Appendix:Pashto Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Pashto, compared with definitions in English.
Pashto is mainly spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The pronunciations can differ based on various dialects of Pashto.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Pashto پښتو edit (207) | IPA (key) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | زه (zə) | /zə/ |
| 2 | you (2sg) | ته (tə) | /tə/ |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | دی (day), هغه (hağa), دا (dā), هغې (hağe), دغه (dağa) | /daj/, /haˈɣa/, /dɑ/, /haˈɣe/, /daˈɣa/ |
| 4 | we (1pl) | موږ (muǵ) | /mug ~ muŋg ~ muʐ/ |
| 5 | you (2pl) | تاسو (tāso), تاسې (tāse) | /tɑso/, /tɑse/ |
| 6 | they (3pl) | دوی (duy), هغوی (hağuy) | /duj/, /haˈɣuj/ |
| 7 | this | دغه (dağa) | /ˈdaɣa/ |
| 8 | that | هغه (hağa) | /ˈhaɣa/ |
| 9 | here | دلته (dəlta) | /dəlta/ |
| 10 | there | هلته (halta) | /halta/ |
| 11 | who | څوک (śok) | /t͡sok/ |
| 12 | what | څه (śə) | /t͡sə/ |
| 13 | where | چېري (čeri), چېرته (čerta) | /t͡ʃeri/, /t͡ʃerta/ |
| 14 | when | کله (kəla) | /kəla/ |
| 15 | how | څنګه (śənga) | /t͡səŋɡa/ |
| 16 | not | نه (nə) | /nə/ |
| 17 | all | ټول (ṭol), ساپټ (sāpaṭ), غونډ (ǧwənḍ) | /ʈol/, /sɑˈpaʈ/, /ɣwəŋɖ/ |
| 18 | many | ډېر (ḍer) | /ɖer/ |
| 19 | some | ځينې (źine) | /d͡zine/ |
| 20 | few | لږ (ləǵ) | /ləɡ ~ ləʐ/ |
| 21 | other | بل (bəl), نور (nor) | /bəl/, /nor/ |
| 22 | one | يو (yaw) | /jaw/ |
| 23 | two | دوه (dwa) | /dwa/ |
| 24 | three | درې (dre) | /dre/ |
| 25 | four | څلور (śalor) | /t͡salor ~ salor/ |
| 26 | five | پنځه (pinźə) | /pind͡zə ~ pinzə/ |
| 27 | big | لوی (loy), ستر (stər), غټ (ǧaṭ) | /loj/, /stər/, /ɣaʈ/ |
| 28 | long | اوږد (uǵd) | /uɡd ~ uʐd/ |
| 29 | wide | پراخ (prāx) | /prɑx/ |
| 30 | thick | نرۍ (narəy) | /narəj/ |
| 31 | heavy | دروند (drund), درنه (drəna) | /drund/, /d̪rəna/ |
| 32 | small | وړوکی (waṛukay), کوچنی (kučnay) | /waˈɻukaj/, /kut͡ʃ.naj/ |
| 33 | short | لنډ (lanḍ) | /lanɖ/ |
| 34 | narrow | نازک (nāzok) | /nɑzok/ |
| 35 | thin | ډنګر (ḍangər) | /ɖangər/ |
| 36 | woman | ښځه (x̌əźa) | /xəd͡za ~ ʂəd͡za/ |
| 37 | man (adult male) | سړی (saṛáy), نارينه (nārina) | /sa.ɻaj/, /nɑrina/ |
| 38 | man (human being) | وګړی (wəgəṛay), انسان (insān) | /wəgәɻaj/, /insɑn/ |
| 39 | child | ماشوم (māšum), کمکۍ (kamkay) | /mɑʃum/, /kamkaj/ |
| 40 | wife | ښځه (x̌əźa) | /xəd͡za ~ ʂəd͡za/ |
| 41 | husband | سړی (saṛáy), مېړۀ (meṛə) | /sa.ɻaj/, /meɻə/ |
| 42 | mother | مور (mor) | /mor/ |
| 43 | father | پلار (plār) | /plar/ |
| 44 | animal | څاروی (śārwi) | /t͡sɑrwi ~ sɑrwi/ |
| 45 | fish | کب (kab), ماهی (māhay) | /kab/, /māhaj/ |
| 46 | bird | مرغه (marǧə) | /marˈɣə/ |
| 47 | dog | سپی (spay) | /spaj/ |
| 48 | louse | سپږه (spəǵa) | /spәga ~ spәʒa/ |
| 49 | snake | مار (mār) | /mɑr/ |
| 50 | worm | کڼه (kaṇa) | /kaɳa/ |
| 51 | tree | ونه (wəna) | /ˈwəna/ |
| 52 | forest | ځنګل (śəngal) | /t͡səlgal ~ səlgal/ |
| 53 | stick | لرګۍ (largaj) | /largaj/ |
| 54 | fruit | مېوه (mewa) | /mewa/ |
| 55 | seed | زڼی (zəṇay), تخم (toxm) | /zəɳaj/, /toxm/ |
| 56 | leaf | پاڼه (pāṇa) | /pɑˈɳa/ |
| 57 | root | ریښه (rix̌a) | /rixa ~ riʂa/ |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | پوستکۍ (pustakəy) | /pustakəj/ |
| 59 | flower | ګل (gul) | /ɡwəl ~ ɡʊl/ |
| 60 | grass | واښه (wāx̌ə), چمن (čaman) | /wɑxə ~ wɑʂə/, /t͡ʃaman/ |
| 61 | rope | تار (tār) | /tɑr/ |
| 62 | skin | څرمن (śarmən), پوستکۍ (pustakəy) | /t͡sarmən ~ sarmən/, /pustakəj/ |
| 63 | meat | غوښه (ǧwax̌a) | /ɣwaxa ~ ɣwaʂa/ |
| 64 | blood | وينه (wina) | /wiˈna/ |
| 65 | bone | هډوکى (haḍukay) | /haɖukaj/ |
| 66 | fat (noun) | غوړي (ǧwaṛi) | /ɣwaɻi/ |
| 67 | egg | ويه (waya), هګۍ (hagəy) | /waya/, /haˈɡəj ~ ãŋɡˈəj/ |
| 68 | horn | ښکر (x̌kar) | /xkar ~ ʂkar/ |
| 69 | tail | لکی (lakay) | /lakaj/ |
| 70 | feather | بڼکه (baṇəka) | /baɳəka/ |
| 71 | hair | وېښته (wex̌tə) | /wextə ~ weʂtə/ |
| 72 | head | ککرۍ (kakrəy), سر (sar) | /kakrəj/, /sar/ |
| 73 | ear | غوږ (ǧwaǵ) | /ɣwaɡ ~ ɣwaʐ/ |
| 74 | eye | سترګه (stərga) | /st̪ərɡa/ |
| 75 | nose | پزه (pazə) | /pazə/ |
| 76 | mouth | خوله (xwlə) | /xwlə/ |
| 77 | tooth | غاښ (ǧāx̌) | /ɣɑx ~ ɣɑʂ/ |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | ژبه (žəba) | /ʒəba/ |
| 79 | fingernail | نوک (nuk) | /nuk/ |
| 80 | foot | پښه (px̌a) | /pxa ~ pʂa, xpa/ |
| 81 | leg | لېنګی (lengi) | /leŋgi/ |
| 82 | knee | زنګون (zangun) | /zaŋgun/ |
| 83 | hand | لاس (lās) | /lɑs/ |
| 84 | wing | وزر (wazár) | /wazar/ |
| 85 | belly | خېټه (xeṭa), نس (nas) | /xeˈʈa/, /nas/ |
| 86 | guts | لړمون (ləṛmun), کولمې (kolme) | /ləɽmun/, /kolme/ |
| 87 | neck | غاړه (ğāṛa) | /γɑɽə/ |
| 88 | back | شا (ʃā) | /ʃɑ/ |
| 89 | breast | غېږ (ǧeǵ) | /ɣeɡ ~ ɣeʐ/ |
| 90 | heart | زړه (zṛə) | /zɻə/ |
| 91 | liver | ځيګر (źigar) | /d͡zigar/ |
| 92 | to drink | څکل (śkəl) | /t͡skəl/ |
| 93 | to eat | خوړل (xoṛəl) | /xoˈɻəl/ |
| 94 | to bite | چيچل (čičəl), داړل (dāṛəl), زدول (zdowəl) | /tʃiˈtʃəl/, /dɑˈɺ˞əl/, /zdoˈwəl/ |
| 95 | to suck | روتل (rowtəl) | /roˈwəl/ |
| 96 | to spit | لاړیتو کول (lāṛito kawəl) | /lɑɻito kaˈwəl/ |
| 97 | to vomit | کانګې کول (kange kawəl) | /kaŋgi kaˈwəl/ |
| 98 | to blow | بادول (bādawəl), سا اخیستل (sā axistəl) | /bɑdaˈwəl/, /sɑ axistˈəl/ |
| 99 | to breathe | ساه اخیستل (sāh axestəl) | /sɑh axeˈstəl/ |
| 100 | to laugh | خندل (xandəl) | /xanˈdəl/ |
| 101 | to see | ليدل (lidəl) | /liˈdəl/ |
| 102 | to hear | اورول (awrawəl), اوریدل (awredəl) (intransitive) | /awraˈwəl/, /awreˈdəl/ |
| 103 | to know | پېژندل (pežandəl) | /peʒanˈd̪əl/ |
| 104 | to think | فکر کول (fakr kawəl) | /fakr kaˈwəl/ |
| 105 | to smell | بوی کول (bui kawəl) | /bui kaˈwəl/ |
| 106 | to fear | وېرېدل (weredəl) | /wereˈdəl/ |
| 107 | to sleep | ویده کیدل (widə kedəl) | /widə keˈdəl/ |
| 108 | to live | ژوند کول (žwand kawəl) | /ʒwand kaˈwəl/ |
| 109 | to die | مړ کیدل (maṛ kedəl) | /mɑɻ keˈdəl/ |
| 110 | to kill | وژل (wažəl) | /waˈʒəl/ |
| 111 | to fight | جګړول (jagṛawəl) | /dʒagɻawəl/ |
| 112 | to hunt | ښکار کول (x̌kār kawəl) | /xkar ~ ʂkar kaˈwəl/ |
| 113 | to hit | وهل (wahəl) | /waˈhəl/ |
| 114 | to cut | پری کول (pri kawəl) | /pri kaˈwəl/ |
| 115 | to split | نیم کول (nim kawəl) | /nim kaˈwəl/ |
| 116 | to stab | نن ویستل (nan westəl) | /nan wesˈtəl/ |
| 117 | to scratch | ګرږل (garǵəl) | /garˈgəl ~ garˈʐəl/ |
| 118 | to dig | شکول (škawəl) | /ʃkaˈwəl/ |
| 119 | to swim | لامبل (lāmbəl) | /lɑmˈbəl/ |
| 120 | to fly | الوتل (alwətəl) | /alwəˈtəl/ |
| 121 | to walk | تلل (tləl), ګرځېدل (gərźedəl), قدم وهل (qadam wahəl) | /tləl/, /ɡərd͡zeˈdəl/, /qadam waˈhəl/ |
| 122 | to come | راتلل (rātlәl) | /rɑˈtləl/ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | غځیدل (ǧaźedәl) | /ɣad͡zeˈdəl/ |
| 124 | to sit | کیناستل (kenastəl) | /kenasˈtəl/ |
| 125 | to stand | درېدل (dredә́l), ولاړیدل (walaredəl) | /dreˈdəl/, /walareˈdəl/ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | تاوول (tāwawә́l), څرخول (śarxawəl), اړول (aṛawәl) | /tɑwaˈwəl/, /t͡sarxaˈwəl/, /aɽaˈwə/ |
| 127 | to fall | لویدل (lwedəl) | /lweˈdəl/ |
| 128 | to give | ورکول (warkawә́l) | /warkaˈwəl/ |
| 129 | to hold | ساتل (sātәl) | /sɑˈtəl/ |
| 130 | to squeeze | کېښکودل (kex̌kodəl), زبیښل (zbex̌əl) | /kexkodəl ~ keʂkodəl/, /zbeˈxəl ~ zbeˈʂəl/ |
| 131 | to rub | مښل (mx̌əl) | /mˈxəl ~ mˈʂəl/ |
| 132 | to wash | مینځل (mindzəl) | /minˈd͡zəl/ |
| 133 | to wipe | پاکول (pākəwəl) | /pɑkəˈwəl/ |
| 134 | to pull | ویستل (wistəl) | /wisˈtəl/ |
| 135 | to push | ټیل وهل (tel wahəl) | /tel waˈhəl/ |
| 136 | to throw | غورځول (ǧorźawəl), اچول (ačawəl) | /ɣord͡zaˈwəl/, /at͡ʃaˈwəl/ |
| 137 | to tie | تړل (taṛəl) | /t̪əˈɻəl/ |
| 138 | to sew | ګنډل (gandəl) | /ganˈdəl/ |
| 139 | to count | شمیرل (šmerəl) | /ʃmeˈrəl/ |
| 140 | to say | خبری کول (xabri kawəl) | /xabri kaˈwəl/ |
| 141 | to sing | ویل (wayəl) | /waˈjəl/ |
| 142 | to play | لوبول (lobawəl) | /lobaˈwəl/ |
| 143 | to float | لامبو وهل (lambo wahəl) | /lambo waˈhəl/ |
| 144 | to flow | بهېدل (bəhedəl) | /bəheˈdəl/ |
| 145 | to freeze | ساړو وهل (sāṛo wahəl) | /sɑɻo waˈhəl/ |
| 146 | to swell | ګرد کول (gard kawəl) | /gard kaˈwəl/ |
| 147 | sun | لمر (lmar) | /lmar/ |
| 148 | moon | سپوږمۍ (spoǵməy), اوږم (oǵm) | /spogˈməj ~ spoʐˈməj/, /ogm ~ oʐm/ |
| 149 | star | ستوری (storay) | /st̪oˈraj/ |
| 150 | water | اوبه (obə) | /obə/ |
| 151 | rain | اورښت (awrəx̌t), شيګره (šigara), باران (bārān) | /awrəxt ~ awrəʂt/, /ʃiɡaˈra/, /bɑrɑn/ |
| 152 | river | سيند (sind) | /sind/ |
| 153 | lake | ډڼډ (ḍanḍ) | /ɖaɳɖ/ |
| 154 | sea | سمندر (samandar) | /samandar/ |
| 155 | salt | مالګه (malga) | /mɑlga/ |
| 156 | stone | تیږه (teǵa), کاڼی (kaṇay), ډبره (ḍabara) | /tega ~ teʐa/, /kaɳaj/, /ɖaˈbara/ |
| 157 | sand | شګه (šaga) | /ʃaga/ |
| 158 | dust | خاوره (xāwra), مټه (maṭa) | /xɑwra/, /maʈa/ |
| 159 | earth | ځمکه (źməka), مځکه (mźəka) | /d͡zməka/, /md͡zəka/ |
| 160 | cloud | وریزه (woreza) | /woreza/ |
| 161 | fog | لړه (ləṛa) | /ləɽa/ |
| 162 | sky | آسمان (āsmān) | /ɑsmɑn/ |
| 163 | wind | وو (wo), باد (bād), سېلۍ (seləj) | /wo/, /bɑd/, /seləj/ |
| 164 | snow | واوره (wāwra) | /wɑwra/ |
| 165 | ice | یخ (yax) | /jax/ |
| 166 | smoke | دود (dud) | /dud/ |
| 167 | fire | اور (or) | /or/ |
| 168 | ash | هیره (hira) | /hira/ |
| 169 | to burn | سوزېدل (swazedəl) | /swazedəl/ |
| 170 | road | لار (lār), سړک (səṛək) | /lɑr/, /səɻək/ |
| 171 | mountain | غر (ǧar) | /ɣar/ |
| 172 | red | سور (sur) | /sur/ |
| 173 | green | شين (šin), زرغون (zərǧun) | /ʃin/, /zərˈɣun/ |
| 174 | yellow | ژېړ (žeṛ) | /ʒeɻ/ |
| 175 | white | سپين (spin) | /spin/ |
| 176 | black | تور (tor) | /tor/ |
| 177 | night | شپه (špa) | /ʃpa/ |
| 178 | day | ورځ (wraz) | /wrad͡z/ |
| 179 | year | کال (kāl) | /kɑl/ |
| 180 | warm | توده (tawdə), تود (tod) | /tawdə/, /tod/ |
| 181 | cold | سړه (saṛa), سوړ (soṛ) | /saɻa/, /soɻ/ |
| 182 | full | ډک (ḍak) | /ɖak/ |
| 183 | new | نوی (nawəy) | /nawəj/ |
| 184 | old | زوړ (zoṛ) | /zoɻ/ |
| 185 | good | ښه (x̌ə) | /xə ~ χə ~ ʂə/ |
| 186 | bad | خراب (xarāb), بد (bad) | /xarɑb/, /bəd/ |
| 187 | rotten | خيرن (xirən), سخا (sxā), مردار (mərdār) | /xiˈrən/, /sxɑ/, /mərdɑr/ |
| 188 | dirty | مردار (mərdār), وروست (wrost) | /mərdɑr/, /wrost/ |
| 189 | straight | نیغ (niǧ) | /niɣ/ |
| 190 | round | غونډ (ǧwənḍ), ګردی (gərday) | /ɣwəŋɖ/, /ɡərd̪aj/ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | تېرۀ (terə) | /t̪erə/ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | پڅ (paś) | /pat͡s/ |
| 193 | smooth | لشم (lašam) | /laʃam/ |
| 194 | wet | لوند (lund) | /lund/ |
| 195 | dry | وچ (wəč) | /wət͡ʃ/ |
| 196 | correct | سم (sam) | /sam/ |
| 197 | near | نږدې (niǵde) | /nigde ~ niʒde/ |
| 198 | far | لرې (lare) | /lare/ |
| 199 | right | راسته (rāsta) | /rɑsta/ |
| 200 | left | چپه (čapa) | /t͡ʃapa/ |
| 201 | at | کې (ke), کښې (kx̌e) | /ke/, /kxe ~ kʂe/ |
| 202 | in | کې (ke), کښې (kx̌e) | /ke/, /kxe ~ kʂe/ |
| 203 | with | سره (səra) | /səra/ |
| 204 | and | او (aw) | /aw/ |
| 205 | if | که (kə) | /kə/ |
| 206 | because | ځکه (źəka) | /d͡zəka/ |
| 207 | name | نوم (num) | /num/ |
References
[edit]- Pashtoon, Z. A. (2009). Pashto-English Dictionary. Dunwoody Press. ISBN 1931546703
- Boyle David, A.; Brugman, C., (2014). Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512318. ISBN 978-1-61451-303-2.