Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/knāyeti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kneh₂- (“to bite, to gnaw”).

Verb

*knāyeti

1. to bite, to chew

Inflection

Thematic present
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*knāyū	*knāyemam	?	—
2nd singular	*knāyesi	*knāyetās	?	—
3rd singular	*knāyeti	*knāyeto	?	—
1st plural	*knāyomosi	*knāyemo	?	—
2nd plural	*knāyetesi	*knāyestē	?	—
3rd plural	*knāyonti	*knāyento	?	—
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*knāsū	?	—
2nd singular	*knāsesi	?	*knāye
3rd singular	*knāseti	?	*knāyetou
1st plural	*knāsomosi	?	*knāyomos
2nd plural	*knāsetesi	?	*knāyete
3rd plural	*knāsonti	?	*knāyontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*knāyūr	—	?	—
2nd singular	*knāyetar	—	?	—
3rd singular	*knāyetor	?	?	—
1st plural	*knāyommor	—	?	—
2nd plural	*knāyedwe	—	?	—
3rd plural	*knāyontor	?	?	—
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*knāsūr	—	—
2nd singular	*knāsetar	—	—
3rd singular	*knāsetor	—	—
1st plural	*knāsommor	—	—
2nd plural	*knāsedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*knāsontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*knāyonts	*knāyonte	*knāyontes
vocative	*knāyonts	*knāyonte	*knāyontes
accusative	*knāyontam	*knāyonte	*knāyontans
genitive	*knāyantos	*?	*knāyantom
dative	*knāyantei	*knāyantbom	*knāyantbos
instrumental	*knāyantī?	*knāyantbim	*knāyantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*knāyantī	*knāyantī	*knāyantiyās
vocative	*knāyantī	*knāyantī	*knāyantiyās
accusative	*knāyantīm	*knāyantī	*knāyantiyans
genitive	*knāyantyās	*?	*knāyantyom
dative	*knāyantyāi	*knāyantyābom	*knāyantyābos
instrumental	*?	*knāyantyābim	*knāyantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*knāyont	*?	*knāyonta
vocative	*knāyont	*?	*knāyonta
accusative	*knāyont	*?	*knāyonta
genitive	*knāyantos	*?	*knāyantom
dative	*knāyantei	*?	*knāyantbos
instrumental	*knāyantī?	*?	*knāyantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*knāyomnos	*knāyomnou	*knāyomnoi
vocative	*knāyomne	*knāyomnou	*knāyomnoi
accusative	*knāyomnom	*knāyomnou	*knāyomnons
genitive	*knāyomnī	*knāyomnous	*knāyomnom
dative	*knāyomnūi	*knāyomnobom	*knāyomnobos
instrumental	*knāyomnū	*knāyomnobim	*knāyomnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*knāyomnā	*knāyomnai	*knāyomnās
vocative	*knāyomnā	*knāyomnai	*knāyomnās
accusative	*knāyomnam	*knāyomnai	*knāyomnans
genitive	*knāyomnās	*knāyomnous	*knāyomnom
dative	*knāyomnai	*knāyomnābom	*knāyomnābos
instrumental	*?	*knāyomnābim	*knāyomnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*knāyomnom	*knāyomnou	*knāyomnā
vocative	*knāyomnom	*knāyomnou	*knāyomnā
accusative	*knāyomnom	*knāyomnou	*knāyomnā
genitive	*knāyomnī	*knāyomnous	*knāyomnom
dative	*knāyomnūi	*knāyomnobom	*knāyomnobos
instrumental	*knāyomnū	*knāyomnobim	*knāyomnobis

Descendants

• Brythonic:
  • Middle Welsh: cnoi, cny (Present, 3rd singular)
    • Welsh: cnoi
• Goidelic:
  • Middle Irish: cnaid
  • ⇒ Old Irish: imm·cná
  • ⇒ Old Irish: con·cná
    • Middle Irish: con·cnaí, cocnaid
      • Irish: cogain
      • Scottish Gaelic: cagainn
      • Manx: caigney (verbal noun)