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Appendix:Portuguese Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Portuguese, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

[edit]
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
No. English Portuguese
português 		IPA
European Portuguese 		IPA
Brazilian Portuguese
1 I eu ˈew eu
2 you (singular) tu, você ˈtu, vɔˈse tu, voˈse
3 he ele ˈe.lɨ ˈeli
4 we nós ˈnɔʃ nɔ(j)s
5 you (plural) vós, vocês ˈvɔʃ, vɔˈseʃ vɔ(j)s, vɔˈse(j)s
6 they eles, elas ˈe.lɨʃ, ˈɛ.lɐʃ ˈelis, ˈɛlɐʃ
7 this isto, este, esta ˈiʃ.tu, ˈeʃ.tɨ, ˈɛʃ.tɐ ˈistu, ˈest͡ʃi, ˈɛsta
8 that aquilo, aquele ɐˈki.lu, ɐˈke.l(ɨ) aˈkilu, aˈkeli
9 here aqui ɐˈki aˈki
10 there aí, lá, ali ɐˈi, la, ɐˈli aˈi, la, ɐˈli
11 who quem ˈkɐ̃j̃, ˈkẽj̃ kẽ̃j̃
12 what que, o que kɨ, u kɨ ki, u ki
13 where onde ˈõ.dɨ ˈõd͡ʒi
14 when quando ˈkwɐ̃.du ˈkwɐ̃du
15 how como ˈko.mu ˈkomu
16 not não ˈnɐ̃w̃ nɐ̃w̃
17 all todo, tudo ˈtoðu, ˈtuðu ˈtodu, ˈtudu
18 many muito ˈmũj̃tu ˈmũj̃tu
19 some alguns, algum aɫˈɣũʃ, aɫˈɡũ auˈɡũs, awˈɡũ
20 few pouco ˈpo(w)ku ˈpo(w)ku
21 other outro ˈo(w)tɾu ˈo(w)tɾu
22 one um ũ ũ
23 two dois doiʃ dois
24 three três tɾeʃ tɾes
25 four quatro ˈkwatɾu ˈkwatɾu
26 five cinco ˈsĩku ˈsĩku
27 big grande ˈɡɾɐ̃dɨ ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒi
28 long longo, comprido ˈlõɡu, kõˈpɾiðu ˈlõɡu, kõˈpɾidu
29 wide largo, amplo ˈlaɾɣu, ˈɐ̃plu ˈlaʁɡu, ˈɐ̃plu
30 thick espesso, grosso ɨʃˈpesu, ˈɡɾosu isˈpesu, ˈɡɾosu
31 heavy pesado pɨˈzaðu peˈzadu
32 small pequeno pɨˈkenu piˈkenu
33 short curto ˈkuɾtu ˈkuʁtu
34 narrow estreito ɨʃˈtɾɐjtu, ɨʃˈtɾejtu isˈtɾejtu
35 thin fino, magro, delgado ˈfinu, ˈmaɣɾu, dɛɫˈɣaðu ˈfinu, ˈmaɡɾu, dewˈɡadu
36 woman mulher muˈʎɛɾ muˈʎɛɾ
37 man (male) homem ˈɔmɐ̃j̃, ɔmẽj̃ ˈomẽj̃
38 man (human) homem ˈɔmɐ̃j̃, ɔmẽj̃ ˈomẽj̃
39 child criança kɾiˈɐ̃sɐ kɾiˈɐ̃sɐ
40 wife mulher, esposa muˈʎɛɾ, ɨʃˈpozɐ muˈʎɛɾ, isˈpoza
41 husband marido, esposo mɐˈɾi.ðu, ɨʃˈpozu maˈɾidu, isˈpozu
42 mother mãe ˈmɐ̃j̃ mɐ̃j̃
43 father pai ˈpaj pai
44 animal animal ɐ.niˈmaɫ aniˈmaw
45 fish peixe ˈpɐj.ʃɨ, ˈpej.ʃɨ ˈpe(j)ʃi
46 bird ave, pássaro ˈa.vɨ, ˈpa.sɐ.ɾu ˈavi, ˈpasaɾu
47 dog cão, cachorro ˈkɐ̃w̃, kɐˈʃo.ʁu kɐ̃w̃, kɐʃoʁu
48 louse piolho piˈo.ʎu piˈoʎu
49 snake serpente, cobra sɨɾˈpẽ.tɨ, ˈkɔ.βɾɐ seʁˈpẽt͡ʃi, ˈkɔbɾɐ
50 worm verme, bicho ˈvɛɾ.mɨ, ˈbi.ʃu ˈvɛʁmi, ˈbiʃu
51 tree árvore ˈaɾ.vu.ɾɨ ˈaʁvoɾi
52 forest floresta, bosque fluˈɾɛʃ.tɐ, ˈbɔʃ.kɨ floˈɾɛstɐ, ˈbɔski
53 stick bastão, pau bɐʃˈtɐ̃w̃, ˈpaw basˈtɐ̃w̃, paʊ
54 fruit fruta, fruto ˈfɾu.tɐ, ˈfɾu.tu ˈfɾutɐ, ˈfɾutu
55 seed semente sɨˈmẽ.tɨ seˈmẽtʃi
56 leaf folha ˈfo.ʎɐ ˈfoʎɐ
57 root raiz ʁɐˈiʃ xa'is
58 bark (of a tree) casca ˈkaʃ.kɐ ˈkaskɐ
59 flower flor ˈfloɾ flox
60 grass erva, grama (Brazil), relva ˈɛɾ.vɐ, ˈʁɛɫ.vɐ ˈɛʁvɐ, ˈɡɾɐ̃mɐ, ˈʁɛwvɐ
61 rope corda ˈkɔɾ.ðɐ ˈkɔʁdɐ
62 skin pele ˈpɛ.lɨ ˈpɛli
63 meat carne ˈkaɾ.nɨ ˈkaʁni
64 blood sangue ˈsɐ̃.ɡɨ ˈsɐ̃ɡi
65 bone osso ˈo.su ˈosu
66 fat (noun) gordura ɡuɾˈðu.ɾɐ ɡoʁˈduɾɐ
67 egg ovo ˈo.vu ˈovu
68 horn chifre, corno ˈʃi.fɾɨ, ˈkoɾ.nu ˈʃifɾi, ˈkoʁnu
69 tail cauda, rabo ˈkaw.ðɐ, ˈʁa.βu ˈkawdɐ, ˈxabu
70 feather pena, pluma ˈpe.nɐ, ˈplu.mɐ ˈpenɐ, ˈplumɐ
71 hair cabelo, pelo kɐˈβe.lu, ˈpɨ.lu kaˈbelu, ˈpelu
72 head cabeça kɐˈβe.sɐ kaˈbesɐ
73 ear orelha oˈɾɐj.ʎɐ, oˈɾej.ʎɐ oˈɾeʎɐ
74 eye olho ˈo.ʎu ˈoʎu
75 nose nariz nɐˈɾiʃ naˈɾis
76 mouth boca ˈbo.kɐ ˈbokɐ
77 tooth dente ˈdẽ.tɨ ˈdẽtʃi
78 tongue língua ˈlĩ.ɡwɐ ˈlĩɡwɐ
79 fingernail unha ˈu.ɲɐ ˈuɲɐ
80 foot pé ˈpɛ pɛ
81 leg perna ˈpɛɾ.nɐ ˈpɛʁnɐ
82 knee joelho ʒuˈɐ.ʎu, ʒuˈe.ʎu ʒuˈeʎu
83 hand mão ˈmɐ̃w̃ mɐ̃w̃
84 wing asa ˈa.zɐ ˈazɐ
85 belly ventre, barriga ˈvẽ.tɾɨ, bɐˈʁ0i.ɣɐ ˈvẽtɾi, baˈxiɡɐ
86 guts entranhas, intestino, tripas ẽˈtɾɐ.ɲɐʃ, ĩ.tɨʃˈti.nu, ˈtɾipɐʃ ẽˈtɾɐ̃ɲɐs, ĩtesˈt͡ʃinu, ˈtɾipɐs
87 neck pescoço pɨʃˈko.su pesˈkosu
88 back costas, dorso ˈkɔʃ.tɐʃ, ˈdoɾ.su ˈkɔstɐs, ˈdoɾsu
89 breast peito, seios ˈpɐj.tu, ˈpej.tu, ˈsɐj.uʃ, ˈsej.uʃ ˈpejtu, ˈsejus
90 heart coração ku.ɾɐˈsɐ̃w̃ koɾaˈsɐ̃w̃
91 liver fígado ˈfi.ɣɐ.ðu ˈfiɡɐdu
92 to drink beber bɨˈβeɾ beˈbe(ʁ)
93 to eat comer kuˈmeɾ koˈme(ʁ)
94 to bite morder muɾˈdeɾ moʁˈde(ʁ)
95 to suck sugar, chupar suˈɡaɾ, ʃuˈpaɾ suˈɡa(ʁ), ʃuˈpa(ʁ)
96 to spit cuspir kuʃˈpiɾ kusˈpi(ʁ)
97 to vomit vomitar vu.miˈtaɾ vomiˈta(ʁ)
98 to blow soprar suˈpɾaɾ soˈpɾa(ʁ)
99 to breathe respirar ʁɨʃ.piˈɾaɾ ʁespiˈɾa(ʁ)
100 to laugh rir ˈʁiɾ ʁi(ʁ)
101 to see ver ˈveɾ ve(ʁ)
102 to hear ouvir o(w)ˈviɾ o(w)ˈvi(ʁ)
103 to know saber, conhecer sɐˈbeɾ, ku.ɲɨˈseɾ saˈbe(ʁ), koɲeˈse(ʁ)
104 to think pensar pẽˈsaɾ pẽˈsa(ʁ)
105 to smell cheirar ʃɐjˈɾaɾ, ʃejˈɾaɾ ʃe(j)ˈɾa(ʁ)
106 to fear temer tɨˈmeɾ teˈme(ʁ)
107 to sleep dormir duɾˈmiɾ doʁˈmi(ʁ)
108 to live viver viˈveɾ viˈve(ʁ)
109 to die morrer muˈʁeɾ moˈʁe(ʁ)
110 to kill matar mɐˈtaɾ maˈta(ʁ)
111 to fight lutar luˈtaɾ luˈta(ʁ)
112 to hunt caçar kɐˈsaɾ kaˈsa(ʁ)
113 to hit bater bɐˈteɾ baˈte(ʁ)
114 to cut cortar kuɾˈtaɾ koʁˈta(ʁ)
115 to split rachar, fender ʁɐˈʃaɾ, ˈfẽ.ðeɾ ʁɐˈʃa(ʁ), ˈfẽde(ʁ)
116 to stab esfaquear, apunhalar iʃ.fɐˈkjaɾ, ɐ.pu.ɲɐˈlaɾ esfaˈkja(ʁ), apuɲɐˈla(ʁ)
117 to scratch raspar, arranhar, coçar ʁɐʃˈpaɾ, ɐ.ʁɐˈɲaɾ, kuˈsaɾ ʁɐʃˈpa(ʁ), aʁaˈɲa(ʁ), koˈsa(ʁ)
118 to dig cavar kɐˈvaɾ kaˈva(ʁ)
119 to swim nadar nɐˈðaɾ naˈda(ʁ)
120 to fly voar vuˈaɾ voˈa(ʁ)
121 to walk andar, caminhar ɐ̃ˈdaɾ, kɐ.miˈɲaɾ ãˈda(ʁ), kamiˈɲa(ʁ)
122 to come vir ˈviɾ vi(ʁ)
123 to lie (as in a bed) deitar-se, estar deitado dɐjˈtaɾ.se, dejˈtaɾ.se, ɨʃˈtaɾ dejˈta.du dejˈta(ʁ)se, esˈta(ʁ) dejˈtadu
124 to sit sentar-se, estar sentado sẽˈtaɾse, ɨʃˈtaɾ sẽˈtadu sẽˈtaʁse, esˈta(ʁ) sẽˈtadu
125 to stand pôr-se de pé, estar em pé ˈpoɾ.se dɨ ˈpɛ, ɨʃˈtaɾ ɐ̃j ˈpɛ poʁse d͡ʒi pɛ, esˈta(ʁ) ẽj̃ pɛ
126 to turn (intransitive) virar, girar viˈɾaɾ, ʒiˈɾaɾ viˈɾa(ʁ), ʒiˈɾa(ʁ)
127 to fall cair kɐˈiɾ kaˈi(ʁ)
128 to give dar ˈdaɾ da(ʁ)
129 to hold segurar, ter sɨ.ɡuˈɾaɾ, ˈteɾ seɡuˈɾa(ʁ), te(ʁ)
130 to squeeze apertar, comprimir ɐ.pɨɾˈtaɾ, kum.pɾiˈmiɾ apeʁˈta(ʁ), kompɾiˈmi(ʁ)
131 to rub esfregar ɨʃˈfɾɨˈɡaɾ esfɾeˈɡa(ʁ)
132 to wash lavar lɐˈvaɾ laˈva(ʁ)
133 to wipe enxugar ẽˈʃuˈɡaɾ ẽʃuˈɡa(ʁ)
134 to pull puxar puˈʃaɾ puˈʃa(ʁ)
135 to push empurrar ẽpuˈʁaɾ ẽpuˈʁa(ʁ)
136 to throw atirar, lançar ɐtiˈɾaɾ, lɐ̃ˈsaɾ atiˈɾa(ʁ), lãˈsa(ʁ)
137 to tie atar, amarrar ɐˈtaɾ, a.maˈraɾ aˈta(ʁ), amaˈɾa(ʁ)
138 to sew coser, costurar kuˈzeɾ, kos.tuˈɾaɾ koˈze(ʁ), kostuˈɾa(ʁ)
139 to count contar kõˈtaɾ kõˈta(ʁ)
140 to say dizer diˈzeɾ d͡ʒiˈze(ʁ)
141 to sing cantar kɐ̃ˈtaɾ kãˈta(ʁ)
142 to play brincar, jogar bɾĩˈkaɾ, ʒuˈɡaɾ bɾĩˈka(ʁ), ʒoˈɡa(ʁ)
143 to float flutuar, boiar flu.tuˈaɾ, bojˈaɾ flutuˈa(ʁ), bojˈa(ʁ)
144 to flow fluir fluˈiɾ fluˈi(ʁ)
145 to freeze gelar, congelar ʒɨˈlaɾ, kõ.ʒɨˈlaɾ ʒeˈla(ʁ), kõʒeˈla(ʁ)
146 to swell inchar, intumescer ĩˈʃaɾ, ĩ.tu.meˈseɾ ĩˈʃa(ʁ), ĩtumeˈse(ʁ)
147 sun sol ˈsɔl sɔw
148 moon lua ˈluɐ ˈluɐ
149 star estrela ɨʃˈtɾe.lɐ esˈtɾelɐ
150 water água ˈa.ɡwɐ ˈaɡwɐ
151 rain chuva ˈʃu.vɐ ˈʃuvɐ
152 river rio ˈʁi.u ˈʁiu
153 lake lago ˈla.ɡu ˈlaɡu
154 sea mar ˈmaɾ maʁ
155 salt sal ˈsal saw
156 stone pedra ˈpɛ.dɾɐ ˈpɛdɾɐ
157 sand areia ɐˈɾɐj.ɐ aˈɾejɐ
158 dust poeira, pó puˈɐj.ɾɐ, puˈej.ɾɐ, ˈpɔ oˈe(j)ɾɐ, pɔ
159 earth terra, solo ˈtɛ.ʁɐ, ˈsɔ.lu ˈtɛʁɐ, ˈsɔlu
160 cloud nuvem ˈnu.vɐ̃j ˈnuvẽj̃
161 fog nevoeiro, névoa, neblina nɨ.vuˈɐj.ɾu, nɨ.vuˈɐj.ɾu, ˈnɛ.vwɐ, nɨˈβli.nɐ nevuˈe(j)ɾu, ˈnɛvwɐ, neˈblina
162 sky céu ˈsɛw sɛw
163 wind vento ˈvẽ.tu ˈvẽtu
164 snow neve ˈnɛ.vɨ ˈnɛvi
165 ice gelo ˈʒe.lu ˈʒelu
166 smoke fumo, fumaça ˈfu.mu, fuˈma.sɐ ˈfumu, fuˈmasa
167 fire fogo ˈfo.ɡu ˈfoɡu
168 ash cinzas ˈsĩ.zɐʃ ˈsĩzɐs
169 to burn arder, queimar ɐɾˈdeɾ, kɐjˈmaɾ, kejˈmaɾ aʁˈde(ʁ), ke(j)ˈma(ʁ)
170 road estrada, rua ɨʃˈtɾadɐ, ˈʁuɐ esˈtɾadɐ, ˈʁuɐ
171 mountain montanha mõˈtɐɲɐ mõˈtɐ̃ɲɐ
172 red vermelho vɨɾˈmɐj.ʎu, vɨɾˈme.ʎu veʁˈmeʎu
173 green verde ˈveɾ.dɨ ˈveʁd͡ʒi
174 yellow amarelo ɐ.mɐˈɾɛ.lu amɐˈɾɛlu
175 white branco ˈbɾɐ̃.ku ˈbɾɐ̃ku
176 black preto, negro ˈpɾe.tu, ˈne.ɡɾu ˈpɾetu, ˈneɡɾu
177 night noite ˈnɔj.tɨ ˈnoit͡ʃi
178 day dia ˈdi.ɐ ˈd͡ʒiɐ
179 year ano ˈɐ.nu ˈɐnu
180 warm quente, morno kẽˈtɨ, ˈmoɾ.nu kẽˈt͡ʃi, ˈmoʁnu
181 cold frio ˈfɾi.u ˈfɾiu
182 full cheio ˈʃɐj.u, ˈʃej.u ˈʃeju
183 new novo ˈno.vu ˈnovu
184 old velho ˈvɛ.ʎu ˈvɛʎu
185 good bom ˈbõ bõ
186 bad mau ˈmaw maw
187 rotten podre ˈpo.dɾɨ ˈpodɾi
188 dirty sujo ˈsu.ʒu ˈsuʒu
189 straight direto, reto diˈɾe.tu, ˈʁɛtu d͡ʒiˈɾɛtu, ˈʁɛtu
190 round redondo ʁɨˈdõ.du ʁeˈdõdu
191 sharp (as a knife) afiado, aguçado ɐ.fiˈa.du, ɐ.ɡuˈsa.du afiˈadu, aɡuˈsadu
192 dull (as a knife) cego ˈsɛ.ɣu ˈsɛɡu
193 smooth liso, suave ˈli.zu, ˈswa.vɨ ˈlizu, ˈswavi
194 wet (h)úmido, molhado ˈu.mi.ðu, muˈʎa.ðu ˈumidu, moˈʎadu
195 dry seco ˈse.ku ˈseku
196 correct correcto, correto kuˈʁɛ.tu koˈʁɛtu
197 near perto, próximo ˈpɛɾ.tu, ˈpɾɔ.si.mu ˈpɛʁtu, ˈpɾɔsimu
198 far longe, distante ˈlõʒɨ, diʃˈtɐ̃tɨ ˈlõʒi, d͡ʒisˈtɐ̃t͡ʃi
199 right direita di'rɐj.tɐ, di'rej.tɐ d͡ʒiˈɾe(j)tɐ
200 left esquerda ɨʃˈkeɾ.ðɐ isˈkeʁdɐ
201 at a, em ɐ, ɐ̃j̃, ẽj̃ a, ẽj̃
202 in em ɐ̃j̃, ẽj̃ ẽj̃
203 with com kõ kõ
204 and e i i
205 if se sɨ si
206 because porque ˈpuɾ.kɨ puɾˈke
207 name nome ˈno.mɨ ˈnomi
  • Orthography :

When the words have various forms (verbs conjugation, gender and number agreement, declensions), the orthography is the following :

  • verbs : infinitive
  • other words : masculine or neutral, singular, nominative (subject)

For specific cases (no infinitive, feminine name, plural name for instance), the simplest form is used.

  • Pronunciation :

The showed pronunciation is the pronunciation generally used in Portugal (EP) and/or in Brazil (BP). Depending on the speakers and the area, the actual pronunciation may differ, more or less significantly, from the showed pronunciation.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Dictionnaire de poche français-portugais / portugais-français, Hachette & Verbo, Paris 2005 - →ISBN
  • Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - →ISBN

Further reading

[edit]
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)
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