昨

See also: 咋

昨	U+6628, 昨 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6628

← 昧
[U+6627]

CJK Unified Ideographs

昩 →
[U+6629]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

昨 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 日人尸 (AOS) or 日人十 (AOJ), four-corner 6801₁, composition ⿰日乍)

Derived characters

葃𥯭

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 493, character 14
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13847
Dae Jaweon: page 857, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1502, character 2
Unihan data for U+6628

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 昨
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (乍) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
作	ʔsaːɡs, ʔsaːɡs, *ʔsaːɡ
鲊	*ʔsraːʔ
痄	*ʔsraːʔ
厏	ʔsraːʔ, zraːʔ
詐	*ʔsraːɡs
咋	ʔsraːɡs, zraːɡ, *ʔsreːɡ
笮	ʔsraːɡs, zaːɡ, *ʔsraːɡ
榨	*ʔsraːɡs
炸	ʔr'aːɡs, zreːb
乍	*zraːɡs
拃	*ʔsraːnʔ
酢	sʰaːɡs, zaːɡ
祚	*zaːɡs
胙	*zaːɡs
阼	*zaːɡs
飵	zaːɡs, zaːɡ
秨	zaːɡs, zaːɡ
迮	ʔsaːɡ, ʔsraːɡ
柞	ʔsaːɡ, zaːɡ
昨	*zaːɡ
怍	*zaːɡ
砟	*zaːɡ
莋	*zaːɡ
岝	zaːɡ, zraːɡ
鈼	*zaːɡ
筰	*zaːɡ
葃	zaːɡ, zreːɡ, *zaɡ
舴	ʔr'aːɡ, ʔsraːɡ
窄	*ʔsraːɡ
蚱	*ʔsraːɡ
齚	*zraːɡ
泎	*zraːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *zaːɡ) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 乍 (OC *zraːɡs). However, the phonetic component could add part of the meaning since it was borrowed phonetically to mean "at first".

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.		昨

Related to 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ, “the past”) (Sagart, 1999).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zuó (zuo²)

(Zhuyin): ㄗㄨㄛˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zok³ / zok⁶
Eastern Min (BUC): sŏ̤h
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): cho̍k / cho̍h / chǎ / chā

(Teochew, Peng'im): za²
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁸zoq; ⁶zo

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zuó
  - Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄛˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: zuó
  - Wade–Giles: tso²
  - Yale: dzwó
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzwo
  - Palladius: цзо (czo)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡su̯ɔ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: zok³ / zok⁶
  - Yale: jok / johk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzok⁸ / dzok⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: zog³ / zog⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɔːk̚³/, /t͡sɔːk̚²/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sŏ̤h
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /soʔ⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cho̍k
  - Tâi-lô: tso̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zok
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɔk̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sɔk̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sɔk̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cho̍h
  - Tâi-lô: tso̍h
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zoih
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡soʔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sɤʔ⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡soʔ¹²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /t͡soʔ⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chǎ
  - Tâi-lô: tsǎ
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sa²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chā
  - Tâi-lô: tsā
  - Phofsit Daibuun: za
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡sa²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sa³³/

Note:

cho̍k - literary;
cho̍h/chǎ/chā - vernacular.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: za²
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsá
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sa⁵²/

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁸zoq; ⁶zo
  - MiniDict: zoh^入; zo^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵zoq; ³zo
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zoʔ¹²/, /zo²³/

Middle Chinese: dzak

Rime
Character	昨
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	從 (15)
Final (韻)	鐸 (103)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	在各切
Baxter	dzak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡zɑk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡zɑk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡zɑk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡zak̚/
Li Rong	/d͡zɑk̚/
Wang Li	/d͡zɑk̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/d͡zʱɑk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zuó
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zok⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[dz]ˤak/

(Zhengzhang): /*zaːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	昨
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zuó
Middle Chinese	‹ dzak ›
Old Chinese	/*[dz]ˁak/
English	yesterday
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	昨
Reading #	1/1
No.	16664
Phonetic component	乍
Rime group	鐸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	昨
Old Chinese	/*zaːɡ/

Definitions

昨

^⁜ yesterday
^⁜ in former times; past

Compounds

一昨 (yīzuó)
今是昨非
昨來 / 昨来
昨兒 / 昨儿 (zuór)
昨前
昨夜 (zuóyè)
昨天 (zuótiān)
昨日 (zuórì)
昨昏 (cha-hng) (Hokkien)
昨晚 (zuówǎn)
昨暝
昨非今是 (zuófēijīnshì)

Etymology 2

simp. and trad.		昨

Pronunciation

Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chăng

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chăng
  - Tâi-lô: tsa̋ng
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡saŋ³⁵/

Definitions

昨

(Taiwanese Hokkien) Contraction of 昨昏 (cha-hng, “yesterday”).
- 2009, 詹雅雯 (lyrics and music), “姨仔”‎^[1]performed by 詹雅雯:
  
  美麗青春親像昨 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
  美丽青春亲像昨 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
  bí-lē chheng-chhun chhin-chhiūⁿ chăng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
  Beauty and youthfulness are just like yesterday
- 2020, “送你到這”, 比佛利 (lyrics), 楊彩藝 (music)‎^[2]performed by 潘佩莉:
  
  昨的央望變絕望 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
  昨的央望变绝望 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
  chăng ê ǹg-bāng piàn choa̍t-bāng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
  Yesterday’s hope becomes despair

References

“昨”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[3], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

昨

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

yesterday; last, past (day, week, month, year, etc.)

Readings

Go-on: ざく (zaku)
Kan-on: さく (saku, Jōyō)
Kun: きのう (kinō, 昨)

Compounds

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 昨 (MC dzak).

Recorded as Middle Korean 짝〮 (Yale: ccak) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

Recorded as Middle Korean 작〮 (cák) (Yale: cak) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

昨

Wikisource

昨 (eumhun 어제 작 (eoje jak))

hanja form^? of 작 (“yesterday; last”)

Compounds

작금 (昨今, jakgeum)
작년 (昨年, jangnyeon)
작일 (昨日, jagil)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Vietnamese

Han character

昨: Hán Nôm readings: tạc

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