From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
This is a Swadesh list of words in Old Norse English .
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list .American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
No.
English
Old Norse Norrœnt Mál , Dǫnsk Tunga
1
I
ek
2
you (singular)
þú
3
he , she , it
hann
4
we
vér
5
you (plural)
þér
6
they
þeir
7
this
sjá þessi
8
that
sá
9
here
hér
10
there
þar
11
who
hvar
12
what
hvat
13
where
hvar
14
when
hvenær
15
how
hvé
16
not
eigi ekki
17
all
allr
18
many
margr
19
some
nǫkkurr
20
few
fár
21
other
annarr
22
one
einn
23
two
tveir
24
three
þrír
25
four
fjórir
26
five
fimm
27
big
stórr
28
long
langr
29
wide
víðr
30
thick
þykkr
31
heavy
þungr
32
small
lítill smalr
33
short
stuttr kortr
34
narrow
mjór þrǫngr
35
thin
þunnr
36
woman
kona kvinna
37
man (adult male)
karl kall
38
man (human being)
maðr menskr
39
child
barn
40
wife
kona kván kvæn
41
husband
bóndi
42
mother
móðir
43
father
faðir
44
animal
dýr djór
45
fish
fiskr
46
bird
fogl fugl
47
dog
hundr
48
louse
lús
49
snake
ormr snókr snákr
50
worm
ormr maðkr
51
tree
tré
52
forest
skógr
53
stick
kvistr stafr pinni
54
fruit
ávǫxtr fruktr
55
seed
fræ
56
leaf
lauf
57
root
rót
58
bark (of a tree)
bǫrkr
59
flower
blóm
60
grass
gras
61
rope
reip tog festr
62
skin
húð
63
meat
kjǫt
64
blood
blóð
65
bone
bein
66
fat (noun)
mǫrr
67
egg
egg
68
horn
horn
69
tail
hali
70
feather
fjǫðr
71
hair
hár
72
head
hǫfuð
73
ear
eyra
74
eye
auga
75
nose
nef
76
mouth
munnr
77
tooth
tǫnn
78
tongue (organ)
tunga
79
fingernail
nagl
80
foot
fótr
81
leg
leggr
82
knee
kné
83
hand
hǫnd
84
wing
vængr
85
belly
magi
86
guts
þarmar
87
neck
hals
88
back
bak
89
breast
brjóst
90
heart
hjarta
91
liver
lifr
92
to drink
drekka
93
to eat
eta
94
to bite
bíta
95
to suck
súga
96
to spit
spýta
97
to vomit
spýja
98
to blow
blása
99
to breathe
anda
100
to laugh
hlæja
101
to see
sjá
102
to hear
heyra
103
to know
vita
104
to think
þekkja
105
to smell
þefa
106
to fear
ugga
107
to sleep
sofa
108
to live
lifa
109
to die
deyja
110
to kill
drepa
111
to fight
hals
112
to hunt
bak
113
to hit
berja
114
to cut
skera
115
to split
kljúfa
116
to stab
stinga
117
to scratch
kleyja kló
118
to dig
grafa
119
to swim
svimma
120
to fly
fljúga
121
to walk
ganga
122
to come
koma
123
to lie (as in a bed)
liggja
124
to sit
sitja
125
to stand
standa
126
to turn (intransitive)
hverfa vinda snúa
127
to fall
falla
128
to give
gefa
129
to hold
halda
130
to squeeze
þrýsta
131
to rub
gniða gnúa
132
to wash
vaska þvá
133
to wipe
strjúka þurka
134
to pull
draga
135
to push
hrinda bægja ýta
136
to throw
kasta
137
to tie
binda
138
to sew
sýja
139
to count
telja
140
to say
segja
141
to sing
syngva syngja
142
to play
leika
143
to float
fljóta
144
to flow
streyma
145
to freeze
frjósa kala
146
to swell
svella
147
sun
sól sunna rǫðull
148
moon
tungl máni
149
star
stjarna
150
water
vatn lǫgr
151
rain
regn
152
river
á elfr fljót
153
lake
vatn lǫgr
154
sea
haf sær sjór sjár ægir lǫgr
155
salt
salt
156
stone
steinn
157
sand
sandr
158
dust
dust
159
earth
jǫrð
160
cloud
ský
161
fog
þoka
162
sky
himinn
163
wind
vindr
164
snow
snjór
165
ice
íss
166
smoke
reykr
167
fire
eldr bál
168
ash
aska
169
to burn
brenna
170
road
gata vegr leið braut
171
mountain
fjall
172
red
rauðr
173
green
grœnn
174
yellow
gulr
175
white
hvítr
176
black
svartr
177
night
nótt
178
day
dagr
179
year
ár
180
warm
varmr
181
cold
kaldr
182
full
fullr
183
new
nýr
184
old
gamall
185
good
góðr
186
bad
illr
187
rotten
rotinn
188
dirty
skitinn
189
straight
beinn
190
round
kringlóttr
191
sharp (as a knife)
skarpr
192
dull (as a knife)
sljór sljár slær
193
smooth
sléttr
194
wet
vátr blautr
195
dry
þurr
196
correct
réttr réttligr
197
near
nær hjá
198
far
fjarri
199
right
réttr hœgr
200
left
vinstri
201
at
á
202
in
í
203
with
með
204
and
ok
205
if
ef
206
because
því at
207
name
nafn
