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歲

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 歳, 岁, 亗, and 嵗
歲 U+6B72, 歲
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6B72
← 歱
[U+6B71] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 歳 →
[U+6B73]
歲 U+2F8F3, 歲
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F8F3
← 㱎
[U+2F8F2] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 殟 →
[U+2F8F4]

Translingual

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Traditional 歲
Shinjitai 歳
Simplified 岁

Han character

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歲 (Kangxi radical 77, 止+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 卜一戈竹竹 (YMIHH), four-corner 21253, composition ⿱止⿵戌𣥂)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 577, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16326
  • Dae Jaweon: page 967, character 17
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1443, character 20
  • Unihan data for U+6B72

Chinese

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trad. 歲
simp. 岁
alternative forms
嵗
亗
㞸
㱑
歳
嵗
亗
㞸
㱑
歳
𡻕
𫞓
𢧡
𢧁
𭭚
㒸
⿵𡶔𡭕
 

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (歲) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
噦 *qʰʷaːds, *qʷrad, *qʷad
翽 *qʰʷaːds
鐬 *qʰʷaːds
濊 *qʰʷaːds, *qʷaːds, *qʷads, *qʰʷaːd
歲 *sqʰʷads, *sqʰʷad
劌 *kʷrads
顪 *qʰʷads
穢 *qʷads
薉 *qʷads
獩 *qʷads
饖 *qʷads
奯 *qʰʷaːd
Uncommon instance of 歲 / 岁 (suì) in the oracle bone script showing the two 止 components.

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sqʰʷads, *sqʰʷad) : semantic 步 + phonetic 戉 (OC *ɢʷad) to indicate the passing of time as "movement". Hence, the original version was close to 𢧁. In addition to 戉, various components such as 月 (“moon; month”) used to be present, sometimes as simple as two dots.

The current form derives from the Qin-style handwriting of the late Warring States (with a full-width 止 on the top and a bottom-left 撇 stroke extending outward as in 戊 or 戌 instead of bending inward as in 戉), which was also inherited by the clerical script.

Etymology

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A derivative of 越 (OC *ɢʷad, “to pass over”) (Mei, 1979, 1992). Ultimately probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grwat (“to travel; to go through”); compare Tibetan སྐྱོད (skyod, “to go”) (Mei, 1979, 1992; Gong Hwang-cherng, 2002; STEDT).

The functions of the *s- prefix and the *-s suffix are not clear. Possible explanations include:

Alternatively, it may be derived from a word like 圓 (OC *ɢon, “round; circle”) (< Proto-Sino-Tibetan *wal (“round; circular”)), literally "to start the circle/cycle again" (Schuessler, 2007).

Outside of Sino-Tibetan, this word has been compared to Thai ขวบ (kùuap, “year”), which Bodman (1980) considers to be a loan from Chinese, as well as Proto-Austronesian *kawaS (“year; season; sky”) (Sagart, 2005).

Also see Schuessler (2007) and Smith (2012) for a discussion on the semantic development of this word, especially the connection between "Jupiter" and "year".

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • Meixian:
    • sê4 - vernacular;
    • sui4 - literary.
Note:
  • hṳe̿ - vernacular;
  • sṳ̿ - literary.
Note:
  • huói - vernacular;
  • suói - literary.
Note:
  • hue4 - vernacular;
  • sue4 - literary.
Note:
  • hè/hèr/hòe - vernacular;
  • sòe - literary.
Note:
  • huê3 - vernacular;
  • suê3 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 歲
Mandarin Beijing /suei⁵¹/
Harbin /suei⁵³/
Tianjin /suei⁵³/
Jinan /suei²¹/
Qingdao /sue⁴²/
Zhengzhou /suei³¹²/
Xi'an /suei²¹/
Xining /suɨ²¹³/
Yinchuan /suei¹³/
Lanzhou /suei¹³/
Ürümqi /suei²¹³/
Wuhan /sei³⁵/
Chengdu /suei¹³/
Guiyang /suei²¹³/
Kunming /sei²²/
/suei²¹²/
Nanjing /suəi⁴⁴/
Hefei /se⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /suei⁴⁵/
Pingyao /suei³⁵/
Hohhot /suei⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /sø³⁵/
Suzhou /se̞⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /sz̩ʷei⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /sz̩⁴²/
Hui Shexian /ɕye³²⁴/
/ɕy³²⁴/
Tunxi /se⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /sei⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /səi⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /sui⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /sui⁵³/
Taoyuan /se⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /søy³³/
Nanning /ɬui³³/
Hong Kong /søy³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /sue²¹/
/he²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /huɔi²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xuɛ³³/
/sy³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /sue²¹³/
/hue²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /sui³⁵/
/hue³⁵/
Rime
Character 歲
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 祭 (36)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 相銳切
Baxter sjwejH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/siuᴇiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/sʷiɛiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/siuæiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/swiajH/
Li
Rong 		/siuɛiH/
Wang
Li 		/sĭwɛiH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/si̯wɛiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		suì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		seoi3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 歲
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		suì
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sjwejH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*s-qʷʰat-s/
English year

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 歲 歲
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 12165 12175
Phonetic
component 		歲 歲
Rime
group 		祭 月
Rime
subdivision 		1 1
Corresponding
MC rime 		雪
Old
Chinese 		/*sqʰʷads/ /*sqʰʷad/
Notes 甲金文戉分化字，
說文戌聲非

Definitions

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歲

  1. (literary) Jupiter (planet)
  2. year
  3. Tai Sui, the god representing each of these years
  4. (literary) age
  5. (literary) time; period
  6. (literary) crop harvests of the year
  7. Classifier for time: year
  8. Classifier for age (of a person or animal): year old
    你現在幾歲？／你现在几岁？  ―  Nǐ xiànzài jǐ suì?  ―  How old are you now?
    我十八歲。／我十八岁。  ―  Wǒ shíbā suì.  ―  I am 18 years old.
    一個十歲的女孩／一个十岁的女孩  ―  yīge shí suì de nǚhái  ―  a ten-year-old girl

Usage notes

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Ages in 歲／岁 (suì) are traditionally reckoned using the Chinese lunar calendar, considered as 1 year old at the moment of birth and increasing not during birthdays, but at the Chinese New Year.

See also

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Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (歲):
  • → Japanese: 歳(さい) (sai)
  • → Korean: 세(歲) (se)
  • → Vietnamese: tuế (歲)

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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歲

(Hyōgai kanji)

  1. Alternative form of - 歳(さい) (sai, “year (age counter)”)
  2. Alternative form of - 才(さい) (sai, “year (age counter)”)

Readings

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  • On (unclassified): せい (sei)、さい (sai)
  • Kun: とし (toshi)、よわい (yowai)

Usage notes

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This character lacks JIS support and is not used in Japan. The character 歳 (U+6B73) is used instead.

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 歲 (MC sjwejH). Recorded as Middle Korean 셰 (syey) (Yale: syey) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

歲 (eumhun 해 세 (hae se))

  1. hanja form? of 세 (“age (counter); year (about age)”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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歲: Hán Nôm readings: tuế, tuổi

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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