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See also:
U+5102, 儂
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5102

[U+5101]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5103]

Translingual

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Han character

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(Kangxi radical 9, +13, 15 strokes, cangjie input 人廿田女 (OTWV), four-corner 25232, composition )

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 118, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1176
  • Dae Jaweon: page 251, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 225, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5102

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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trad.
simp.
alternative forms Min
𠆧 Eastern Min
Wu

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *nuːŋ) : semantic + phonetic (OC *nuːŋ).

Etymology 1

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“Person; I; me > suffix for pronouns” in southeastern varieties

Its senses of “person; human being” and “pronoun suffix” are well-attested in the classical literature, dating back to the Six Dynasties. At the present time, traces of this word are found in various Southern regions such as Fujian, Jiangxi and Zhejiang, in Wu, Min, Hui and Gan.

“Person; human”
In Coastal Min (Eastern, Southern and Puxian Min), it serves as the vernacular reading of (OC *njin, “person”), by itself or in compounds. It is also used in Jinqu Wu lects (also classified as Wuzhou Wu and Chuqu Wu), usually written as .
“I”
was used to mean “I” in medieval poetry from the Wu region, before it was displaced by the more common (MC ngaX, “I”). Also attested was Ancient Wu 阿儂 (MC 'a nowng, “I”), which was abbreviated to (“I”) in certain localities, such as that of Jinhua.
Pronoun suffix
This is widely found in Wu and Min languages. The structure ‹ singular pronoun (“I, you, he/she/it”) +  › is common, with functioning either as a meaningless particle or a pluraliser. The resulting forms were thus used to mean singular or plural pronouns, and were rather prone to elision to become a single syllable. Compare the following plural pronouns in Min:
Original word Meaning Fuding
(Eastern Min)
Longyan
(Southern Min)
Xiamen
(Southern Min)
Xianyou
(Puxian Min)
我儂 we ua neiŋ gua laŋ gun () kuoŋ ~ kŋ ()
儂儂 we (inclusive) - laŋ laŋ lan () -
汝儂 you (plural) ni neiŋ li laŋ lin () tyøŋ ()
伊儂 they i neiŋ i laŋ in (𪜶) yøŋ (𪜶)
A similar chain of changes happened in the Wu varieties to arrive at the modern divergent dialectal forms for “you (singular)”.
爾儂 (MC nyeX nowng)
Lect Term
Northern Fenghua /n̩˧˨˦ noŋ/ 爾儂尔侬
Yuyao /noŋ˩˩˧/
Shanghai /noŋ˩˩˧/
Ningbo /nəu˨˩˧/
Changshu /nɛ̃˧˩/
Suzhou /ne̞˧˩/
Shengze /nə˧˩/
Jinqu Tangxi /ŋ˨˩˩ noŋ˩˨/ 爾儂尔侬
Lanxi /ŋ˥˦˦ noŋ˦˧˧/ 爾儂尔侬
Some lects, such as Shanghainese, have merged the two syllables into one, leaving to mean “you (singular)”.

With regard to the etymology of this word, Huang (1980), Norman (1983) and Zhou (1986) hypothesised that this is the same as (OC *nuːŋ, “farmer; peasant”). The use of this word as a pronoun may have originated as a form of personal deprecation and then come to be used as a full-fledged pronoun. Pan and Chen (1995) disagree, proposing that nong was originally a Baiyue substrate word possibly of Kra-Dai origin, and possibly an original clan name later developing to mean “person; I”. Compare Zhuang Nungz (surname) and name of the 11th century Zhuang leader Nong Zhigao, as well as the name of the Nùng people in Vietnam.

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • nè̤ng - vernacular;
  • nùng - literary.
Note:
  • lâng - vernacular;
  • lông - literary.
Note:
  • nang5 - vernacular;
  • long5 - literary.
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin: nang5 / nong5
      • Sinological IPA: /naŋ²²/, /nɔŋ²²/
Note:
  • nang5 - vernacular;
  • nong5 - literary.

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (8)
Final () (5)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter nowng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/nuoŋ/
Pan
Wuyun
/nuoŋ/
Shao
Rongfen
/noŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/nawŋ/
Li
Rong
/noŋ/
Wang
Li
/nuoŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/nuoŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
nóng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
nung4
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 9576
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*nuːŋ/
This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!
Particularly: “Hainanese”

Definitions

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  1. (coastal Min, dialectal Wu) person; human being (Classifier: md;  mn)
  2. (coastal Min) a person associated with a particular identity or trait; -er
  3. (coastal Min) physical, psychological or moral quality or condition
  4. (coastal Min) others; other people
  5. (Wu, coastal Min) I; me
  6. (archaic or Wu) you (singular)
    名字 [Shanghainese, trad.]
    名字 [Shanghainese, simp.]
    6non 5ciau 5sa 6min-zy 0a [Wugniu]
    What is your name?
    哪能現在上海閒話 [Shanghainese, trad.]
    哪能现在上海闲话 [Shanghainese, simp.]
    6na-nen 6non 6yi-ze 6zaon-he 6ghe-gho 5kaon 8leq 5ka 5hau [Wugniu]
    How come you speak Shanghainese so well?
  7. (dialectal Wu) he, him; she, her; it
  8. (Min, Wu) Suffix for pronouns, functioning as a meaningless particle or a pluralising particle.
  9. a surname. Nong
Usage notes
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  • (I):
    • Archaic in Wu.
    • In Coastal Min (Eastern Min nè̤ng; Hokkien lāng, lǎng, lâng; Hainanese nang2), it is often used affectionately like Mandarin 人家 (rénjia).
Synonyms
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Descendants
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  • Cantonese: (laang5-1) (via Teochew)

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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trad.
simp.

Probably a Kra-Dai substrate word. Compare Proto-Tai *nwoːŋꟲ (younger sibling) (whence Zhuang nuengx (younger sibling)), Southern Kam nongx (younger sibling).

Pronunciation

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This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!
Particularly: “Hainanese”

Definitions

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  1. (dialectal Cantonese) child
  2. (dialectal Cantonese) son
  3. (Leizhou Min) infant
  4. (Hainanese, polite, humble) Used as a first-person singular pronoun, especially used by someone in the younger generation.
  5. (Hainanese, endearing) A pronoun used by someone in the older generation to refer to someone in the younger generation.
Synonyms
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Compounds

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Japanese

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Kanji

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(Hyōgai kanji)

Readings

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  • Go-on: (no)のう ()
  • Kan-on: どう ()
  • Kan’yō-on: のん (non)
  • Kun: わし (washi, )われ (ware, )かれ (kare, )

Usage notes

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This character is seldom used in modern Japanese.

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
わし
Hyōgai
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
(more common)

Contraction of (watashi, I, me).[1][2]

Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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(わし) (washi

  1. (mainly Western Japan) I, me
Usage notes
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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

The term is a regular pronoun in Western Japan, used primarily by men in most regions. Depending on the region, it may be used mainly by the elderly, which is especially true for women using it, and becoming more true as usage of local variants declines in younger generations. Its use is often considered stereotypical of old people in Japanese media and is frequently used in TV shows and comics to emphasize the age of characters. However, it may also simply be used to emphasize the character as hailing from Kansai.

More commonly spelled , or in kana to make the reading explicit.

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
かれ
Hyōgai
kun'yomi

Very rare alternative spelling. See the more common spelling for more details about the term.

For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
かれS
[pronoun] distal demonstrative, something far off removed from both speaker and listener: that, yon
[pronoun] third person pronoun: he, she
[pronoun] particularly, male personal third person pronoun: he
[pronoun] by extension from he: boyfriend
(This term, , is an alternative spelling (rare) of the above term.)

References

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  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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(eum (nong))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Nôm readings: nông, nùng, noọng

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.