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酒

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 洒
酒 U+9152, 酒
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9152
← 酑
[U+9151] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 酓 →
[U+9153]

Translingual

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Stroke order
10 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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酒 (Kangxi radical 164, 酉+3, 10 strokes, cangjie input 水一金田 (EMCW), four-corner 31160, composition ⿰氵酉)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1281, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39776
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1779, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3574, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+9152

Chinese

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trad. 酒
simp. # 酒
2nd round simp. 氿
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 酒
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (酉) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
楢 *kʰjuʔ, *lu
逎 *ʔslu
遒 *sklu, *sɡlu
蝤 *sklu, *sɡlu
揂 *sklu
酒 *ʔsluʔ
媨 *sklus
鞧 *skʰlu
緧 *skʰlu
趥 *skʰlu, *skʰluŋs
酋 *sɡlu
崷 *sɡlu
鰌 *sɡlu
煪 *sɡlu
醜 *l̥ʰjuʔ
猶 *klus, *lu, *lus
猷 *lu
輶 *lu, *luʔ, *lus
偤 *lu
莤 *lu, *sruɡ
蕕 *lu
庮 *lu, *luʔ
槱 *luʔ, *lus
梄 *luʔ
丣 *luʔ
酉 *luʔ

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 水 (“water”) + 酉 (“an alcoholic drink vessel”) - the liquid associated with an alcoholic drink vessel, hence wine and alcohol. See also 酋.

Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ʔsluʔ) : semantic 水 (“water, liquid”) + phonetic 酉 (OC *luʔ).

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *jəw (“liquor”) (STEDT). Cognate with 酉 (OC *luʔ, “wine; wine vessel”).

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 酒
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 精 (13)
Final (韻) 尤 (136)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 子酉切
Baxter tsjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡sɨuX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡siuX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡siəuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/t͡suwX/
Li
Rong 		/t͡siuX/
Wang
Li 		/t͡sĭəuX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/t͡si̯ə̯uX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jiǔ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zau2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 酒
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jiǔ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsjuwX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*tsuʔ/
English wine

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 酒
Reading # 1/1
No. 15554
Phonetic
component 		酉
Rime
group 		幽
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		酒
Old
Chinese 		/*ʔsluʔ/

Definitions

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酒

  1. alcoholic beverages in general; alcoholic drink
    你幹嗎不喝點酒？ [MSC, trad.]
    你干吗不喝点酒？ [MSC, simp.]
    Nǐ gànmá bù hē diǎn jiǔ? [Pinyin]
    How come you don't wanna have a sip of alcohol?
  2. (Cantonese) banquet (Classifier: 圍／围 c)
  3. a surname

Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms of 酒 (“alcoholic beverage; liquor”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 酒
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 酒
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 酒, 貓兒膩, 貓兒尿
Taiwan 酒
Chifeng 酒
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 酒
Harbin 酒
Shenyang 酒
Malaysia 酒
Singapore 酒
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 酒
Tangshan 酒
Cangzhou 酒
Baoding 酒
Shijiazhuang 酒
Jinan 酒
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 酒
Qingdao 酒
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 酒
Wanrong 酒
Zhengzhou 酒
Xi'an 酒
Xining 酒
Xuzhou 酒
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 酒
Lanzhou 酒
Ürümqi 酒
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 酒, 尼姑尿 derogatory
Chongqing 酒
Wuhan 酒
Guiyang 酒
Kunming 酒
Guilin 酒
Liuzhou 酒
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 酒, 老酒
Yangzhou 酒, 三六子
Nantong 酒
Hefei 酒
Cantonese Guangzhou 酒, 燒酒, 傻仔水 humorous, 倒汗水 humorous
Hong Kong 酒
Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 酒
Macau 酒
Guangzhou (Panyu) 酒
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 酒
Guangzhou (Conghua) 酒
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 酒
Foshan 酒
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 酒
Foshan (Shunde) 酒
Foshan (Sanshui) 酒
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 酒
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 酒
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 酒
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 酒
Zhuhai (Doumen) 酒
Jiangmen (Baisha) 酒
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 酒
Taishan 酒
Kaiping (Chikan) 酒
Enping (Niujiang) 酒
Heshan (Yayao) 酒
Dongguan 酒
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 酒
Yangjiang 燒酒, 燒有
Singapore (Guangfu) 酒
Gan Nanchang 酒
Lichuan 酒
Pingxiang 酒
Hakka Meixian 酒
Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 酒, 傻仔水 humorous
Dongguan (Qingxi) 酒
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 酒
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 酒
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 酒
Yudu 酒
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 酒
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 酒
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 酒
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 酒
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 酒
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 酒
Kuching (Hepo) 酒
Huizhou Jixi 酒
Shexian 酒
Jin Taiyuan 酒
Xinzhou 酒, 貓兒尿
Linhe 酒
Jining 酒
Hohhot 酒
Zhangjiakou 酒
Handan 酒
Northern Min Jian'ou 酒
Eastern Min Fuzhou 酒
Southern Min Xiamen 酒
Taipei 酒 GT, 燒酒 GT
Tainan 酒
Singapore (Hokkien) 酒
Manila (Hokkien) 酒
Chaozhou 酒
Leizhou 酒
Wenchang 酒
Haikou 酒
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 酒
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 酒, 三酉
Wu Shanghai 酒, 老酒
Shanghai (Chongming) 老酒
Suzhou 酒, 老酒
Danyang 老酒
Hangzhou 酒
Ningbo 老酒
Wenzhou 酒
Jinhua 酒, 三點水兒
Xiang Changsha 酒
Loudi 酒
Shuangfeng 酒
Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (酒):
  • → Japanese: 酒(しゅ) (shu)
  • → Korean: 주(酒) (ju)
  • → Vietnamese: tửu (酒)

Others:

  • → Indonesian: ciu

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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酒

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
酒
さけ
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

⟨sake2⟩ → /sakəɨ/ → /sake/

From Old Japanese 酒 (sake2),[1][2] from Proto-Japonic *sakai. Cognate with Proto-Ryukyuan *sake. Attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE, with the ideographic spelling 酒.[2] Additionally, appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE and the Man'yōshū of c. 759 CE.[1][2] This is the standalone form of saka- below.

Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:

  • Might be cognate with 栄え (sakae), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 栄える (sakaeru, “to flourish”).[3][4]
  • Might be derived from 避ける (sakeru, “to ward off, to shun”), from the idea that drinking sake would ward off cold diseases.[4]
  • Might be derived from or a corruption of 酒 (kushi, “rice wine, rice vodka, sake”); however, the phonological shifts required are completely unexplainable.[4]
  • The final -ke may be an apophonic form of Old Japanese 酒 (ki1).[4]

Pronunciation

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  • (Tokyo) さけ [sàké] (Heiban – [0])[5][6]
  • IPA(key): [sa̠ke̞]
  • Audio:(file)

Noun

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酒(さけ) • (sake) 

  1. any alcoholic beverage
  2. (especially) Synonym of 日本酒 (nihonshu): sake (Japanese rice wine)
  3. drinking, especially of alcoholic beverages
Derived terms
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Derived terms
Idioms
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Proverbs
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Proverbs
Descendants
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See also
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See also

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
酒
さか
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese 酒 (saka).[1] Likely the original form of sake above. Rarely used in isolation. Mostly used as the first element in compounds.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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酒(さか) • (saka) 

  1. Combining form of 酒 (sake, “any alcoholic beverage; rice wine, rice vodka, sake”)
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
酒
ささ
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

Originally a 女房詞 (nyōbō kotoba, literally “women's word”) term, possibly derived from reduplication of the first syllable sa from sake. Alternately, may be derived by metaphor from the Chinese-derived euphemism for sake, 竹葉 (chikuyō, literally “bamboo leaves”), as 笹 (sasa) refers to a type of short, leafy bamboo.[7][5]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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酒(ささ) • (sasa) 

  1. (archaic) any alcoholic beverage, especially sake (Japanese rice wine)
Derived terms
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Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
酒
しゅ
Grade: 3
goon

From Middle Chinese 酒 (MC tsjuwX).

Noun

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酒(しゅ) • (shu) 

  1. an alcoholic drink, especially sake (Japanese rice wine)
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Affix

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酒(しゅ) • (shu) 

  1. alcoholic drink
Derived terms
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Derived terms

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Frellesvig, Bjarke, Stephen Wright Horn, et al. (eds.) (2023) “Old Japanese sake/saka”, in Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese‎[1]
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 “酒”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  3. ^ “酒”, in 改訂新版 世界大百科事典 (Kaitei Shinpan Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Revised Edition”)‎[3] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 2007, →ISBN
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 “酒／さけ”, in 語源由来辞典 (Gogen Yurai Jiten, “Etymology Derivation Dictionary”) (in Japanese), 2003–2024.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  6. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  7. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 酒 (MC tsjuwX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 쥬ᇢ〯 (Yale: cyǔw)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[5] 술 (Yale: swùl) 쥬〮 (Yale: cyú)

Pronunciation

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  • (alcoholic beverage; etc.):
  • (in 주정 (酒酊, jujeong)):
    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕu(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [주(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

酒 (eumhun 술 주 (sul ju))

  1. hanja form? of 주 (“alcoholic beverage”) [affix]

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [6]

Okinawan

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Kanji

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酒

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology

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Kanji in this term
酒
さき
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From Proto-Ryukyuan *sake, from Proto-Japonic *sakai. Cognate with mainland Japanese 酒 (sake).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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酒(さき) (saki) 

  1. any alcoholic beverage (wine, whisky, sake, etc.)

Derived terms

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References

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  1. ^ “さき【酒】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Old Japanese

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Japonic *sakai. Standalone form of saka- below.

Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:

  • Might be cognate with 榮𛀁 (sakaye), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 榮ゆ (sakayu, “to flourish”).
  • Might be derived from 避く (saku, “to ward off, to shun”), from the idea that drinking sake would ward off cold diseases.
  • The final -ke2 may be the apophonic form of 酒 (ki1).

Noun

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酒 (sake2) (kana さけ)

  1. any alcoholic drink, especially a rice wine similar to modern-day sake
Quotations
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For quotations using this term, see Citations:酒.

Derived terms
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Descendants
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  • Japanese: 酒 (sake)

Etymology 2

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Likely the original form of sake2 above. Rarely used in isolation. Mostly used as the first element in compounds.

Noun

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酒 (saka) (kana さか)

  1. Combining form of 酒 (sake2, “any alcoholic beverage; rice wine, rice vodka, sake”)
Derived terms
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Etymology 3

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This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “From Proto-Japonic *ki?”

Noun

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酒 (ki1) (kana き)

  1. any alcoholic drink, especially a rice wine similar to modern-day sake
Derived terms
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Descendants
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Etymology 4

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Cognate with 奇し (kusi, “strange, wondrous, miraculous”), which is also the root for modern 薬 (kusuri, “medicine”).[1]

Noun

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酒 (kusi) (kana くし)

  1. any alcoholic drink, especially a rice wine similar to modern-day sake
    • 711–712, Kojiki, poem 32:
      [2]
      許能美岐波和賀美岐那良受久志能加美登許余邇伊麻須伊波多多須...
      ko2no2 mi1-ki1 wo waga mi1-ki1 narazu kusi no2 kami1 to2ko2yo2 ni imasu ipa tatasu...
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Derived terms
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References

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  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Tsuchihashi, Yutaka with Jin'ichi Konishi, Ichinosuke Takagi (1957) Kodai Kayōshū, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

Vietnamese

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Alternative forms

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Han character

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酒: Hán Việt readings: tửu (子(tử)酉(dậu)切(thiết))[2][3][1][4][5]
酒: Nôm readings: rượu[2][3][1][6], tửu[3][4][7], giậu[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of tửu (“alcoholic beverage”).
  2. Nôm form of rượu (“rice alcohol”).

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Trần (2004).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
  5. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  6. ^ Hồ (1976).
  7. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

Yonaguni

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Etymology

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From Proto-Ryukyuan *sake, from Proto-Japonic *sakai. Cognate with Yaeyama 酒 (saki), Okinawan 酒 (saki), Japanese 酒 (sake).

Pronunciation

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  • (Sonai) IPA(key): [sàɡí] (tone class A)

Noun

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酒(さぎ) (sagi) 

  1. an alcoholic beverage, particularly sake (a Japanese rice wine)
    さぎたりるん
    sagi tarirun
    to produce sake

Descendants

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  • Yonaguni Hōgen Jiten Henshū I'inkai (与那国方言辞典編集委員会) (2021) どぅなんむぬい辞典 [Dunanmunui Dictionary], Yonaguni (与那国町): Yonaguni-chō Kyōiku I'inkai (与那国町教育委員会), page 147
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