Appendix:Portuguese Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Portuguese, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

[edit]
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
No. English Portuguese
português 		IPA
European Portuguese 		IPA
Brazilian Portuguese
1 I eu eu eu
2 you (singular) tu, você tu, vɔˈse tu, voˈse
3 he ele ˈelɨ ˈeli
4 we nós nɔʃ nɔ(j)s
5 you (plural) vós, vocês vɔʃ, vɔˈseʃ vɔ(j)s, vɔˈse(j)s
6 they eles, elas ˈelɨʃ, ˈɛlɐʃ ˈelis, ˈɛlɐʃ
7 this isto, este, esta ˈiʃtu, ˈeʃtɨ, ˈɛʃtɐ ˈistu, ˈest͡ʃi, ˈɛsta
8 that aquilo, aquele ɐˈkilu, ɐˈkel(ɨ) aˈkilu, aˈkeli
9 here aqui ɐˈki aˈki
10 there aí, lá, ali ɐˈi, la, ɐˈli aˈi, la, ɐˈli
11 who quem kɐ̃j̃, kẽj̃ kẽ̃j̃
12 what que, o que kɨ, u kɨ ki, u ki
13 where onde ˈõdɨ ˈõd͡ʒi
14 when quando ˈkwɐ̃du ˈkwɐ̃du
15 how como ˈkomu ˈkomu
16 not não nɐ̃w̃ nɐ̃w̃
17 all todo, tudo ˈtoðu, ˈtuðu ˈtodu, ˈtudu
18 many muito ˈmũj̃tu ˈmũj̃tu
19 some alguns, algum aɫˈɣũʃ, aɫˈɡũ auˈɡũs, awˈɡũ
20 few pouco ˈpo(w)ku ˈpo(w)ku
21 other outro ˈo(w)tɾu ˈo(w)tɾu
22 one um ũ ũ
23 two dois doiʃ dois
24 three três tɾeʃ tɾes
25 four quatro ˈkwatɾu ˈkwatɾu
26 five cinco ˈsĩku ˈsĩku
27 big grande ˈɡɾɐ̃dɨ ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒi
28 long longo, comprido ˈlõɡu, kõˈpɾiðu ˈlõɡu, kõˈpɾidu
29 wide largo, amplo ˈlaɾɣu, ˈɐ̃plu ˈlaʁɡu, ˈɐ̃plu
30 thick espesso, grosso ɨʃˈpesu, ˈɡɾosu isˈpesu, ˈɡɾosu
31 heavy pesado pɨˈzaðu peˈzadu
32 small pequeno pɨˈkenu piˈkenu
33 short curto ˈkuɾtu ˈkuʁtu
34 narrow estreito ɨʃˈtɾɐjtu, ɨʃˈtɾejtu isˈtɾejtu
35 thin fino, magro, delgado ˈfinu, ˈmaɣɾu, dɛɫˈɣaðu ˈfinu, ˈmaɡɾu, dewˈɡadu
36 woman mulher muˈʎɛɾ muˈʎɛɾ
37 man (male) homem ˈɔmɐ̃j̃, ɔmẽj̃ ˈomẽj̃
38 man (human) homem ˈɔmɐ̃j̃, ɔmẽj̃ ˈomẽj̃
39 child criança kɾiˈɐ̃sɐ kɾiˈɐ̃sɐ
40 wife mulher, esposa muˈʎɛɾ, ɨʃˈpozɐ muˈʎɛɾ, isˈpoza
41 husband marido, esposo mɐˈɾiðu, ɨʃˈpozu maˈɾidu, isˈpozu
42 mother mãe mɐ̃j̃ mɐ̃j̃
43 father pai pai pai
44 animal animal ɐniˈmaɫ aniˈmaw
45 fish peixe ˈpɐjʃɨ, ˈpejʃɨ ˈpe(j)ʃi
46 bird ave, pássaro ˈavɨ, ˈpasɐɾu ˈavi, ˈpasaɾu
47 dog cão, cachorro kɐ̃w̃, kɐʃoʁu kɐ̃w̃, kɐʃoʁu
48 louse piolho piˈoʎu piˈoʎu
49 snake serpente, cobra sɨɾˈpẽtɨ, ˈkɔβɾɐ seʁˈpẽt͡ʃi, ˈkɔbɾɐ
50 worm verme, bicho ˈvɛɾmɨ, ˈbiʃu ˈvɛʁmi, ˈbiʃu
51 tree árvore ˈaɾvuɾɨ ˈaʁvoɾi
52 forest floresta, bosque fluˈɾɛʃtɐ, ˈbɔʃkɨ floˈɾɛstɐ, ˈbɔski
53 stick bastão, pau bɐʃˈtɐ̃w̃, paw basˈtɐ̃w̃, paʊ
54 fruit fruta, fruto ˈfɾutɐ, ˈfɾutu ˈfɾutɐ, ˈfɾutu
55 seed semente sɨˈmẽtɨ seˈmẽtʃi
56 leaf folha ˈfoʎɐ ˈfoʎɐ
57 root raiz ʁɐˈiʃ xa'is
58 bark (of a tree) casca ˈkaʃkɐ ˈkaskɐ
59 flower flor floɾ flox
60 grass erva, grama (Brazil), relva ˈɛɾvɐ, ˈʁɛɫvɐ ˈɛʁvɐ, ˈɡɾɐ̃mɐ, ˈʁɛwvɐ
61 rope corda ˈkɔɾðɐ ˈkɔʁdɐ
62 skin pele ˈpɛlɨ ˈpɛli
63 meat carne ˈkaɾnɨ ˈkaʁni
64 blood sangue ˈsɐ̃ɡɨ ˈsɐ̃ɡi
65 bone osso ˈosu ˈosu
66 fat (noun) gordura ɡuɾˈðuɾɐ ɡoʁˈduɾɐ
67 egg ovo ˈovu ˈovu
68 horn chifre, corno ˈʃifɾɨ, ˈkoɾnu ˈʃifɾi, ˈkoʁnu
69 tail cauda, rabo ˈkawðɐ, ˈʁaβu ˈkawdɐ, ˈxabu
70 feather pena, pluma ˈpenɐ, ˈplumɐ ˈpenɐ, ˈplumɐ
71 hair cabelo, pelo kɐˈβelu, ˈpɨlu kaˈbelu, ˈpelu
72 head cabeça kɐˈβesɐ kaˈbesɐ
73 ear orelha oˈɾɐjʎɐ, oˈɾejʎɐ oˈɾeʎɐ
74 eye olho ˈoʎu ˈoʎu
75 nose nariz nɐˈɾiʃ naˈɾis
76 mouth boca ˈbokɐ ˈbokɐ
77 tooth dente ˈdẽtɨ ˈdẽtʃi
78 tongue língua ˈlĩɡwɐ ˈlĩɡwɐ
79 fingernail unha ˈuɲɐ ˈuɲɐ
80 foot pé pɛ pɛ
81 leg perna ˈpɛɾnɐ ˈpɛʁnɐ
82 knee joelho ʒuˈɐʎu, ʒuˈeʎu ʒuˈeʎu
83 hand mão mɐ̃w̃ mɐ̃w̃
84 wing asa ˈazɐ ˈazɐ
85 belly ventre, barriga ˈvẽtɾɨ, bɐˈʁiɣɐ ˈvẽtɾi, baˈxiɡɐ
86 guts entranhas, intestino, tripas ẽˈtɾɐɲɐʃ, ĩtɨʃˈtinu, ˈtɾipɐʃ ẽˈtɾɐ̃ɲɐs, ĩtesˈt͡ʃinu, ˈtɾipɐs
87 neck pescoço pɨʃˈkosu pesˈkosu
88 back costas, dorso ˈkɔʃtɐʃ, ˈdoɾsu ˈkɔstɐs, ˈdoɾsu
89 breast peito, seios ˈpɐjtu, ˈpejtu, ˈsɐjuʃ, ˈsejuʃ ˈpejtu, ˈsejus
90 heart coração kuɾɐˈsɐ̃w̃ koɾaˈsɐ̃w̃
91 liver fígado ˈfiɣɐðu ˈfiɡɐdu
92 to drink beber bɨˈβeɾ beˈbe(ʁ)
93 to eat comer kuˈmeɾ koˈme(ʁ)
94 to bite morder muɾˈdeɾ moʁˈde(ʁ)
95 to suck sugar, chupar suˈɡaɾ, ʃuˈpaɾ suˈɡa(ʁ), ʃuˈpa(ʁ)
96 to spit cuspir kuʃˈpiɾ kusˈpi(ʁ)
97 to vomit vomitar vumiˈtaɾ vomiˈta(ʁ)
98 to blow soprar suˈpɾaɾ soˈpɾa(ʁ)
99 to breathe respirar ʁɨʃpiˈɾaɾ ʁespiˈɾa(ʁ)
100 to laugh rir ʁiɾ ʁi(ʁ)
101 to see ver veɾ ve(ʁ)
102 to hear ouvir o(w)ˈviɾ o(w)ˈvi(ʁ)
103 to know saber, conhecer sɐˈbeɾ, kuɲɨˈseɾ saˈbe(ʁ), koɲeˈse(ʁ)
104 to think pensar pẽˈsaɾ pẽˈsa(ʁ)
105 to smell cheirar ʃɐjˈɾaɾ, ʃejˈɾaɾ ʃe(j)ˈɾa(ʁ)
106 to fear temer tɨˈmeɾ teˈme(ʁ)
107 to sleep dormir duɾˈmiɾ doʁˈmi(ʁ)
108 to live viver viˈveɾ viˈve(ʁ)
109 to die morrer muˈʁeɾ moˈʁe(ʁ)
110 to kill matar mɐˈtaɾ maˈta(ʁ)
111 to fight lutar luˈtaɾ luˈta(ʁ)
112 to hunt caçar kɐˈsaɾ kaˈsa(ʁ)
113 to hit bater bɐˈteɾ baˈte(ʁ)
114 to cut cortar kuɾˈtaɾ koʁˈta(ʁ)
115 to split rachar, fender ʁɐˈʃaɾ, ˈfẽðeɾ ʁɐˈʃa(ʁ), ˈfẽde(ʁ)
116 to stab esfaquear, apunhalar iʃfɐˈkjaɾ, ɐpuɲɐˈlaɾ esfaˈkja(ʁ), apuɲɐˈla(ʁ)
117 to scratch raspar, arranhar, coçar ʁɐʃˈpaɾ, ɐʁɐˈɲaɾ, kuˈsaɾ ʁɐʃˈpa(ʁ), aʁaˈɲa(ʁ), koˈsa(ʁ)
118 to dig cavar kɐˈvaɾ kaˈva(ʁ)
119 to swim nadar nɐˈðaɾ naˈda(ʁ)
120 to fly voar vuˈaɾ voˈa(ʁ)
121 to walk andar, caminhar ɐ̃ˈdaɾ, kɐmiˈɲaɾ ãˈda(ʁ), kamiˈɲa(ʁ)
122 to come vir viɾ vi(ʁ)
123 to lie (as in a bed) deitar-se, estar deitado dɐjˈtaɾse, dejˈtaɾse, ɨʃˈtaɾ dejˈtadu dejˈta(ʁ)se, esˈta(ʁ) dejˈtadu
124 to sit sentar-se, estar sentado sẽˈtaɾse, ɨʃˈtaɾ sẽˈtadu sẽˈtaʁse, esˈta(ʁ) sẽˈtadu
125 to stand pôr-se de pé, estar em pé poɾse dɨ pɛ, ɨʃˈtaɾ ɐ̃j pɛ poʁse d͡ʒi pɛ, esˈta(ʁ) ẽj̃ pɛ
126 to turn (intransitive) virar, girar viˈɾaɾ, ʒiˈɾaɾ viˈɾa(ʁ), ʒiˈɾa(ʁ)
127 to fall cair kɐˈiɾ kaˈi(ʁ)
128 to give dar daɾ da(ʁ)
129 to hold segurar, ter sɨɡuˈɾaɾ, teɾ seɡuˈɾa(ʁ), te(ʁ)
130 to squeeze apertar, comprimir ɐpɨɾˈtaɾ, kumpɾiˈmiɾ apeʁˈta(ʁ), kompɾiˈmi(ʁ)
131 to rub esfregar ɨʃfɾɨˈɡaɾ esfɾeˈɡa(ʁ)
132 to wash lavar lɐˈvaɾ laˈva(ʁ)
133 to wipe enxugar ẽʃuˈɡaɾ ẽʃuˈɡa(ʁ)
134 to pull puxar puˈʃaɾ puˈʃa(ʁ)
135 to push empurrar ẽpuˈʁaɾ ẽpuˈʁa(ʁ)
136 to throw atirar, lançar ɐtiˈɾaɾ, lɐ̃ˈsaɾ atiˈɾa(ʁ), lãˈsa(ʁ)
137 to tie atar, amarrar ɐˈtaɾ, amaˈraɾ aˈta(ʁ), amaˈɾa(ʁ)
138 to sew coser, costurar kuˈzeɾ, kostuˈɾaɾ koˈze(ʁ), kostuˈɾa(ʁ)
139 to count contar kõˈtaɾ kõˈta(ʁ)
140 to say dizer diˈzeɾ d͡ʒiˈze(ʁ)
141 to sing cantar kɐ̃ˈtaɾ kãˈta(ʁ)
142 to play brincar, jogar bɾĩˈkaɾ, ʒuˈɡaɾ bɾĩˈka(ʁ), ʒoˈɡa(ʁ)
143 to float flutuar, boiar flutuˈaɾ, bojˈaɾ flutuˈa(ʁ), bojˈa(ʁ)
144 to flow fluir fluˈiɾ fluˈi(ʁ)
145 to freeze gelar, congelar ʒɨˈlaɾ, kõʒɨˈlaɾ ʒeˈla(ʁ), kõʒeˈla(ʁ)
146 to swell inchar, intumescer ĩˈʃaɾ, ĩtumeˈseɾ ĩˈʃa(ʁ), ĩtumeˈse(ʁ)
147 sun sol sɔl sɔw
148 moon lua ˈluɐ ˈluɐ
149 star estrela ɨʃˈtɾelɐ esˈtɾelɐ
150 water água ˈaɡwɐ ˈaɡwɐ
151 rain chuva ˈʃuvɐ ˈʃuvɐ
152 river rio ˈʁiu ˈʁiu
153 lake lago ˈlaɡu ˈlaɡu
154 sea mar maɾ maʁ
155 salt sal sal saw
156 stone pedra ˈpɛdɾɐ ˈpɛdɾɐ
157 sand areia ɐˈɾɐjɐ aˈɾejɐ
158 dust poeira, pó puˈɐjɾɐ, puˈejɾɐ, pɔ oˈe(j)ɾɐ, pɔ
159 earth terra, solo ˈtɛʁɐ, ˈsɔlu ˈtɛʁɐ, ˈsɔlu
160 cloud nuvem ˈnuvɐ̃j ˈnuvẽj̃
161 fog nevoeiro, névoa, neblina nɨvuˈɐjɾu, nɨvuˈɐjɾu, ˈnɛvwɐ, nɨˈβlinɐ nevuˈe(j)ɾu, ˈnɛvwɐ, neˈblina
162 sky céu sɛw sɛw
163 wind vento ˈvẽtu ˈvẽtu
164 snow neve ˈnɛvɨ ˈnɛvi
165 ice gelo ˈʒelu ˈʒelu
166 smoke fumo, fumaça ˈfumu, fuˈmasa ˈfumu, fuˈmasa
167 fire fogo ˈfoɡu ˈfoɡu
168 ash cinzas ˈsĩzɐʃ ˈsĩzɐs
169 to burn arder, queimar ɐɾˈdeɾ, kɐjˈmaɾ, kejˈmaɾ aʁˈde(ʁ), ke(j)ˈma(ʁ)
170 road estrada, rua ɨʃˈtɾadɐ, ˈʁuɐ esˈtɾadɐ, ˈʁuɐ
171 mountain montanha mõˈtɐɲɐ mõˈtɐ̃ɲɐ
172 red vermelho vɨɾˈmɐjʎu, vɨɾˈmeʎu veʁˈmeʎu
173 green verde ˈveɾdɨ ˈveʁd͡ʒi
174 yellow amarelo ɐmɐˈɾɛlu amɐˈɾɛlu
175 white branco ˈbɾɐ̃ku ˈbɾɐ̃ku
176 black preto, negro ˈpɾetu, ˈneɡɾu ˈpɾetu, ˈneɡɾu
177 night noite ˈnɔjtɨ ˈnoit͡ʃi
178 day dia ˈdiɐ ˈd͡ʒiɐ
179 year ano ˈɐnu ˈɐnu
180 warm quente, morno kẽˈtɨ, ˈmoɾnu kẽˈt͡ʃi, ˈmoʁnu
181 cold frio ˈfɾiu ˈfɾiu
182 full cheio ˈʃɐju, ˈʃeju ˈʃeju
183 new novo ˈnovu ˈnovu
184 old velho ˈvɛʎu ˈvɛʎu
185 good bom bõ bõ
186 bad mau maw maw
187 rotten podre ˈpodɾɨ ˈpodɾi
188 dirty sujo ˈsuʒu ˈsuʒu
189 straight direto, reto diˈɾetu, ˈʁɛtu d͡ʒiˈɾɛtu, ˈʁɛtu
190 round redondo ʁɨˈdõdu ʁeˈdõdu
191 sharp (as a knife) afiado, aguçado ɐfiˈadu, ɐɡuˈsadu afiˈadu, aɡuˈsadu
192 dull (as a knife) cego ˈsɛɣu ˈsɛɡu
193 smooth liso, suave ˈlizu, ˈswavɨ ˈlizu, ˈswavi
194 wet (h)úmido, molhado ˈumiðu, muˈʎaðu ˈumidu, moˈʎadu
195 dry seco ˈseku ˈseku
196 correct correcto, correto kuˈʁɛktu koˈʁɛtu
197 near perto, próximo ˈpɛɾtu, ˈpɾɔsimu ˈpɛʁtu, ˈpɾɔsimu
198 far longe, distante ˈlõʒɨ, diʃˈtɐ̃tɨ ˈlõʒi, d͡ʒisˈtɐ̃t͡ʃi
199 right direita di'rɐjtɐ, di'rejtɐ d͡ʒiˈɾe(j)tɐ
200 left esquerda ɨʃˈkeɾðɐ isˈkeʁdɐ
201 at a, em ɐ, ɐ̃j̃, ẽj̃ a, ẽj̃
202 in em ɐ̃j̃, ẽj̃ ẽj̃
203 with com kõ kõ
204 and e i i
205 if se sɨ si
206 because porque ˈpuɾkɨ puɾˈke
207 name nome ˈnomɨ ˈnomi
  • Orthography :

When the words have various forms (verbs conjugation, gender and number agreement, declensions), the orthography is the following :

  • verbs : infinitive
  • other words : masculine or neutral, singular, nominative (subject)

For specific cases (no infinitive, feminine name, plural name for instance), the simplest form is used.

  • Pronunciation :

The showed pronunciation is the pronunciation generally used in Portugal (EP) and/or in Brazil (BP). Depending on the speakers and the area, the actual pronunciation may differ, more or less significantly, from the showed pronunciation.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Dictionnaire de poche français-portugais / portugais-français, Hachette & Verbo, Paris 2005 - →ISBN
  • Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - →ISBN

Further reading

[edit]
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)
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