Appendix:Udi Swadesh lists
This is a Swadesh list of words in Udi, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Udi. (Nij), (Vartashen)* | Latin | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1SG) | зу (zu) | (zu) | /zu/ |
| 2 | you (2SG) | гьун (hun), ун (un)* | (hun), (un)* | /hun/, /un/ |
| 3 | he (3SG) | шо (šo), шоно (šono); шено (šeno)* | (şo), (şono); (şeno)* | /ʃɔ/, /ʃɔnɔ/; /ʃɛnɔ/* |
| 4 | we (1PL) | йан (jan) | (yan) | /jɑn/ |
| 5 | you (2PL) | иф (if), ваън (va̱n); еф (ef), ефан (efan)* | (if), (və̆n); (ef), (efan)* | /if/, /vɑˤn/; /ɛf/, /ɛfɑn/* |
| 6 | they (3PL) | шорох (šoroχ), шонор (šonor); шенор (šenor)* | (şoroh), (şonor); (şenor)* | /ʃɔrɔh/, /ʃɔnɔr/; /ʃɛnɔr/* |
| 7 | this | мо (mo), моно (mono); ме (me), мено (meno)*; гьаме (hame) | (mo), (mono); (me), (meno)*; (hame) | /mɔ/, /mɔnɔ/; /mɛ/, mɛnɔ/*; /hɑmɛ/ |
| 8 | that | ко (ko), коно (kono); ка (ka), кано (kano)*; тӏе (ṭe); гьаке (hake) | (ko), (kono); (ka), (kano)*; (t’e); (hake) | /kɔ/, /kɔnɔ/; /kɑ/, /kɑnɔ/*; /t’ɛ/; /hɑkɛ/ |
| 9 | here | мийа (mija), миа (mia)* | (miya), (mia)* | /mijɑ/, /miɑ/* |
| 10 | there | тӏийа (ṭija), тӏиа (ṭia)* | (t’iya), (t’ia)* | /t’ijɑ/, t’iɑ/* |
| 11 | who | шу (šu) | (şu) | /ʃu/ |
| 12 | what | гьикӏаь (hiḳä), екӏа (eḳa)* | (hik’ə), (ek’a)* | /hik’æ/, /ɛk’ɑ/* |
| 13 | where | майа (maja), маа (maa)* | (maya), (maa)* | /mɑjɑ/, /mɑː/* |
| 14 | when | гьевах (hevaχ), евах (evaχ)* | (hevax), (evax)* | /hɛvɑx/, /ɛvɑx/* |
| 15 | how | гьетаьр (hetär), етар (etar)* | (hetər), (etar)* | /hɛtær/, /ɛtɑr/* |
| 16 | not | ма- (ma-) | (ma-) | /mɑ/ |
| 17 | all | битов (bitov) | (bitov) | /bitɔv/ |
| 18 | many | ҝеле (gʲele), ҝоьлоь (gʲölö)* | (ģele), (ģölö)* | /ɡʲɛlɛ/, /ɡʲœlœ/* |
| 19 | some | сагьема (sahema), саема (saema)* | (sahema), (saema)* | /sɑhɛmɑ/, /sɑɛmɑ/* |
| 20 | few | кӏытӏым (ḳəṭəm), кӏицӏи (ḳic̣i)*; мал (mal) | (k’ıt’ım), (k’iţ’i)*; (mal) | /k’ɨt’ɨm/, k’iʦ’i/*; /mɑl/ |
| 21 | other | тӏесогъо (ṭesoɣo) | (t’esoğo) | /t’esɔɣɔ/ |
| 22 | one | са (sa) | (sa) | /sɑ/ |
| 23 | two | пӏаъ (ṗa̱) | (p’ə̆) | /p’ɛˤ/ |
| 24 | three | хиб (χib) | (xib) | /xib/ |
| 25 | four | бипӏ (biṗ) | (bip’) | /bip’/ |
| 26 | five | хъо (qo) | (qo) | /qɔ/ |
| 27 | big | йекаь (jekä) (Nij); кала (kala) | (yekə); (kala) | /jɛkæ/; /kɑlɑ/ |
| 28 | long | бохой (boχoj), бохо (boχo)* | (boxoy), (boxo)* | /bɔxɔj/, /bɔxɔ/* |
| 29 | wide | ᴬҝенҝ (gʲengʲ) < gen < geniş | (ģenģ) | /ɡʲɛnɡʲ/ |
| 30 | thick | гъуй (ɣuj) | (ğuy) | /ɣuj/ |
| 31 | heavy | биъгъиъ (bi̱ɣi̱), биъгьиъ (bi̱hi̱), быъгъыъ (bə̱ɣə̱); биъ (bi̱)* | (bĭ̇ğĭ̇), (bĭ̇hĭ̇), (bĭhĭ); (bĭ̇)* | /biˤɣiˤ/, /biˤhiˤ/, /bɨˤhɨˤ/; /biˤ/* |
| 32 | small | пӏатӏар (ṗaṭar), мицӏикӏ (mic̣iḳ); кӏицӏи (ḳic̣i)* | (p’at’ar), (miţ’ik’); (k’iţ’i)* | /p’ɑt’ɑr/, /miʦ’ik’/; /k’iʦ’i/* |
| 33 | short | ᴬҝоьдаьй (gʲödäj), ҝоьдаьк (gʲödäk)* < gödək | (ģödəy), (ģödək)* | /ɡʲœdæj/, /ɡʲœdæk/* |
| 34 | narrow | къачӏ (q̇ač̣) | (q’aç’) | /q’ɑʧ’/ |
| 35 | thin | ᴬнаьзикӏ (näziḳ) < nazik | (nəzik’) | /næzik’/ |
| 36 | woman | чугьух (čuhuχ), чубух (čubuχ)* | (çuhux), (çubux)* }} | /ʧuhux/, /ʧubux/* |
| 37 | man | ишкъар (išq̇ar), ишу (išu)* | (işq’ar), (işu)* | /iʃq’ɑr/, /iʃu/* |
| 37 | human | амдар (amdar), адамар (adamar)* | (amdar), (adamar)* | /ɑmdɑr/, /ɑdɑmɑr/* |
| 39 | child | аьйел (äjel), айел (ajel)* | (əyel), (ayel)* | /æjɛl/, /ɑjɛl/* |
| 40 | wife | чугьух (čuhuχ), чубух (čubuχ)* | (çuhux), (çubux)* | /ʧuhux/, /ʧubux/* |
| 41 | husband | ишкъар (išq̇ar), ишу (išu)* | (işq’ar), (işu)* | /iʃq’ɑr/, /iʃu/* |
| 42 | mother | нана (nana) | (nana) | /nɑnɑ/ |
| 43 | father | бава (bava), баба (baba)* | (bava), (baba)* | /bɑvɑ/, /bɑvɑ/* |
| 44 | animal | |||
| 45 | fish | чаьли (čäli) | (çəli) | /ʧæli/ |
| 46 | bird | ᴬкъуш (q̇uš) < quş | (q’uş) | /q’uʃ/ |
| 47 | dog | хаъ (χa̱) | (xə̆) | /xɑˤ/ |
| 48 | louse | нецӏ (nec̣) | (neţ’) | /nɛʦ’/ |
| 49 | snake | дизикӏ (diziḳ) | (dizik’) | /dizik’/ |
| 50 | worm | мехъ (meq), ц̓аилинмехъ (c̓ailinmeq) | (meq), (ţ́ailinmeq) | /mɛq/, /ʦː’ɑilinɛq/ |
| 51 | tree | ход (χod). Compare Arm: խոտ (xot, “grass”). | (xod) | /xɔd/ |
| 52 | forest | чӏаьлаьг (č̣äläg) | (ç’ələg) | /ʧ’ælæɡ/ |
| 53 | stick | муч̓ул (muč̓ul), муъчӏуъл (mu̱č̣u̱l)* | (muḉul), (mŭç’ŭl)* | /muʧː’ul/, /muˤʧ’uˤl/* |
| 54 | fruit | ᴬмейваь (mejvä) < meyvə | (meyvə) | /mɛjvæ/ |
| 55 | seed | цил (cil) | (ţil) | /ʦil/ |
| 56 | leaf | ᴬхазал (χazal) < xəzəl | (xazal) | /xɑzɑl/ |
| 57 | root | тум (tum) | (tum) | /tum/ |
| 58 | bark | хъоъл (qo̱l) | (qŏl) | /qɔˤl/ |
| 59 | flower | цӏицӏикӏ (c̣ic̣iḳ). Compare Az: çiçək. | (ţ’iţ’ik’) | /ʦ’iʦ’ik’/ |
| 60 | grass | о (o), ой (oj)*. Compare Az: ot. | (o), (oy)* | /ɔ/, /ɔj/* |
| 61 | rope | ча (ča), га (ga)*; цӏецӏим (c̣ec̣im). Compare Az: sicim. | (ça), (ga)*; (ţ’eţ’im) | /ʧɑ/, /ɡɑ/*; /ʦ’ɛʦ’im/ |
| 62 | skin | тӏол (ṭol) | (t’ol) | /t’ɔl/ |
| 63 | meat | йекъ (jeq̇), екъ (eq̇)* | (yeq’), (eq’)* | /jɛq’/, /ɛq’/* |
| 64 | blood | пӏи (ṗi) | (p’i) | /p’i/ |
| 65 | bone | уъкъеън (u̱q̇e̱n) | (ŭq’ĕn) | /uˤq’ɛˤn/ |
| 66 | fat | чӏаьин (č̣äin) | (ç’əin) | /ʧ’æin/ |
| 67 | egg | къохъла (q̇oqla), хъокъла (qoq̇la)* | (q’oqla), (qoq’la)* | /q’ɔqlɑ/, /qɔq’lɑ/* |
| 68 | horn | муъкъаъ (mu̱q̇a̱), къаънцӏ (q̇a̱nc̣)* | (mŭq’ə̆), (q’ə̆nţ’)* | /muˤq’ɑˤ/, /q’ɑˤnʦ’/* |
| 69 | tail | ожӏул (ož:ul), ожӏиъл (ož:i̱l)* | (oj’ul), (oj’ĭ̇l)* | /ɔʒːul/, /ɔʒːiˤl/* |
| 70 | feather | ц̓аил (c̓ail), матӏитӏ (maṭiṭ); маджа (maǯa)* | (ţ́ail), (mat’it’); (maca)* | /ʦː’ɑil/, /mɑt’it’/; /mɑʤɑ/* |
| 71 | hair | поп (pop) | (pop) | /pɔp/ |
| 72 | head | бул (bul) | (bul) | /bul/ |
| 73 | ear | уъмуъгъ (u̱mu̱ɣ) | (ŭmŭğ) | /uˤmuˤɣ/ |
| 74 | eye | пул (pul) | (pul) | /pul/ |
| 75 | nose | боъхмоъгъ (bo̱χmo̱ɣ) | (bŏxmŏğ) | /bɔˤxmɔˤɣ/ |
| 76 | mouth | жӏомох (ž:omoχ) | (j’omox) | /ʒːɔmɔx/ |
| 77 | tooth | улух (uluχ) | (ulux) | /ulux/ |
| 78 | tongue | муз (muz) | (muz) | /muz/ |
| 79 | fingernail | мух (muχ) | (mux) | /mux/ |
| 80 | foot | |||
| 81 | leg | тур (tur) | (tur) | /tur/ |
| 82 | knee | кӏаъкӏаъпӏ (ḳa̱ḳa̱ṗ), кӏеъкӏеъпӏ (ḳe̱ḳe̱ṗ)* | (k’ə̆k’ə̆p’), (k’ĕk’ĕp’)* | /k’ɑˤk’ɑˤp’/, /k’ɛˤk’ɛˤp’/* |
| 83 | hand | кул (kul) | (kul) | /kul/ |
| 84 | wing | аъм (a̱m) | (ə̆m) | /ɑˤm/ |
| 85 | belly | тапан (tapan), букъун (buq̇un)* | (tapan), (buq’un)* | /tɑpɑn/, /buq’un/* |
| 86 | guts | чӏиъстӏ (č̣i̱sṭ), пуъшпуъш (pu̱špu̱š)* | (ç’ĭ̇st’), (pŭşpŭş)* | /ʧ’iˤst’/, /puˤʃpuˤʃ/* |
| 87 | neck | озан (ozan) | (ozan) | /ɔzɑn/ |
| 88 | back | бач̓ан (bač̓an) | (baḉan) | /bɑʧː’ɑn/ |
| 89 | breast | шӏаъкъ (š:a̱q̇), аъхъ (a̱q)* | (ş’ə̆q’), (ə̆q)* | /ʃɑˤq’/, /ɑˤq/* |
| 90 | heart | уькӏ (üḳ), укӏ (uḳ)* | (ük’), (uk’)* | /yk’/, /uk’/* |
| 91 | liver | маъйиънмацӏи (ma̱ji̱nmac̣i) | (mə̆yĭ̇nmaţ’i) | /mɑˤjiˤnmɑʦ’i/ |
| 92 | to drink | уъгъсун (u̱ɣsun) | (üğsun) | /yɣsun/ |
| 93 | to eat | уксун (uksun) | (uksun) | /uksun/ |
| 94 | to bite | кашӏпсун (kaš:psun) | (kaş’psun) | /kɑʃːpsun/ |
| 95 | to suck | цӏумпесун (c̣umpesun) | (ţ’umpesun) | /ʦ’umpɛsun/ |
| 96 | to spit | ч̓упсун (č̓upsun) | (ḉupsun) | /ʧː’upsun/ |
| 97 | to vomit | аьсаькӏпӏесун (äsäḳṗesun) | (əsək’p’esun) | /æsæk’p’ɛsun/ |
| 98 | to blow | фупун (fupun) | (fupun) | /fupun/ |
| 99 | to breathe | фупсун (fupsun) | (fupsun) | /fupsun/ |
| 100 | to laugh | ахшӏумпесун (aχš:umpesun) | (axş’umpesun) | /ɑxʃːumpɛsun/ |
| 101 | to see | акӏсун (aḳsun) | (ak’sun) | /ɑk’sun/ |
| 102 | to hear | ибаксун (ibaksun) | (ibaksun) | /ibɑksun/ |
| 103 | to know | авабаксун (avabaksun), абабаксун (ababaksun)* | (avabaksun), (ababaksun)* | /ɑvɑbɑksun/, /ɑbɑbɑksun/* |
| 104 | to think | хийалбесун (χijalbesun) | (xiyalbesun) | /xijɑlbɛsun/ |
| 105 | to smell | адбикъсун (adbiq̇sun), мустӏун (musṭun) | (adbiq’sun), (must’un) | /ɑdbiq’sun/, /must’un/ |
| 106 | to fear | хуйбабаксун (χujbabaksun), къиъбесун (q̇i̱besun), запӏесун (zaṗesun) | (xuybabaksun), (q’ĭ̇besun), (zap’esun) | /xujbɑbɑksun/, /q’iˤbɛsun/, /zɑp’ɛsun/ |
| 107 | to sleep | непӏахесун (neṗaχesun) | (nep’axesun) | /nɛp’ɑxɛsun/ |
| 108 | to live | кархсун (karχsun) | (karxsun) | /kɑrxsun/ |
| 109 | to die | биесун (biesun) | (biesun) | /biɛsun/ |
| 110 | to kill | бесбесун (besbesun) | (besbesun) | /bɛsbɛsun/ |
| 111 | to fight | давабесун (davabesun), аъхъеъсун (a̱qe̱sun) | (davabesun), (ə̆qĕsun) | /dɑvɑbɛsun/, /ɑˤqɛˤsun/ |
| 112 | to hunt | оъхаълбесун (o̱χa̱lbesun) | (ŏxə̆lbesun) | /ɔˤxɑˤlbɛsun/ |
| 113 | to hit | дугъсун (duɣsun) | (duğsun) | /duɣsun/ |
| 114 | to cut | шӏампесун (š:ampesun), бостӏун (bosṭun) | (ş’ampesun), (bost’un) | /ʃːɑmpɛsun/, /bɔst’un/ |
| 115 | to split | каьртсун (kärtsun), хъиъбсун (qi̱bsun); джоьйбсун (ǯöjbsun), джокӏбсун (ǯoḳbsun)* |
(kərtsun), (qĭ̇bsun); (cöybsun), (cok’bsun)* |
/kærtsun/, /qiˤbsun/; /ʤœjbsun/, /ʤɔk’bsun/* |
| 116 | to stab | тӏаъкъстӏун (ṭa̱q̇sṭun) | (t’ə̆q’st’un) | /t’ɑˤq’st’un/ |
| 117 | to scratch | чӏикӏрампесун (č̣iḳrampesun), кӏыцӏарампсун (ḳəc̣arampsun) | (ç’ik’rampesun), (k’ıţ’arampsun) | /ʧ’ik’rɑmpɛsun/, /k’ɨʦ’ɑrɑmpsun/ |
| 118 | to dig | кашпсун (kašpsun), хъашесун (qašesun)* | (kaşpsun), (qaşesun)* | /kɑʃpsun/, /qɑʃɛsun/* |
| 119 | to swim | оцӏкӏалпесун (oc̣ḳalpesun) | (oţ’k’alpesun) | /ɔʦ’k’ɑlpɛsun/ |
| 120 | to fly | пурпесун (purpesun) | (purpesun) | /purpɛsun/ |
| 121 | to walk | тайсун (tajsun) | (taysun) | /tɑjsun/ |
| 122 | to come | ейсун (ejsun), есун (esun)* | (eysun), (esun)* | /ɛjsun/, /ɛsun/* |
| 123 | to lie | баскӏсун (basḳsun) | (bask’sun) | /bɑsk’sun/ |
| 124 | to sit | арстӏун (arsṭun), арцесун (arcesun)* | (arst’un), (arţesun)* | /ɑrst’un/, /ɑrʦɛsun/* |
| 125 | to stand | гьайзесун (hajzesun), айзесун (ajzesun)*; чурпесун (čurpesun) | (hayzesun), (ayzesun)*; (çurpesun) | /hɑjzɛsun/, /ɑjzɛsun/*; /ʧurpɛsun/ |
| 126 | to turn | тарапесун (tarapesun), баткесун (batkesun) | (tarapesun), (batkesun) | /tɑrɑpɛsun/, /bɑtkɛsun/ |
| 127 | to fall | битӏсун (biṭsun), гуресун (guresun)* | (bit’sun), (guresun)* | /bit’sun/, /ɡurɛsun/* |
| 128 | to give | тастӏун (tasṭun), тадесун (tadesun)* | (tast’un), (tadesun)* | /tɑst’un/, / tɑdɛsun/* |
| 129 | to hold | бикъсун (biq̇sun) | (biq’sun) | /biq’sun/ |
| 130 | to squeeze | къичӏпӏесун (q̇ič̣ṗesun), къинчӏпӏесун (q̇inč̣ṗesun)*; липӏтӏесун (liṗṭesun) | (q’iç’p’esun), (q’inç’p’esun)*; (lip’t’esun) | /q’iʧ’p’ɛsun/, /q’inʧ’p’ɛsun/*; /lip’t’ɛsun/ |
| 131 | to rub | лаъмдесун (la̱mdesun), шӏарпесун (š:arpesun) | (lə̆mdesun), (ş’arpesun) | /lɑˤmdɛsun/, /ʃːɑrpɛsun/ |
| 132 | to wash | оцӏкӏесун (oc̣ḳesun) | (oţ’k’esun) | /ɔʦ’k’ɛsun/ |
| 133 | to wipe | аьфчибсун (äfčibsun) | (əfçibsun) | /æfʧibsun/ |
| 134 | to pull | запесун (zapesun) | (zapesun) | /zɑpɛsun/ |
| 135 | to push | ликӏстӏун (liḳsṭun) | (lik’st’un) | /lik’st’un/ |
| 136 | to throw | бостӏун (bosṭun), боссун (bossun)*; лапӏдесун (laṗdesun) | (bost’un), (bossun)*; (lap’desun) | /bɔst’un/, /bɔsːun/*; /lɑp’dɛsun/ |
| 137 | to tie | гъач̓пӏесун (ɣač̓ṗesun) | (ğaḉp’esun) | /ɣɑʧː’p’ɛsun/ |
| 138 | to sew | еъбсун (e̱bsun) | (ĕbsun) | /ɛˤbsun/ |
| 139 | to count | боъкъаълбесун (bo̱q̇a̱lbesun), зокъалбесун (zoq̇albesun)* | (bŏq’ə̆lbesun), (zoq’albesun)* | /bɔˤq’ɑˤlbɛsun/, /zɔq’ɑlbɛsun/* |
| 140 | to say | песун (pesun) | (pesun) | /pɛsun/ |
| 141 | to sing | маъгъпесун (ma̱ɣpesun) | (mə̆ğpesun) | /mɑˤɣpɛsun/ |
| 142 | to play | аьчпсун (äčpsun), ачипесун (ačipesun)*; фарпесун (farpesun) (muz) | (əçipsun), (açipesun)*; (farpesun) | /æʧipsun/, /ɑʧipɛsun/*; /fɑrpɛsun/ |
| 143 | to do | бесун (besun) | (besun) | /bɛsun/ |
| 144 | to flow | барстӏун (barsṭun), барсун (barsun)* | (barst’un), (barsun)* | /bɑrst’un/, /bɑrsun/* |
| 145 | to freeze | чахбикъсун (čaχbiq̇sun) | (çaxbiq’sun) | /ʧɑxbiq’sun/ |
| 146 | to swell | бужӏупсун (buž:upsun), беъхсун (be̱χsun)*; фукӏесун (fuḳesun), фуйесун (fujesun)* |
(buj’upsun), (bĕxsun)*; (fuk’esun), (fuyesun)* |
/buʒːupsun/, /bɛˤxsun/*; /fuk’ɛsun/, /fujɛsun/* |
| 147 | sun | беъгъ (be̱ɣ) | (bĕğ) | /bɛˤɣ/ |
| 148 | moon | хаш (χaš) | (xaş) | /xɑʃ/ |
| 149 | star | муч̓ули (muč̓uli), хъабун (qabun)* | (muḉuli), (qabun)* | /muʧː’uli/, /qɑbun/* |
| 150 | water | хе (χe) | (xe) | /xɛ/ |
| 151 | rain | агъала (aɣala) | (ağala) | /ɑɣɑlɑ/ |
| 152 | river | охъ (oq), ухъ (uq)*; тӏур (ṭur) | (oq), (uq)*; (t’ur) | /ɔq/, /uq/*; /t’ur/ |
| 153 | lake | хенеамбар (χeneambar). Compare Az: su ambarı. | (xeneambar) | /xɛnɛɑmbɑr/ |
| 154 | sea | даьрҝаьн (därgʲän), даьрйаьн (därjän)* | (dərģən), (dəryən)* | /dærɡʲæn/, /dærjæn/* |
| 155 | salt | ел (el) | (el) | /ɛl/ |
| 156 | stone | жӏеъ (ž:e̱) | (j’ĕ) | /ʒːɛˤ/ |
| 157 | sand | ᴬкъум (q̇um) < qum, ша (ša)* | (q’um), (şa)* | /q’um/, /ʃɑ/* |
| 158 | dust | гьаьш (häš) | (həş) | /hæʃ/ |
| 159 | earth | кӏул (ḳul); оч̓ал (oč̓al) | (k’ul); (oḉal) | /k’ul/; /ɔʧː’ɑl/ |
| 160 | cloud | асой (asoj), гьасо (haso)* | (asoy), (haso)* | /ɑsɔj/, /hɑsɔ/* |
| 161 | fog | |||
| 162 | sky | ᴬҝоьй (gʲöj) < göy; гог (gog)*, гоьг (gög)* | (ģöy); (gog)*, (gög)* | /ɡʲœj/; /ɡɔɡ/*, /ɡœɡ/* |
| 163 | wind | муш (muš) | (muş) | /muʃ/ |
| 164 | snow | ыъжӏ (ə̱ž:), иъзжӏ (i̱zž:)*; иъжӏ (i̱ž:) | (ĭj’), (ĭ̇zj’)*; (ĭ̇j’) | /ɨˤʒː/, /iˤzʒː/*; /iˤʒː/ |
| 165 | ice | чах (čaχ) | (çax) | /ʧɑx/ |
| 166 | smoke | кӏуьйин (ḳüjin), кӏуин (ḳuin)* | (k’üyin), (k’uin)* | /k’yjin/, /k’uin/* |
| 167 | fire | арух (aruχ) | (arux) | /ɑrux/ |
| 168 | ash | жекъ (žeq̇), икъ (iq̇)* | (jeq’), (iq’)* | /ʒɛq’/, /iq’/* |
| 169 | to burn | баьчӏуькӏтӏесун (bäč̣üḳṭesun), бачӏукӏтӏесун (bač̣uḳṭesun)*; бокӏсун (boḳsun) | (bəç’ük’t’esun), (baç’uk’t’esun)*; (bok’sun) | /bæʧ’yk’t’ɛsun/, /bɑʧ’uk’t’ɛsun/*; /bɔk’sun/ |
| 170 | road | йакъ (jaq̇) | (yaq’) | /jɑq’/ |
| 171 | mountain | бурух (buruχ) | (burux) | /burux/ |
| 172 | red | чӏочӏа (č̣oč̣a) | (ç’oç’a) | /ʧ’ɔʧ’ɑ/ |
| 173 | green | даьй (däj)(и), дхи (dχi)* | (dəyi), (dxi)* | /dæji/, /dxi/* |
| 174 | yellow | неъшӏум (ne̱š:um) | (nĕş’um) | /nɛˤʃːum/ |
| 175 | white | мацӏи (mac̣i) | (maţ’i) | /mɑʦ’i/ |
| 176 | black | маъйиън (ma̱ji̱n), маъиън (ma̱i̱n)* | (mə̆yĭ̇n), (mə̆ĭ̇n)* | /mɑˤjiˤn/, /mɑˤiˤn/* |
| 177 | night | шуь (šü), шу (šu)*; уьше (üše) | (şü), (şu)*; (üşe) | /ʃy/, /ʃu/*; /yʃɛ/ |
| 178 | day | гъи (ɣi) | (ği) | /ɣi/ |
| 179 | year | усен (usen) | (usen) | /usɛn/ |
| 180 | warm | кӏуьваь (ḳüvä) | (k’üvə) | /k’yvæ/ |
| 181 | cold | ми (mi), сори (sori)* | (mi), (sori)* | /mi/, /sɔri/* |
| 182 | full | буй (buj), копкӏар (kopḳar), лиъхъ (li̱q) | (buy), (kopk’ar), (lĭ̇q) | /buj/, /kɔpk’ɑr/, /liˤq/ |
| 183 | new | ини (ini)*. Compare Az: yeni. | (ini) | /ini/ |
| 184 | old | биси (bisi), дамна (damna) | (bisi), (damna) | /bisi/, /dɑmnɑ/ |
| 185 | good | шагъатӏ (šaɣaṭ), шагьатӏ (šahaṭ); шаватӏ (šavaṭ)*, шел (šel)* | (şağat’), (şahat’); (şavat’)*, (şel)* | /ʃɑɣɑt’/, /ʃɑhɑt’/; /ʃɑvɑt’*, /ʃɛl/* |
| 186 | bad | ᴬпис (pis) < pis | (pis) | /pis/ |
| 187 | rotten | башӏай (baš:aj), башӏа (baš:a)*; бабли (babli)* | (baş’ay), (baş’a)*; (babli)* | /bɑʃːɑj/, /bɑʃːɑ/*; /bɑbli/* |
| 188 | dirty | чӏемен (č̣emen), каъмеън (ka̱me̱n), оч̓инен (oč̓inen) | (ç’emen), (kə̆mĕn), (oḉinen) | /ʧ’ɛmɛn/, /kɑˤmɛˤn/, /ɔʧː’inɛn/ |
| 189 | straight | зол (zol) | (zol) | /zɔl/ |
| 190 | round | кӏанкӏорой (ḳanḳoroj), кӏакӏаникӏ (ḳaḳaniḳ)*; къуруцӏ (q̇uruc̣) | (k’ank’oroy), (k’ak’anik’)*; (q’uruţ’) | /k’ɑnk’ɔrɔj/, /k’ɑk’ɑnik’/*; /q’uruʦ’/ |
| 191 | sharp | гъаин (ɣain) | (ğain) | /ɣɑin/ |
| 192 | dull | къоъшӏмоътӏ (q̇o̱š:mo̱ṭ)* | (q’ŏş’mŏt’) | /q’ɔˤʃːmɔˤt’/ |
| 193 | smooth | ᴬгьамавар (hamavar) < hamar | (hamavar) | /hɑmɑvɑr/ |
| 194 | wet | шаьин (šäin) | (şəin) | /ʃæin/ |
| 195 | dry | къари (q̇ari) | (q’ari) | /q’ɑri/ |
| 196 | correct | серине (serine) | (serine) | /sɛrinɛ/ |
| 197 | near | ыъшӏа (ə̱š:a), иъшӏа (i̱š:a)* | (ĭş’a), (ĭ̇ş’a)* | /ɨˤʃːɑ/, /iˤʃːɑ/* |
| 198 | far | аъхиъл (a̱χi̱l) | (ə̆xĭ̇l) | /ɑˤxiˤl/ |
| 199 | right | ача (ača)* | (aça) | /ɑʧɑ/ |
| 200 | left | зах (zaχ) | (zax) | /zɑx/ |
| 201 | at | тӏоъгъоъл (ṭo̱ɣo̱l) | (t’ŏğŏl) | /t’ɔˤɣɔˤl/ |
| 202 | in | |||
| 203 | with | |||
| 204 | and | къа (q̇a) | (q’a) | /q’ɑ/ |
| 205 | if | ᴬаьгаьр (ägär) < əgər, аьгаьнаьм (ägänäm)*; -й- (-j-) | (əgər), (əgənəm)*; (-y-) | /æɡær/, /æɡænæm/*; /-j-/ |
| 206 | because | |||
| 207 | name | цӏи (c̣i) | (ţ’i) | /ʦ’i/ |
Comparison chart alphabets
[edit]| № | Cyrillic Gukasyan 1974 |
Latin Mobili 2010 |
Latin this list |
IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | А а | A a | A a | /ɑ/ |
| 2 | АЪ аъ | Ə̆ ə̆ | Ə̆ ə̆ | /ɑˤ/ |
| 3 | АЬ аь | Ə ə | Ə ə | /æ/ |
| 4 | Б б | B b | B b | /b/ |
| 5 | В в | V v | V v | /v/ |
| 6 | Г г | G g | G g | /ɡ/ |
| 7 | ГЪ гъ | Ğ ğ | Ğ ğ | /ɣ/ |
| 8 | ГЬ гь | H h | H h | /h/ |
| 9 | Д д | D d | D d | /d/ |
| 10 | ДЖ дж | C c | C c | /ʤ/ |
| 11 | ДЖӀ джӀ/джӏ | Č č | C’ c’ | /ʤː/ |
| 12 | ДЗ дз | Z z | Ź ź | /ʣ/ |
| 13 | Е е | E e | E e | /ɛ/ |
| 14 | ЕЪ еъ | Ĕ ĕ | Ĕ ĕ | /ɛˤ/ |
| 15 | Ж ж | J j | J j | /ʒ/ |
| 16 | ЖӀ жӀ/жӏ | J̌ ǰ | J’ j’ | /ʒː/ |
| 17 | З з | Z z | Z z | /z/ |
| 18 | И и | İ i | İ i | /i/ |
| 19 | ИЪ иъ | Ĭ ĭ | Ĭ̇ ĭ̇ | /iˤ/ |
| 20 | Й й | Y y | Y y | /j/ |
| 21 | К к | K k | K k | /k/ |
| 22 | Ҝ ҝ | G g | Ģ ģ | /ɡʲ/ |
| 23 | КӀ кӀ/кӏ | K’ k’ | K’ k’ | /k’/ |
| 24 | КЪ къ | Q’ q’ | Q’ q’ | /q’/ |
| 25 | Л л | L l | L l | /l/ |
| 26 | М м | M m | M m | /m/ |
| 27 | Н н | N n | N n | /n/ |
| 28 | О о | O o | O o | /ɔ/ |
| 29 | ОЪ оъ | Ŏ ŏ | Ŏ ŏ | /ɔˤ/ |
| 30 | ОЬ оь | Ö ö | Ö ö | /œ/ |
| 31 | П п | P p | P p | /p/ |
| 32 | ПӀ пӀ/пӏ | P’ p’ | P’ p’ | /p’/ |
| 33 | Р р | R r | R r | /r/ |
| 34 | С с | S s | S s | /s/ |
| 35 | Т т | T t | T t | /t/ |
| 36 | ТӀ тӀ/тӏ | T’ t’ | T’ t’ | /t’/ |
| 37 | У у | U u | U u | /u/ |
| 38 | УЪ уъ | Ŭ ŭ | Ŭ ŭ | /uˤ/ |
| 39 | УЬ уь | Ü ü | Ü ü | /y/ |
| 40 | Ф ф | F f | F f | /f/ |
| 41 | Х х | X x | X x | /x/ |
| 42 | ХЪ хъ | Q q | Q q | /q/ |
| 43 | Ц ц | Ś ś | Ţ ţ | /ʦ/ |
| 44 | Ц̓ ц̓ | — | Ţ́ ţ́ | /ʦː’/ |
| 45 | ЦӀ цӀ/цӏ | S’ s’ | Ţ’ ţ’ | /ʦ’/ |
| 46 | Ч ч | Ç ç | Ç ç | /ʧ/ |
| 47 | Ч̓ ч̓ | Č’ č’ | Ḉ ḉ | /ʧː’/ |
| 48 | ЧӀ чӀ/чӏ | C’ c’ | Ç’ ç’ | /ʧ’/ |
| 49 | ЧЪ чъ | Ç̆ ç̆ | Ç̆ ç̆ | /ʧː/ |
| 50 | Ш ш | Ş ş | Ş ş | /ʃ/ |
| 51 | ШӀ шӀ/шӏ | Š š | Ş’ ş’ | /ʃː/ |
| 52 | Ы ы | I ı | I ı | /ɨ/ |
| 53 | ЫЪ ыъ | Ĭ ĭ | Ĭ ĭ | /ɨˤ/ |
References
[edit]- Gukasyan V. L. Udi-Azerbaijani-Russian. 1974
- Mobili R. B. Udi-Azerbaijani-Russian. 2010