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極

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 极
極 U+6975, 極
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6975
← 楴
[U+6974] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 楶 →
[U+6976]

Translingual

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Han character

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極 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 木一水一 (DMEM) or 木弓水一 (DNEM), four-corner 41914, composition ⿰木亟)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 542, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 15181
  • Dae Jaweon: page 929, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1240, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+6975

Chinese

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trad. 極
simp. 极*

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 極
Spring and Autumn Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (茍) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
亟 *kʰɯɡs, *kɯɡ
茍 *kɯɡ
殛 *kɯɡ
極 *ɡɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡɯɡ): semantic 木 (“tree, wood”) + phonetic 亟 (OC *kʰɯɡs, *kɯɡ) – originally meaning a crossbeam rafter.

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kak (“expensive; at its peak”) (STEDT). Cognate with 亟 (OC *kɯɡ, “urgent”), 殛 (OC *kɯɡ, “to kill”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1

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  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 極
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕi³⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕi⁴⁵/
Jinan /t͡ɕi⁴²/
Qingdao /t͡ɕi⁴²/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Xining /t͡ɕji²⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕi¹³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕi⁵³/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕi⁵¹/
Wuhan /t͡ɕi²¹³/
Chengdu /t͡ɕi³¹/
Guiyang /t͡ɕi²¹/
Kunming /t͡ɕi³¹/
Nanjing /t͡ɕiʔ⁵/
Hefei /t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəʔ²/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕiəʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /d͡ʑiɪʔ¹/
Suzhou /d͡ʑiəʔ³/
Hangzhou /d͡ʑiəʔ²/
Wenzhou /d͡ʑai²¹³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰi²²/
Tunxi /t͡ɕʰie¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕʰi²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰiʔ²/
Hakka Meixian /kʰit̚⁵/
Taoyuan /kʰit̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kek̚²/
Nanning /kek̚²²/
Hong Kong /kik̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kik̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kiʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ki²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kek̚⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kek̚³/
Rime
Character 極
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 群 (30)
Final (韻) 職 (134)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 渠力切
Baxter gik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɡɨk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɡɨk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɡiek̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/gik̚/
Li
Rong 		/ɡiək̚/
Wang
Li 		/ɡĭək̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/gi̯ək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jí
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gik6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 極
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jí
Middle
Chinese 		‹ gik ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɡ](r)ək/
English extreme

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 極
Reading # 1/1
No. 5738
Phonetic
component 		茍
Rime
group 		職
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		極
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡɯɡ/

Definitions

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極

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) ridgepole; ridgepiece
  2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) highest position; top rank
  3. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) throne; seat of state
  4. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) highest point; top; peak
    登峰造極／登峰造极  ―  dēngfēngzàojí  ―  to reach great heights
  5. extremity; limit; end; utmost point
  6. extreme; of the highest degree; utmost; furthest; final
    極品／极品  ―  jípǐn  ―  item of the highest quality
    極限／极限  ―  jíxiàn  ―  limit, the utmost limits
  7. extremely; exceedingly; very
    痛苦極了／痛苦极了  ―  tòngkǔ jíle  ―  extremely painful
    極不滿意／极不满意  ―  jí bù mǎnyì  ―  extremely dissatisfied
    肥牛切得極薄。 [MSC, trad.]
    肥牛切得极薄。 [MSC, simp.]
    Féiniú qiē de jí báo. [Pinyin]
    The beef was sliced extremely thin.
  8. (Cantonese) at great length; exceedingly
    講極都唔明／讲极都唔明 [Cantonese]  ―  gong2 gik6 dou1 m4 ming4 [Jyutping]  ―  not understand despite lengthy explanation
    搵極都搵唔到嘅？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    揾极都揾唔到嘅？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    wan2 gik6 dou1 wan2 m4 dou3 ge2? [Jyutping]
    Why do I still not find it
    睇極／睇极 [Cantonese]  ―  tai2 gik6 [Jyutping]  ―  to watch closely or in great amounts
  9. (Cantonese) at most
    貴極咪都係廿蚊 [Cantonese, trad.]
    贵极咪都系廿蚊 [Cantonese, simp.]
    gwai3 gik6 mai6 dou1 hai6 jaa6 man1 [Jyutping]
    Its price is at most $20.
  10. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) highest norm; highest standard
  11. (Wu) to be anxious; to worry; to disturb oneself
  12. (Wu) to fear
  13. (Wu) to deny a wrongdoing; to cheat
    賴極皮／赖极皮 [Shanghainese]  ―  6la-jiq-bi [Wugniu]  ―  cheater in games (who e.g. objects to losing, being thrown out of the game, or who denies having cheated)
  14. (geography, physics) pole
    北極／北极  ―  běijí  ―  north pole
    陰極／阴极  ―  yīnjí  ―  negative pole, cathode
  15. (astronomy) Polaris
  16. quindecillion (1048)
  17. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to reach (the limit or standard)
    物極必反／物极必反  ―  wùjíbìfǎn  ―  a thing turns into its opposite if pushed too far
    位極人臣／位极人臣  ―  wèijírénchén  ―  to have reached the highest official positions
  18. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to exhaust; to do one's utmost
  19. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to study deeply; to examine deeply
  20. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 殛 (jí, “to punish”)

Compounds

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See also

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Chinese numerals
104 108 1012 1016 1020 1024 1028 1032 1036 1040 1044 1048
萬／万 (wàn) 億／亿 (yì) 兆 (zhào) (Taiwan) 京 (jīng) (Taiwan) 垓 (gāi) 秭 (zǐ) 穰 (ráng) 溝／沟 (gōu) 澗／涧 (jiàn) 正 (zhèng) 載／载 (zài) 極／极 (jí)
萬億／万亿 (wànyì)
(Mainland China) 		億億/亿亿
(Mainland China)

Pronunciation 2

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Definitions

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極

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 亟 (“fast; speedy”)
  2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 亟 (“anxiously”)

Pronunciation 3

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Definitions

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極

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 亟 (“repeatedly”)

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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極

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. extreme
  2. pole (eg. North Pole); extremity, zenith
  3. quindecillion

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
極
ごく
Grade: 4
goon

Pronunciation

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Adverb

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極(ごく) • (goku) 

  1. very, extremely
    ごく稀(まれ)に
    goku mare ni
    very rarely; seldom
    ごく普通(ふつう)
    goku futsū
    very ordinary
    ごく限(かぎ)られた人(ひと)
    goku kagirareta hito
    a very limited group of people
Usage notes
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This word is usually written in hiragana.

Number

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極(ごく) • (goku) 

  1. [from 1627] 1048, quindecillion

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
極
きょく
Grade: 4
kan'on

Pronunciation

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Noun

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極(きょく) • (kyoku) 

  1. extreme, extremity, height, zenith
    疲労困憊(ひろうこんぱい)の極(きょく)に達(たっ)する
    hirō konpai no kyoku ni tassuru
    to reach the highest level of fatigue; to become extremely exhausted
  2. (physics, astronomy, geometry) pole

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 極 (MC gik). Recorded as Middle Korean 극 (kuk) (Yale: kuk) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

極 (eumhun 다할 극 (dahal geuk))

  1. hanja form? of 극 (“pole; extremity”)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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極: Hán Nôm readings: cực, cọc

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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