Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kladeti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kl̥h₂dʰ-é-ti (tudati-present of *kelh₂d⁽ʰ⁾-), from an extension of *kelh₂- (“to strike”). This extended form could be the result of the reanalysis of a *d⁽ʰ⁾e-present or perhaps of a compound of *kelh₂- +‎ *dʰeh₁-, that is, “to put a strike (into someone or something)”.^[1]^[2]

Verb

*kladeti^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

to stab, dig

Inflection

Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*kladū	*klademam	*kikladsū	*keklāda
2nd singular	*kladesi	*kladetās	*kikladsesi	*keklādas?
3rd singular	*kladeti	*kladeto	*kikladseti	*keklāde
1st plural	*kladomosi	*klademo	*kikladsomosi	*keklādmo
2nd plural	*kladetesi	*kladestē	*kikladsetesi	*keklāsse
3rd plural	*kladonti	*kladento	*kikladsonti	*keklādars
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*klādsū	?	—
2nd singular	*klādsesi	?	*klade
3rd singular	*klādseti	?	*kladetou
1st plural	*klādsomosi	?	*kladomos
2nd plural	*klādsetesi	?	*kladete
3rd plural	*klādsonti	?	*kladontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*kladūr	—	*kikladsūr	*keklādra
2nd singular	*kladetar	—	*kikladsetar	*keklādras?
3rd singular	*kladetor	?	*kikladsetor	*keklādre
1st plural	*kladommor	—	*kikladsommor	?
2nd plural	*kladedwe	—	*kikladsedwe	?
3rd plural	*kladontor	?	*kikladsontor	?
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*klādsūr	—	—
2nd singular	*klādsetar	—	—
3rd singular	*klādsetor	—	—
1st plural	*klādsommor	—	—
2nd plural	*klādsedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*klādsontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kladonts	*kladonte	*kladontes
vocative	*kladonts	*kladonte	*kladontes
accusative	*kladontam	*kladonte	*kladontans
genitive	*kladantos	*?	*kladantom
dative	*kladantei	*kladantbom	*kladantbos
instrumental	*kladantī?	*kladantbim	*kladantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kladantī	*kladantī	*kladantiyās
vocative	*kladantī	*kladantī	*kladantiyās
accusative	*kladantīm	*kladantī	*kladantiyans
genitive	*kladantyās	*?	*kladantyom
dative	*kladantyāi	*kladantyābom	*kladantyābos
instrumental	*?	*kladantyābim	*kladantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kladont	*?	*kladonta
vocative	*kladont	*?	*kladonta
accusative	*kladont	*?	*kladonta
genitive	*kladantos	*?	*kladantom
dative	*kladantei	*?	*kladantbos
instrumental	*kladantī?	*?	*kladantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kladomnos	*kladomnou	*kladomnoi
vocative	*kladomne	*kladomnou	*kladomnoi
accusative	*kladomnom	*kladomnou	*kladomnons
genitive	*kladomnī	*kladomnous	*kladomnom
dative	*kladomnūi	*kladomnobom	*kladomnobos
instrumental	*kladomnū	*kladomnobim	*kladomnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kladomnā	*kladomnai	*kladomnās
vocative	*kladomnā	*kladomnai	*kladomnās
accusative	*kladomnam	*kladomnai	*kladomnans
genitive	*kladomnās	*kladomnous	*kladomnom
dative	*kladomnai	*kladomnābom	*kladomnābos
instrumental	*?	*kladomnābim	*kladomnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kladomnom	*kladomnou	*kladomnā
vocative	*kladomnom	*kladomnou	*kladomnā
accusative	*kladomnom	*kladomnou	*kladomnā
genitive	*kladomnī	*kladomnous	*kladomnom
dative	*kladomnūi	*kladomnobom	*kladomnobos
instrumental	*kladomnū	*kladomnobim	*kladomnobis

Declension of the past participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*klassos	*klassou	*klassoi
vocative	*klasse	*klassou	*klassoi
accusative	*klassom	*klassou	*klassons
genitive	*klassī	*klassous	*klassom
dative	*klassūi	*klassobom	*klassobos
instrumental	*klassū	*klassobim	*klassobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*klassā	*klassai	*klassās
vocative	*klassā	*klassai	*klassās
accusative	*klassam	*klassai	*klassans
genitive	*klassās	*klassous	*klassom
dative	*klassai	*klassābom	*klassābos
instrumental	*?	*klassābim	*klassābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*klassom	*klassou	*klassā
vocative	*klassom	*klassou	*klassā
accusative	*klassom	*klassou	*klassā
genitive	*klassī	*klassous	*klassom
dative	*klassūi	*klassobom	*klassobos
instrumental	*klassū	*klassobim	*klassobis

Derived terms

*kladyā (“digging”, verbal noun)
*kladiwos (“sword”)

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic: *klėðɨd
- Middle Breton: claza (“to dig, thrust”)
  - Breton: klazañ
- Middle Welsh: claddu (“to bury”)
  - Welsh: claddu
Old Irish: claidid, ·claid (“to dig”)
- Irish: claidh
- Scottish Gaelic: cladhaich

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) “Urkelt. *klad-e/o- ‘graben, stechen’”, in Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 410-13
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) “clad- ‘dig, bury’”, in Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, 3.1.23, pages 174-76
^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 71-72
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 205

[KPV-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) “Urkelt. *klad-e/o- ‘graben, stechen’”, in Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 410-13

[EIVN-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) “clad- ‘dig, bury’”, in Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, 3.1.23, pages 174-76

[3] Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 71-72

[4] Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 205

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