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作

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 做
作 U+4F5C, 作
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4F5C
← 佛
[U+4F5B] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 佝 →
[U+4F5D]

Translingual

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Stroke order
7 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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作 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 人竹尸 (OHS) or 人人尸 (OOS), four-corner 28211, composition ⿰亻乍)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 99, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 518
  • Dae Jaweon: page 210, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 134, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+4F5C

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 作
alternative forms 㑅
𠆯

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 作
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
j19019
b12327
b12328
b12329
b12330
b12331
s05788
Transcribed ancient scripts
L37977
L37978
L37979
L37980
L37981
L27237
L27238
L27239
L27240
L27241
L27242
L27243
L27244
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (乍) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
作 *ʔsaːɡs, *ʔsaːɡs, *ʔsaːɡ
鲊 *ʔsraːʔ
痄 *ʔsraːʔ
厏 *ʔsraːʔ, *zraːʔ
詐 *ʔsraːɡs
咋 *ʔsraːɡs, *zraːɡ, *ʔsreːɡ
笮 *ʔsraːɡs, *zaːɡ, *ʔsraːɡ
榨 *ʔsraːɡs
炸 *ʔr'aːɡs, *zreːb
乍 *zraːɡs
拃 *ʔsraːnʔ
酢 *sʰaːɡs, *zaːɡ
祚 *zaːɡs
胙 *zaːɡs
阼 *zaːɡs
飵 *zaːɡs, *zaːɡ
秨 *zaːɡs, *zaːɡ
迮 *ʔsaːɡ, *ʔsraːɡ
柞 *ʔsaːɡ, *zaːɡ
昨 *zaːɡ
怍 *zaːɡ
砟 *zaːɡ
莋 *zaːɡ
岝 *zaːɡ, *zraːɡ
鈼 *zaːɡ
筰 *zaːɡ
葃 *zaːɡ, *zreːɡ, *zaɡ
舴 *ʔr'aːɡ, *ʔsraːɡ
窄 *ʔsraːɡ
蚱 *ʔsraːɡ
齚 *zraːɡ
泎 *zraːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ʔsaːɡs, *ʔsaːɡs, *ʔsaːɡ) : semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 乍 (OC *zraːɡs).

Etymology

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Derivative: 做 (“to do”) (the departing-tone variant).

Pronunciation 1

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Note: zuó - variant pronunciation in 作料.
Note: dok1 - used in 做作 (“conduct”).
Note:
  • chok - literary;
  • choh - vernacular;
  • chòe/chò - substitute for 做 (zuò).
Note:
  • zoh4 - vernacular;
  • zag4 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 作
Mandarin Beijing /t͡suo⁵¹/
/t͡suo⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡suo⁵³/ 工～
/t͡suo²⁴/ ～料
Tianjin /t͡suo⁵³/ 工～
/t͡suo²¹/ ～坊
Jinan /t͡suə²¹³/
/t͡suə²¹/
Qingdao /t͡suə⁴²/ ～息
/t͡suə⁵⁵/ 工～
Zhengzhou /t͡suo²⁴/ 工～
/t͡suo⁴²/ ～料
Xi'an /t͡suo²¹/
Xining /t͡su⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡suə¹³/
Lanzhou /t͡suə¹³/
Ürümqi /t͡suɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /t͡suo²¹³/
Chengdu /t͡so³¹/
Guiyang /t͡so²¹/
Kunming /t͡so³¹/
Nanjing /t͡soʔ⁵/
Hefei /t͡suɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡suaʔ²/
Pingyao /t͡sʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /t͡suaʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /t͡soʔ⁵/
Suzhou /t͡soʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡soʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /t͡so²¹³/
Hui Shexian /t͡sɔʔ²¹/
Tunxi /t͡so⁵/
Xiang Changsha /t͡so²⁴/
Xiangtan /t͡so²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /t͡sɔʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /t͡sok̚¹/
Taoyuan /t͡sok̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sɔk̚³/
Nanning /t͡sɔk̚³³/
Hong Kong /t͡sɔk̚³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /t͡sɔk̚³²/
/t͡soʔ³²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /t͡sɔuʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /t͡sɔ²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /t͡sak̚²/
/t͡soʔ²/
Haikou (Hainanese) /to⁵⁵/
Rime
Character 作 作 作
Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
Initial (聲) 精 (13) 精 (13) 精 (13)
Final (韻) 模 (23) 歌 (94) 鐸 (103)
Tone (調) Departing (H) Departing (H) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open Open
Division (等) I I I
Fanqie 臧祚切 則箇切 則落切
Baxter tsuH tsaH tsak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡suoH/ /t͡sɑH/ /t͡sɑk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡suoH/ /t͡sɑH/ /t͡sɑk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡soH/ /t͡sɑH/ /t͡sɑk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/t͡sɔH/ /t͡saH/ /t͡sak̚/
Li
Rong 		/t͡soH/ /t͡sɑH/ /t͡sɑk̚/
Wang
Li 		/t͡suH/ /t͡sɑH/ /t͡sɑk̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/t͡suoH/ /t͡sɑH/ /t͡sɑk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zù zuò zuo
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zou3 zo3 zok3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 作 作
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zuò zuò
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsak › ‹ tsuH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ts]ˁak/ /*[ts]ˁak-s/
English do, work do, work

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 作 作 作
Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
No. 16641 16653 16661
Phonetic
component 		乍 乍 乍
Rime
group 		暮 暮 鐸
Rime
subdivision 		0 0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		佐 作 作
Old
Chinese 		/*ʔsaːɡs/ /*ʔsaːɡs/ /*ʔsaːɡ/
Notes 祚原誤衤旁巾箱本不誤 乍轉註字

Definitions

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作

  1. † to get up (from a place)
  2. † to get up (in the morning) and go to work
  3. † to begin to grow; to come into being
  4. † to arise; to come about; to happen; to occur; to break out
  5. to do; to perform; to carry out
    你在作什麼？／你在作什么？  ―  Nǐ zài zuò shénme?  ―  What are you doing?
  6. to work; to exert oneself
  7. to make; to manufacture
  8. to compose; to write
    作者  ―  zuòzhě  ―  author
    你作緊乜嘢呀？ [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
    你作紧乜嘢呀？ [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]
    nei5 zok3 gan2 mat1 je5 aa3? [Jyutping]
    What are you writing?
  9. † to brace oneself; to boost
  10. † to feign; to pretend
  11. to work as; to serve as
  12. † to build; to construct
  13. † to play; to perform
  14. † to emit; to give out
  15. † to start; to launch
  16. † to be like; similar
  17. † Alternative form of 詛 / 诅 (zǔ, “to curse; to damn”)
  18. work; composition; article
  19. † affair; matter
  20. † measure; action
  21. (Hokkien) to farm; to plow; to till
Synonyms
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  • (to do):
  • (to farm):

Compounds

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Pronunciation 2

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Rime
Character 作
Reading # 3/3
Initial (聲) 精 (13)
Final (韻) 鐸 (103)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 則落切
Baxter tsak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡sɑk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡sɑk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡sɑk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/t͡sak̚/
Li
Rong 		/t͡sɑk̚/
Wang
Li 		/t͡sɑk̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/t͡sɑk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zuo
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zok3

Definitions

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作

  1. workshop; studio; workroom
  2. (neologism, originally dialectal) contrived; artificial; affected; pretentious; dramatic; high-maintenance

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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作

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Compounds
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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
作
さく
Grade: 2
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 作 (tsak, “to do, to work”). Compare Cantonese 作 (zok3), Wu 作 (7tsoq).

Pronunciation 1

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Noun
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作(さく) • (saku) 

  1. a work, a production (particularly a cultural work, such as a work of art, of literature, or of theatre)

Pronunciation 2

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Noun
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作(さく) • (saku) 

  1. a crop, a harvest

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
作
つく(り)
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 作る (tsukuru, “to make; to build; to work the land, to grow something”), itself from Old Japanese.[2]

Pronunciation 1

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Noun
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作(つくり) • (tsukuri) 

  1. the workmanship or make of something, how something is made
    作(つく)りのいい家具(かぐ)
    tsukuri no ii kagu
    furniture of good make or workmanship, well-made furniture
  2. make-up, dress, comportment: how one dresses and comports oneself
    派手(はで)な作(つく)りは嫌(きら)いだ。
    Hade na tsukuri wa kirai da.
    I dislike colorful / flashy dress.
  3. a helping or serving of fresh sashimi, usually several slices
    鮭(しゃけ)の作(つく)りを楽(たの)しみにしている。
    Shake no tsukuri o tanoshimi ni shite iru.
    I'm looking forward to a helping of salmon sashimi.
Usage notes
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More often spelled with the okurigana, as 作り.

Pronunciation 2

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  • The -tsukuri changes to -zukuri as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
Suffix
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作(づくり) • (-zukuri) 

  1. the making of something, particularly as in cultivation
    庭(にわ)作(づく)り、バラ作(づく)り
    niwazukuri, barazukuri
    gardening / garden cultivation, rose cultivation / growing roses
Usage notes
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More often spelled with the okurigana, as 作り.

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology 1

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From Middle Chinese 作 (MC tsak). Recorded as Middle Korean 작 (cak) (Yale: cak) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

作 (eumhun 지을 작 (jieul jak))

  1. hanja form? of 작 (“composition”)

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 2

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Related to Middle Chinese 做 (MC tsaH).

Hanja

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作 (eumhun 만들 주 (mandeul ju))
作 (eumhun 만들 자 (mandeul ja))

  1. (literary Chinese) Alternative form of 做 (“hanja form? of [[주/자#Korean:_作|주/자]] (“to make”)”)

Etymology 3

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Related to Middle Chinese 詛 (MC tsrjoH).

Hanja

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作 (eumhun 저주할 저 (jeojuhal jeo))

  1. (literary Chinese) Alternative form of 詛 (“hanja form? of 저 (“to curse”)”)

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Kunigami

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Kanji

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作

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Miyako

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Kanji

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作

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Okinawan

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Kanji

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作

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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作: Hán Việt readings: tác (即(tức)各(các)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5], tố[3]
作: Nôm readings: tác[1][2][3][4][6], sã[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of tác (“to do; to perform; to carry out”).

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
  5. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  6. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

Yaeyama

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Kanji

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作

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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