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京

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 亰
京 U+4EAC, 京
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EAC
← 享
[U+4EAB] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 亭 →
[U+4EAD]

Translingual

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Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character

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京 (Kangxi radical 8, 亠+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 卜口火 (YRF), four-corner 00906, composition ⿳亠口小)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 88, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 299
  • Dae Jaweon: page 187, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 284, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+4EAC

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 京
alternative forms 亰
𡬱
𢂋
𦣿
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 京 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 京 (Cantonese)
  • 京 (Classical)

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 京
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
j13492
j13493
j13494
j13495
j13496
j13497
j13498
j13499
j13500
j13501
j13502
j13503
j13504
j13505
j13506
j13507
j13508
b08306
b08307
b08308
b08309
b08310
b08311
b08312
b08313
b08314
b08315
b08316
b08317
b08318
b08319
b08320
b08321
b08322
b08323
b08324
s03835
Transcribed ancient scripts
L33123
L33124
L33125
L33126
L33127
L33128
L33129
L33130
L33131
L10565
L10566
L10567
L10568
L10569
L10570
L10571
L10572
L10573
L10574
L10575
L10576
L10577
L10578
L10579
L10580
L10581
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (京) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
涼 *ɡ·raŋ, *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raŋs
凉 *ɡ·raŋ
椋 *ɡ·raŋ
綡 *ɡ·raŋ
輬 *ɡ·raŋ
諒 *ɡ·raŋs
掠 *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raɡ
弶 *ɡaŋs
京 *kraŋ
麖 *kraŋ
鶁 *kraŋ
景 *kraŋʔ
鯨 *ɡraŋ
黥 *ɡraŋ
勍 *ɡraŋ
剠 *ɡraŋ
倞 *ɡraŋs
影 *qraŋʔ
璟 *qraŋʔ, *kʷraŋʔ
憬 *kʷraŋʔ
暻 *kʷraŋʔ
澋 *ɡʷraːŋʔ

Pictogram (象形) – a tall building (i.e. a tower). Compare 高.

When used as a component on top of the character, the character loses the bottom part 小. (e.g., 亮 and 亭). Unrelated to the top component of 离, which represents grass.

Etymology 1

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Either from:

Within Chinese, cognate with 景 (OC *kraŋʔ, “large”), 鯨 (OC *ɡraŋ, “whale”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • gia1, giaⁿ1 - vernacular;
  • ging1 - literary.
Note:
  • kiaⁿ - vernacular;
  • keng - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 京
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕiə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕĩn³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕĩ⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡ɕin³¹/
Hefei /t͡ɕin²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiŋ¹³/
/t͡ɕi¹³/ ～陵城
Hohhot /t͡ɕĩŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕin³³/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕaŋ³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕiʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕin³³/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕin³³/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕin⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kin⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kin²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /keŋ⁵³/
Nanning /keŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kiŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kiŋ⁵⁵/
/kiã⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kiŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /keiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kiã³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /keŋ²³/
Rime
Character 京
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 庚 (111)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 舉卿切
Baxter kjaeng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠiæŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚiaŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kiaŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kiajŋ/
Li
Rong 		/kiɐŋ/
Wang
Li 		/kĭɐŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ki̯ɐŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jīng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ging1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 京
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jīng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kjæng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k]raŋ/
English hill; capital city

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 京
Reading # 1/1
No. 6828
Phonetic
component 		京
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		驚
Old
Chinese 		/*kraŋ/

Definitions

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京

  1. ⁜ capital (city)
    京城  ―  jīngchéng  ―  capital city
    京畿  ―  jīngjī  ―  capital city and its surrounding area
    泰京  ―  Tàijīng  ―  (Thailand) Bangkok (the capital city of Thailand)
    墨京  ―  Mòjīng  ―  (dated) Mexico City (the capital city of Mexico)
  2. Short for 北京 (Běijīng, “Beijing”). after 1949
    京劇／京剧  ―  jīngjù  ―  Beijing opera
    京腔  ―  jīngqiāng  ―  Beijing accent
  3. Short for 南京 (Nánjīng, “Nanjing”). between 1927–1948
  4. Short for 京都 (jīngdū, “Kyoto”). when referring Japan-related topics
  5. ten quadrillion, 1016
  6. † tall mound
  7. † large barn
  8. † large; great
  9. † ten million, 107
  10. † septillion, 1024
  11. † A hundred nonillion, 1032
See also
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Chinese numerals
104 108 1012 1016 1020 1024 1028 1032 1036 1040 1044 1048
萬／万 (wàn) 億／亿 (yì) 兆 (zhào) (Taiwan) 京 (jīng) (Taiwan) 垓 (gāi) 秭 (zǐ) 穰 (ráng) 溝／沟 (gōu) 澗／涧 (jiàn) 正 (zhèng) 載／载 (zài) 極／极 (jí)
萬億／万亿 (wànyì)
(Mainland China) 		億億/亿亿
(Mainland China)

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (京):
  • → Japanese: 京(きょう) (kyō); 京(けい) (kei)
  • → Korean: 경(京) (gyeong)
  • → Vietnamese: kinh (京)

References

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Etymology 2

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From Vietnamese Kinh, in turn from Sino-Vietnamese word from 京 (“capital”).

Pronunciation

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  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 京
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕiə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕĩn³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕĩ⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡ɕin³¹/
Hefei /t͡ɕin²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiŋ¹³/
/t͡ɕi¹³/ ～陵城
Hohhot /t͡ɕĩŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕin³³/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕaŋ³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕiʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕin³³/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕin³³/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕin⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kin⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kin²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /keŋ⁵³/
Nanning /keŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kiŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kiŋ⁵⁵/
/kiã⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kiŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /keiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kiã³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /keŋ²³/

Definitions

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京

  1. Gin (ethnic Vietnamese from China)

Compounds

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Japanese

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Kanji

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京

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. capital city
  2. ten quadrillion (short scale); ten thousand billion (long scale); 1016
  3. Tokyo
  4. Kyoto

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
京
きょう
Grade: 2
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 京 (MC kjaeng).

Noun

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京(きょう) • (kyō) ←きやう (kyau)?

  1. capital city
  2. Short for 京都 (Kyōto, “Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)”).
    京言葉(きょうことば) (kyōkotoba)
    京(きょう)料理(りょうり) (kyōryōri, literally “Kyōto cuisine”)
    京(きょう)の着倒(きだお)れ、大阪(おおさか)の食(く)い倒(だお)れ
    Kyō no kidaore, Ōsaka no kuidaore
    Spend Your Money on Fashion in Kyoto, eat till you’re broke in Osaka

Affix

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京(きょう) • (kyō) ←きやう (kyau)?

  1. capital city
    Synonym: (literary) 洛 (raku)
  2. (specifically) Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)
    Synonym: (literary) 洛 (raku)
  3. (especially) Tōkyō (a province of Japan)
    上京(じょうきょう) (jōkyō)

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
京
みやこ
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

宮 (miya, “imperial palace”) +‎ 処 (ko, “place”).

Noun

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京(みやこ) • (miyako) 

  1. the place where the emperor resides
  2. a city that acts as an economic and political center; capital
  3. metropolis

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
京
けい
Grade: 2
on'yomi

Number

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京(けい) • (kei) 

  1. 10,000,000,000,000,000, 1016, (US) ten quadrillion, (UK) ten thousand billion

See also

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Japanese numerical compounds with 京(けい) (kei)
1016 2 × 1016 3 × 1016 4 × 1016 5 × 1016 6 × 1016 7 × 1016 8 × 1016 9 × 1016 1017 1018
一(いっ)京(けい) (ikkei) 二(に)京(けい) (nikei) 三(さん)京(けい) (sankei) 四(よん)京(けい) (yonkei) 五(ご)京(けい) (gokei) 六(ろっ)京(けい) (rokkei) 七(なな)京(けい) (nanakei) 八(はっ)京(けい) (hakkei) 九(きゅう)京(けい) (kyūkei) 十(じゅっ)京(けい) (jukkei) 百(ひゃっ)京(けい) (hyakkei)

Korean

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 京 (MC kjaeng). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “what is its historical reading?”)

Hanja

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京 (eumhun 서울 경 (seoul gyeong))
京 (eumhun 경 경 (gyeong gyeong))

  1. hanja form? of 경 (“capital”)
  2. hanja form? of 경 (“10,000,000,000,000,000, 1016, (US) ten quadrillion, (UK) ten thousand billion”)

Compounds

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See also

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]
  • Supreme Court of the Republic of Korea (대한민국 대법원, Daehanmin'guk Daebeobwon) (2018). Table of hanja for personal names (인명용 한자표 / 人名用漢字表, Inmyeong-yong hanja-pyo), page 3. [3]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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京: Hán Việt readings: kinh[1][2][3][4][5][6], nguyên
京: Nôm readings: kinh[1][2][3], kiêng[1][2][3][7], kềnh[1], kình[1]

Noun

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京 • (kinh)

  1. chữ Hán form of kinh (“capital city”).

Adjective

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京 • (Kinh)

  1. chữ Hán form of Kinh (“ethnically Vietnamese”).

Verb

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京 • (kiêng)

  1. Nôm form of kiêng (“to respect”).

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
  4. ^ Nguyễn (1974).
  5. ^ Trần (1999).
  6. ^ Thiều Chửu (1942).
  7. ^ Hồ (1976).
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