京都

Chinese

		capital; Beijing (abbrev.)	metropolis; capital city; all metropolis; capital city; all; both (if two things are involved); entirely; even; already
simp. and trad. (京都)		京	都

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jīngdū

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥ ㄉㄨ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ging¹ dou¹
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiaⁿ-to͘ / keng-to͘

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jīngdū
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ ㄉㄨ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jingdu
    • Wade–Giles: ching¹-tu¹
    • Yale: jīng-dū
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jingdu
    • Palladius: цзинду (czindu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: ging¹ dou¹
    • Yale: gīng dōu
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ging¹ dou¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: ging¹ dou¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiaⁿ-to͘
    • Tâi-lô: kiann-too
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kvia'dof
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiã³³ tɔ³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiã⁴⁴⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keng-to͘
    • Tâi-lô: king-too
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kengdof
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/

Note:

• kiaⁿ-to͘ - vernacular;
• keng-to͘ - literary.

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• Middle Chinese: kjaeng tu

Rime
Character	京	都
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	庚 (111)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	舉卿切	當孤切
Baxter	kjaeng	tu
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠiæŋ/	/tuo/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚiaŋ/	/tuo/
Shao Rongfen	/kiaŋ/	/to/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kiajŋ/	/tɔ/
Li Rong	/kiɐŋ/	/to/
Wang Li	/kĭɐŋ/	/tu/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ki̯ɐŋ/	/tuo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jīng	dū
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ging1	dou1

Noun

京都

1. (literary) capital city (of a country)

   • 卓到，廢帝為弘農王而立獻帝，京都大亂。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
     卓到，废帝为弘农王而立献帝，京都大乱。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]

     From: Chen Shou, Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 3^rd century CE

     Zhuó dào, fèi dì wéi Hóngnóng Wáng ér lì Xiàn Dì, jīngdū dàluàn. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 聞船中夜彈琵琶者，聽其音，錚錚然有京都聲。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     闻船中夜弹琵琶者，听其音，铮铮然有京都声。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: 816, Bai Juyi, 琵琶行

     Wén chuán zhōng yè dàn pípá zhě, tīng qí yīn, zhēngzhēng rán yǒu jīngdū shēng. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Usage notes

When translating the English term capital city, use 首都 (shǒudū) when referring to the capital of a country, 首府 (shǒufǔ) when referring to the capital of a state or autonomous region, and 省會／省会 (shěnghuì) when referring to the capital of a province. Alternative terms for the capital of a country include 國都／国都 (guódū), 京城 (jīngchéng), 京都 (jīngdū), 京邑 (jīngyì) and 都城 (dūchéng) all of which are more commonly used in literary language.

Synonyms

edit

• 上國 / 上国 (shàngguó) (literary)
• 京城 (jīngchéng) (literary)
• 京師 / 京师 (jīngshī) (literary)
• 京華 / 京华 (jīnghuá) (literary)
• 京邑 (jīngyì) (literary)
• 國家 / 国家 (guójiā) (Classical Chinese)
• 國都 / 国都 (guódū)
• 帝都 (dìdū) (imperial capital)
• 王京 (wángjīng) (literary, royal capital)
• 王都 (wángdū) (formal, royal capital)
• 皇州 (huángzhōu) (literary, imperial capital)
• 神州 (shénzhōu) (literary)
• 都城 (dūchéng)
• 都邑 (dūyì) (literary)
• 都門 / 都门 (dūmén) (literary)
• 鎬京 / 镐京 (hàojīng) (literary)
• 長安 / 长安 (cháng'ān) (literary, figurative)
• 首都 (shǒudū)

Derived terms

• 京都排骨
• 京都肉排 (Jīngdū ròupái)
• 京都骨 (jīngdōugǔ)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (京都):

• → Japanese: 京都(きょうと) (Kyōto)

See also

• 省會／省会 (shěnghuì)
• 首府 (shǒufǔ)

Etymology 2

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 京都 (Kyōto).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Jīngdū

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥ ㄉㄨ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ging¹ dou¹
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Kiaⁿ-to͘

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Jīngdū
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ ㄉㄨ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Jingdu
    • Wade–Giles: Ching¹-tu¹
    • Yale: Jīng-dū
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jingdu
    • Palladius: Цзинду (Czindu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: ging¹ dou¹
    • Yale: gīng dōu
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ging¹ dou¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: ging¹ dou¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kiaⁿ-to͘
    • Tâi-lô: Kiann-too
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kvia'dof
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/

Proper noun

京都

1. (～市) Kyoto (a city in Kyoto prefecture, Japan)
2. (～府) Kyoto (a prefecture of Japan)

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
京	都
きょう Grade: 2	と Grade: 3
goon	kan'on

Alternative spelling
京都 (kyūjitai)

/kjauto/ → /kjɔːto/ → /kjoːto/

From Middle Chinese 京都 (kjaeng tu, literally “capital city”).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) きょーと [kyóꜜòtò] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [kʲo̞ːto̞]

• Audio:

  (file)

• (Kyoto) きょ​ーと [kyóꜜòtò] (Kōki)

• Historical evolution of the Kyoto pitch accent

• (the Edo period) HLL

※ H for high and flat syllables (◌́), L for low and flat syllables (◌̀), F for high-to-low syllables (◌̂), R for low-to-high syllables (◌̌).
※ References:

Proper noun

京(きょう)都(と) • (Kyōto) ^{←きやうと (Kyauto)?}

1. a placename, especially:
   1. Short for 京都府 (Kyōto-fu): Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture (a prefecture of Japan)
   2. Short for 京都市 (Kyōto-shi): Kyoto (the capital city of Kyoto prefecture, Japan)

      Synonyms: 京 (Kyō), 京の都 (Kyō no miyako)

2. a surname
3. a female given name

Derived terms

• 京都五山(きょうとござん) (Kyōto Gozan)
• 京都御所(きょうとごしょ) (Kyōto Gosho)
• 京都所司(きょうとしょし)代(だい) (Kyōto Shoshidai)
• 京都代官(きょうとだいかん) (Kyōto Daikan)
• 京都弁(きょうとべん) (Kyōto-ben)
• 京都盆地(きょうとぼんち) (Kyōto Bonchi)
• 京都守護(きょうとしゅご) (Kyōto Shugo)
• 小(しょう)京都(きょうと) (shō-Kyōto)

Descendants

• → English: Kyoto
• → Korean: 교토 (Gyoto)
• → Portuguese: Kyoto
• → Russian: Кио́то m (Kióto)
• → Vietnamese: Kinh Đô

See also

• 上方(かみがた) (Kamigata)
• 京師(けいし) (Keishi)
• 京阪(けいはん) (Keihan, “Kyoto and Osaka”)
• 京(みやこ), 都(みやこ) (miyako)
• 平安(へいあん)京(きょう) (Heian-kyō)
• 洛陽(らくよう) (Rakuyō)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
京	都
みやこ
Grade: 2	Grade: 3
jukujikun

Alternative spelling
京都 (kyūjitai)

For pronunciation and definitions of 京都 – see the following entry.

【都みやこ】3 [noun] (archaic) the place of residence of the emperor [noun] (by extension) a capital city [noun] (by extension) a capital (most important city in the field specified), an economic and political center, a metropolis [noun] (shogi, colloquial) Short for 都詰め (miyakozume): moving the 王将 (ōshō)/玉将 (gyokushō, “king”) to the center of the board with other pieces close together [proper noun] a placename [proper noun] a surname [proper noun] a female given name Alternative spelling 京

(This term, 京都, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Okinawan

Kanji in this term
京	都
Grade: 2	Grade: 3

Alternative spelling
京都 (kyūjitai)

Etymology

Borrowed from Japanese 京都 (Kyōto), with phonological nativization.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t͡ɕoːtu/

Proper noun

京都(ちょーとぅ) (Chōtu) 

1. Kyoto (a prefecture of Japan)
2. Kyoto (the capital city of Kyoto prefecture, Japan)

References

• Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo (国立国語研究所) (1963) 沖縄語辞典 (Okinawa-go Jiten) [Dictionary of the Okinawan Language] (in Japanese), Tokyo (東京): Okurashō Insatsu Kyoku (財務省印刷局)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
京	都

Proper noun

京都

1. chữ Hán form of Kinh Đô (“Kyoto”).
   1. a prefecture of Japan
   2. the capital city of Kyoto prefecture, Japan