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Appendix:Proto-Celtic Swadesh list

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Celtic, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

[edit]
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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EnglishProto-Celtic
edit (179)
1I (1sg)*mī
2you (2sg)*tū
3he, she, it (3sg)*es
4we (1pl)*snīs
5you (2pl)*swīs, *swīswīs
6they (3pl)*eyes
7this*se-, *sindos, *so-sin
8that*emo-, *sindo-de
9here*sondo, *uman
10there*anda, *kē
11who*kʷei
12what*kʷid
13where*kʷuts
14when*kʷan(o)
15how
16not*ne, *nīs
17all*olyos
18many*ɸilu-
19some*nekʷos
20few*bikkano, *nekʷos
21other*alyos, *aralyos
22one*oinos, *oynānos
23two*dwau
24three*trīs
25four*kʷetwores
26five*kʷenkʷe
27big*brassos, *māros
28long*sīros
29wide*ɸlitanos
30thick*remros, *tegus
31heavy*trummos
32small*bikkos
33short*birros, *gerros
34narrow*angus
35thin*tanauyos
36woman*benā
37man (adult male)*wiros
38man (human being)*gdonyos
39child*mustākos
40wife
41husband*wiros
42mother*mātīr
43father*ɸatīr
44animal*mīlom
45fish*ɸeiskos
46bird*ɸatar, *ɸetnos
47dog*kū
48louse*luwā
49snake*natrixs
50worm*kʷrimis
51tree*kʷresnom
52forest*kaito-
53stick*lorgā
54fruit*sutu-
55seed*segeto-, *sīlom
56leaf*dolinyā
57root*wridā
58bark (of a tree)*rūskos
59flower*blātus
60grass*gʷeltā
61rope*lomanā
62skin*krokkenom, *kroknom
63meat*kīkos, *mīros
64blood*krowos
65bone*astkornu, *knāmis
66fat (noun)*gʷered-
67egg*āuyom
68horn*kornu-
69tail*lostā
70feather
71hair*woltos
72head*kʷennom
73ear*ausos, *kloustā
74eye*lukato-
75nose*srognā
76mouth*genus
77tooth*dant
78tongue (organ)*tangʷāss
79fingernail*angʷīnā
80foot*tregess
81leg*koxsā
82knee*glūnos
83hand*ɸlāmā
84wing*ɸatanī
85belly*bolgos
86guts
87neck*monis
88back
89breast*brusū, *kīkos
90heart*kalonā, *kridyom
91liver*awV-
92to drink*ɸibeti
93to eat*essi, *ɸiteti
94to bite*knāyeti
95to suck*dinati
96to spit
97to vomit*skeyeti
98to blow*swizdeti
99to breathe*anati
100to laugh*swaryeti
101to see*weleti
102to hear*klinutor
103to know*windeti
104to think*ambirādīti
105to smell
106to fear*obneti
107to sleep*kuxsketi
108to live
109to die*bayeti
110to kill*gʷaneti
111to fight*wiketi
112to hunt*selgā
113to hit*binati
114to cut
115to split*dlongeti
116to stab
117to scratch*razdeti
118to dig*kladyeti
119to swim*snāti
120to fly*ɸeteti
121to walk
122to come
123to lie (as in a bed)*legeti
124to sit*sedeti
125to stand*sistati
126to turn (intransitive)*suweti
127to fall*kiyeti
128to give*dāti
129to hold*delgeti
130to squeeze
131to rub
132to wash*nigyeti
133to wipe
134to pull
135to push
136to throw*katyeti
137to tie*rigeti
138to sew
139to count
140to say
141to sing*kaneti
142to play
143to float
144to flow*liyeti
145to freeze
146to swell*sweideti
147sun*sāwol
148moon*ēskyom, *lugrā
149star*sterā
150water*dubros, *udenskyos
151rain*glawā, *wolko-
152river*abū
153lake*linnā
154sea*mori
155salt*salanos
156stone*klukā, *magino-
157sand
158dust
159earth*talamū
160cloud
161fog*kiwo-
162sky*nemos
163wind*wintos
164snow*snigʷyo-
165ice*yegis
166smoke*mukV
167fire*teɸnets
168ash*loutus
169to burn*dauyeti
170road*sentus
171mountain*moniyo-
172red*dergos, *roudos
173green*glastos
174yellow*bodyos
175white*bānos, *gelos, *windos
176black*dubus
177night*noxs
178day*dīyos
179year*bleidanī
180warm*teɸsmi-
181cold*ougros
182full*ɸlānos
183new*nouyos
184old*senos
185good*dagos, *matis
186bad*drukos, *ulkos
187rotten*bragnos
188dirty*salākos
189straight
190round*krundis
191sharp (as a knife)*kerbos
192dull (as a knife)*mailos
193smooth*slimonos
194wet*wlikʷos
195dry*siskʷos
196correct*eɸinos
197near*onkos
198far*keinos, *kʷeslos
199right*dexswos
200left*kliyos
201at*onkos
202in*en
203with*kantā, *kom
204and*-kʷe, *atkʷe, *eti
205if*smā
206because
207name*anman
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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