Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kladeti

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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

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Etymology

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From Proto-Indo-European *kl̥h₂dʰ-é-ti (tudati-present of *kelh₂d⁽ʰ⁾-), from an extension of *kelh₂- (“to strike”). This extended form could be the result of the reanalysis of a *d⁽ʰ⁾e-present or perhaps of a compound of *kelh₂- +‎ *dʰeh₁-, that is, “to put a strike (into someone or something)”.[1][2]

Verb

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*kladeti[1][2][3][4]

  1. to stab, dig

Inflection

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Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *kladū *klademam *kikladsū *keklāda
2nd singular *kladesi *kladetās *kikladsesi *keklādas?
3rd singular *kladeti *kladeto *kikladseti *keklāde
1st plural *kladomosi *klademo *kikladsomosi *keklādmo
2nd plural *kladetesi *kladestē *kikladsetesi *keklāsse
3rd plural *kladonti *kladento *kikladsonti *keklādars
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular *klādsū ? —
2nd singular *klādsesi ? *klade
3rd singular *klādseti ? *kladetou
1st plural *klādsomosi ? *kladomos
2nd plural *klādsetesi ? *kladete
3rd plural *klādsonti ? *kladontou
Passive voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *kladūr — *kikladsūr —
2nd singular *kladetar — *kikladsetar —
3rd singular *kladetor ? *kikladsetor —
1st plural *kladommor — *kikladsommor —
2nd plural *kladedwe — *kikladsedwe —
3rd plural *kladontor ? *kikladsontor —
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular *klādsūr — —
2nd singular *klādsetar — —
3rd singular *klādsetor — —
1st plural *klādsommor — —
2nd plural *klādsedwe — —
3rd plural *klādsontor — —
Declension of the past participle
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *klassos *klassou *klassoi
vocative *klasse *klassou *klassoi
accusative *klassom *klassou *klassoms
genitive *klassī *klassous *klassom
dative *klassūi *klassobom *klassobos
instrumental *klassū *klassobim *klassobis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *klassā *klassai *klassās
vocative *klassā *klassai *klassās
accusative *klassam *klassai *klassams
genitive *klassās *klassous *klassom
dative *klassai *klassābom *klassābos
instrumental *? *klassābim *klassābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *klassom *klassou *klassā
vocative *klassom *klassou *klassā
accusative *klassom *klassou *klassā
genitive *klassī *klassous *klassom
dative *klassūi *klassobom *klassobos
instrumental *klassū *klassobim *klassobis

Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • Proto-Brythonic: *klėðɨd
    • Middle Breton: claza (“to dig, thrust”)
    • Middle Welsh: claddu (“to bury”)
  • Old Irish: claidid, ·claid (“to dig”)

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) “Urkelt. *klad-e/o- ‘graben, stechen’”, in Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 410-13
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) “clad- ‘dig, bury’”, in Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, 3.1.23, pages 174-76
  3. ^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 71-72
  4. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 205
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