  • Kun: まなぶ (manabu, 學ぶ)

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 學 (MC haewk).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅘᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: hhák)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] ᄇᆡ홀 (Yale: poyhwol) ᄒᆞᆨ (Yale: hok)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

學 (eumhun 배울 학 (bae'ul hak))

  1. hanja form? of 학 (“to learn, to study; to be taught”) [affix]
  2. hanja form? of 학 (“-logy, -ics, -graphy, study of...”) [suffix]

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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學: Hán Việt readings: học[1][2][3][4][5]
學: Nôm readings: học[1][2][3][4][6], hục[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of học (“to learn, to study”).
  2. chữ Hán form of học (“(suffix) subject; branch of learning; -ology”).

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
  5. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  6. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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