Appendix:Manx Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Manx, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| No. | English | Manx Gaelg |
IPA pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | mee | miː |
| 2 | you (singular) | oo | u, uː |
| 3 | he | eh | |
| 4 | we | shin | |
| 5 | you (plural) | shiu | |
| 6 | they | ad | |
| 7 | this | yn ... shoh | |
| 8 | that | yn ... shen, yn ... shid | |
| 9 | here | ayns shoh, aynshoh | |
| 10 | there | ayns shen, ayns shid | |
| 11 | who | quoi | |
| 12 | what | cre, c'red | |
| 13 | where | c'raad | |
| 14 | when | cre'n traa, cooin | |
| 15 | how | kys, kanys, cre'n aght | kəs |
| 16 | not | cha, chan | |
| 17 | all | ooilley | |
| 18 | many | ram, mooarane | |
| 19 | some | ennagh, shiartanse, kuse | |
| 20 | few | beggan | |
| 21 | other | elley | |
| 22 | one | unnane, un | eːn, ɯːn, uːn |
| 23 | two | daa | d̪eː, d̪ɛː |
| 24 | three | tree | t̪riː |
| 25 | four | kiare | kʲeːə(r) |
| 26 | five | queig | kwɛɡ |
| 27 | big | mooar | muːr, muːɹ̝, muːə̯, muː |
| 28 | long | foddey, liauyr | |
| 29 | wide | lhean | |
| 30 | thick | çhiu | |
| 31 | heavy | trome | t̪roːm, t̪roᵇm |
| 32 | small | beg | |
| 33 | short | giare | |
| 34 | narrow | coon | |
| 35 | thin | thanney | |
| 36 | woman | ben f | bɛᵈn |
| 37 | man (male) | fer m, dooinney m | fɛr, ˈd̪uːnʲə |
| 38 | man (human) | dooinney m | ˈd̪uːnʲə |
| 39 | child | lhiannoo m, paitçhey m | ˈpetʃə |
| 40 | wife | ben f, ben phoost f, ben heshey f | bɛᵈn |
| 41 | husband | dooinney m, dooinney poost m, sheshey m, sheshey poost m | ˈd̪uːnʲə |
| 42 | mother | moir f | maːɹ |
| 43 | father | ayr m | ˈeːar |
| 44 | animal | baagh, baaghtagh, bioagh, cretoor m | |
| 45 | fish | eeast m | jiːst, jiːs |
| 46 | bird | ushag f | ˈoʒaɡ |
| 47 | dog | coo m, moddey m | ˈmɔːðə |
| 48 | louse | meeyl f | miːl |
| 49 | snake | aarnieu m | |
| 50 | worm | beishteig f, beisht f, dhiane m | beˈʃtʲeːɡ, prəˈʃtʲeːɡ, beːʃt͡ʃ |
| 51 | tree | billey m | ˈbilʲə |
| 52 | forest | keyll f | kiːlʲ, kelʲ |
| 53 | stick | maidjey m | ˈmaːʒə, ˈmaːjə |
| 54 | fruit | mess m, troar m | meːs |
| 55 | seed | sheel m, rass m | raːs |
| 56 | leaf | duillag f | ˈd̪olʲaɡ |
| 57 | root | fraue f | freːw |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | roost m | ruːs |
| 59 | flower | blaa m | bleː |
| 60 | grass | faiyr m | feːə |
| 61 | rope | tead m | t̪ed̪ |
| 62 | skin | crackan m | ˈkraːɣən |
| 63 | meat | feill f | feːlʲ |
| 64 | blood | fuill f | folʲ, fuɪlʲ |
| 65 | bone | craue m | kreːw |
| 66 | fat (noun) | sahll f, blennick f | ˈblɛnɪk |
| 67 | egg | ooh m | au, uː |
| 68 | horn | eairk f, cayrn | ˈeːak |
| 69 | tail | famman m, arbyl m | ˈfaman |
| 70 | feather | clooie f, fedjag f | ˈfaiaɡ |
| 71 | hair | gruag f, folt m | folt̪ |
| 72 | head | kione m | caun, coːn, coᵈn |
| 73 | ear | cleaysh f | kleːʃ |
| 74 | eye | sooill f | suːlʲ |
| 75 | nose | stroin f | st̪rudʲnʲ, st̪raidʲnʲ, strɛin |
| 76 | mouth | beeal m | ˈbiəl |
| 77 | tooth | feeackle f | ˈfiːɣəl |
| 78 | tongue | çhengey f | ˈtʃɛnʲə |
| 79 | fingernail | ingin f | ˈiŋən |
| 80 | foot | cass f | kaːs |
| 81 | leg | cass f, lurgey f | kaːs, løɹɡə |
| 82 | knee | glioon f | ɡlʲuːnʲ, lʲuːᵈnʲ |
| 83 | hand | laue f | leːw, læu |
| 84 | wing | skian f | ˈskiːən |
| 85 | belly | bolg m | bolɡ |
| 86 | guts | collane m | |
| 87 | neck | mwannal m | ˈmonal |
| 88 | back | dreeym m | d̪riːm, d̪riᵇm |
| 89 | breast | keeagh f | kiːx |
| 90 | heart | cree m | kriː |
| 91 | liver | aane f | eːn, ɛːn |
| 92 | to drink | iu | |
| 93 | to eat | ee | iː |
| 94 | to bite | greim | |
| 95 | to suck | soo, jiole | |
| 96 | to spit | ceau shelley, tilg shelley | |
| 97 | to vomit | skeeah, skeay | |
| 98 | to blow | sheid | |
| 99 | to breathe | tayrn ennal | |
| 100 | to laugh | gear | |
| 101 | to see | faik | |
| 102 | to hear | cluin, clasht | |
| 103 | to know | fys ec | |
| 104 | to think | smooinee | |
| 105 | to smell | soar | |
| 106 | to fear | gow aggle roish | |
| 107 | to sleep | caddil | ˈkaːðəl |
| 108 | to live | bee bio, bee er mayrn | |
| 109 | to die | fow baase | |
| 110 | to kill | marr | |
| 111 | to fight | cagg | kaːɡ, kaɡ |
| 112 | to hunt | shelg | |
| 113 | to hit | bwoaill | |
| 114 | to cut | giar | |
| 115 | to split | scolt, skeilt | |
| 116 | to stab | seiy | |
| 117 | to scratch | screeb | |
| 118 | to dig | cleigh, reuyr | |
| 119 | to swim | snaue | |
| 120 | to fly | etlee, ettyl | |
| 121 | to walk | shooyl | |
| 122 | to come | tar | |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | lhie | laj |
| 124 | to sit | soie | |
| 125 | to stand | shass | |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | cass | kaːs |
| 127 | to fall | tuitt | t̪utʲ |
| 128 | to give | toyr, cur | |
| 129 | to hold | cum | |
| 130 | to squeeze | çhionn, faast, craisht | |
| 131 | to rub | rub | |
| 132 | to wash | niee | |
| 133 | to wipe | glen, rub | ɡlɛn |
| 134 | to pull | tayrn | |
| 135 | to push | broo | |
| 136 | to throw | ceau, tilg | cæu |
| 137 | to tie | kiangle | |
| 138 | to sew | whaal, fuaill | |
| 139 | to count | coont | |
| 140 | to say | abbyr, loayr | |
| 141 | to sing | gow arrane, kiaulley | |
| 142 | to play | cloie | klɛi |
| 143 | to float | snaue | |
| 144 | to flow | stroo, sheel, shiauill, thooill | |
| 145 | to freeze | rio | |
| 146 | to swell | att | |
| 147 | sun | grian f | ɡriːn, ɡriᵈn |
| 148 | moon | eayst f | eːs |
| 149 | star | rollage f | roˈleːɡ, rəlɛːɡ, rɔˈlæːɡ |
| 150 | water | ushtey m | ˈuʃtʲə |
| 151 | rain | fliaghey m | flʲaː (Northern Manx), flʲaːɣə (Southern Manx) |
| 152 | river | awin f | aunʲ, ˈawənʲ |
| 153 | lake | logh f, lhingey f | laːx, |
| 154 | sea | mooir f, keayn m, faarkey m | kiᵈn, ˈføːɹkə |
| 155 | salt | sollan m | ˈsolan |
| 156 | stone | clagh f | klaːx |
| 157 | sand | geinnagh m | ˈɡʲanʲax |
| 158 | dust | joan m | dʒaun |
| 159 | earth | thalloo m | ˈtɔlu, ˈtalu |
| 160 | cloud | bodjal m, niaul | |
| 161 | fog | kay f | kʲeː |
| 162 | sky | aer f, speyr f, niau m | eːə, speːr, speː |
| 163 | wind | geay f | ɡiː |
| 164 | snow | sniaghtey m | ˈʃnʲaxt̪ə |
| 165 | ice | rio m | |
| 166 | smoke | jaagh f | ˈd͡ʒeːax, d͡ʒɛːx |
| 167 | fire | aile m, çhenney m | ail |
| 168 | ash | leoie f | løi |
| 169 | to burn | losht | |
| 170 | road | raad m, bayr m | reːd̪, raːd̪ |
| 171 | mountain | slieau m, beinn m, muyne | slʲuː, ʃlʲuː |
| 172 | red | ruy, jiarg | rɛi (Northern Manx), riː (Southern Manx) |
| 173 | green | glass, eayney | |
| 174 | yellow | buigh | |
| 175 | white | bane, fynn | |
| 176 | black | doo | |
| 177 | night | oie f | ɛi (Northern Manx), iː (Southern Manx) |
| 178 | day | laa m | leː, laː |
| 179 | year | blein f | blʲeːnʲ, blʲiᵈn |
| 180 | warm | çheh | |
| 181 | cold | feayr | |
| 182 | full | lane | lɛdn |
| 183 | new | noa, oor | |
| 184 | old | shenn | |
| 185 | good | mie | maɪ |
| 186 | bad | olk, drogh | ɔlk |
| 187 | rotten | loau, breinn | |
| 188 | dirty | sollagh, broghe, breinnagh | |
| 189 | straight | jeeragh | ˈd͡ʒiːrax |
| 190 | round | cruinn | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | geyre | |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | moal | |
| 193 | smooth | meein, rea | |
| 194 | wet | fliugh | |
| 195 | dry | çhirrym | |
| 196 | correct | kiart | |
| 197 | near | faggys, er çheu, er gerrey | |
| 198 | far | foddey | |
| 199 | right | jesh | |
| 200 | left | clee, toshtal | |
| 201 | at | ec | ɛɟ, ɛɡ |
| 202 | in | ayns | |
| 203 | with | lesh, marish | |
| 204 | and | as | |
| 205 | if | my, ga | |
| 206 | because | er-yn-oyr | ˌɛr.əˈnoːr |
| 207 | name | ennym m | ˈenəm |