Appendix:Middle Indo-Aryan Swadesh lists

This is a Swadesh list of Middle Indo-Aryan languages, specifically Pali, Prakrit, Prakrit, Prakrit, Prakrit and Gandhari, compared with that of Sanskrit and Proto-Indo-Iranian, as well as English.

List

№	English	Proto-Indo-Iranian edit (148)	Sanskrit संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam) edit (207)	Ashokan Prakrit edit (8)	Pali pāli edit (204)	Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀧𑀸𑀉𑀤 (pāuda) edit (16)	Maharastri Prakrit 𑀫𑀭𑀳𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀻 𑀧𑀸𑀉𑀅 (marahaṭṭhī pāua) edit (127)	Ardhamagadhi Prakrit 𑀧𑀸𑀬𑀬 (pāyaya) edit (1)	Magadhi Prakrit 𑀧𑀸𑀓𑀺𑀤 (pākida) edit (1)	Gandhari edit (1)
1	I (1sg)	*aȷ́ʰám	ahám	ahaṃ, hakaṃ, ahaṃ, aaṃ	ahaṃ	ahaṃ	ahaṃ, ahaaṃ	ahaṃ	hage	aha‎
2	you (2sg)	*túH, *tuHám	tvám		tvaṃ	tumaṃ	tumaṃ, taṃ
3	he, she, it (3sg)	*sá	sá		so, sa	so	so, sa
4	we (1pl)	*wayám	vayám, nas		amhe, mayaṃ	amhe	amhe, vaaṃ
5	you (2pl)	*yúH, *yuHyám	yūyám, vas		tumhe	tumhe	tumhe
6	they (3pl)	*tā́s	té		te, tā, tāni	te	te*, tāo*, tāi*, tāṇi*
7	this	*ayám	idám		ayaṃ, sa	aaṃ, iaṃ, idaṃ	aaṃ, ima
8	that	*sá	tát		asu, tad		ta
9	here	*Hidʰá	átra, íha		idha, attha	atta	iha, ettha
10	there	*tátra	tátra		tattha	tatta	tattha
11	who	*kás	ká		ka	ko	ka, kiṃ
12	what	*kím, *čím	kím		ka, kiṃ	kiṃ, kadhaṃ	ka, kiṃ
13	where	*kúH	kútra, kúha, kvà		kattha	kahiṃ	kattha, kahiṃ
14	when	*kadáH	kadā́		karāhi, kadā		kaā, kāhe
15	how	*káyna	kathám		kathaṃ	kadhaṃ	kahaṃ
16	not	*na, *a-	ná		na	na	ṇa
17	all	*sárwas, *wíćwas	sárva, víśva		sabba		savva
18	many	*pr̥Húš	bahú		bahu
19	some	*kínčid	kiñcid		eke*, koci
20	few	*īšát	álpa		appa
21	other	*Hanyás	anyá		añña, apara		aṇṇa, iara
22	one	*Háywas, *Háykas	éka		eka		ekka, ega
23	two	*dwáH	dvá		dve		do, duve, donni
24	three	*tráyas	trí		tayo		tiṇṇi
25	four	*čatwā́ras	cátur	catpāro	catur		cattāri
26	five	*pánča	páñcan		pañca		paṃca
27	big	*maȷ́ʰás	mahát		mahant
28	long	*dr̥Hgʰás	dīrghá		dīgha		dīha
29	wide	*pr̥tʰúš	urú		uru
30	thick	*stʰuHrás	ghaná		bahala, gahana, ghana
31	heavy	*gr̥Húš	gurú		garu
32	small	*tusćás	álpa		khudda, thoka
33	short	*kr̥dʰúš	hrasvá
34	narrow	*Hánȷ́ʰuš	aṃhú
35	thin	*kr̥ćás, *tánuš	tanú
36	woman	*ǰánHs, *gnáHs, *stríH	strī́		itthī
37	man (adult male)	*wiHrás, *Hnáras	púruṣa, nára	pulisa	purisa, nara		purisa, ṇara
38	man (human being)	*manušyás, *mártyas	manuṣyá, mānava		jana, manussa		jaṇa, maṇussa
39	child	*ȷ́aHtás	bā́la, śíśu		bālaka		bālaa, vaccha
40	wife	*pátniH	pátnī, bhāryā́		dāra, bhariyā		bhajjā
41	husband	*pátiš	páti		pati		paī, bhattu
42	mother	*máHtā	mā́tṛ		mātar		māu
43	father	*pHtā́	pitṛ́		pitar		piu
44	animal	*páću	páśu		mig*
45	fish	*mátsyas	mátsya	macha	maccha		maccha
46	bird	*Háwiš	ví, pakṣin		pakkhin		pakkhi
47	dog	*ćwā́	śván		kukkura, suvaṇa
48	louse	*ćwíšas	yūkā		ūkā
49	snake	*sarpás, *nāgás	sarpá		sappa, ahi		sappa
50	worm	*kŕ̥miš	kṛ́mi		kimi
51	tree	*dā́ru	vṛkṣá, tarú	lukha, vracha	rukkha		rukkha
52	forest		vána		vana		vaṇa
53	stick	*waytasás	daṇḍá		laṭṭhi
54	fruit		phála		phala		phala
55	seed	*bíHȷ́am	bī́ja		bīja		bīa
56	leaf	*parnám	páttra		patti		paṇṇa
57	root		mū́la		mūla		mūla
58	bark (of a tree)	*twákš, *varkás	tvác		taca
59	flower		púṣpa		puppha		puppha, phulla
60	grass	*tŕ̥nam	tṛ́ṇa		tiṇa, ghāsa
61	rope	*rázǰuš, *rać-*	rájju		rajju		rajju
62	skin	*čárma	cárman, tvác		camma
63	meat	*māmsás	māṃsá		maṃsa		maṃsa
64	blood	*HásHr̥	rakta, ásṛj		lohita
65	bone	*Hástʰi	ásthi		aṭṭhi		aṭṭhi, haḍḍa
66	fat (noun)	*píHwas	pī́vas, médas		meda
67	egg	*Hāwyám	aṇḍá		aṇḍa
68	horn	*ćáypas	śṛṅgá		singa
69	tail	*púšćas, *wā́ras	púccha		puccha		puccha, puṃcha
70	feather	*parnám	parṇá		paṇṇa, patta		paṇṇa
71	hair	*Hráwma*, *káyćas*	kéśa		kesa
72	head	*ćŕ̥Has, *ćr̥Hšá	śíras		sira
73	ear	*kárnas	kárṇa		kaṇṇa		kaṇṇa
74	eye	*čákšuš, *čáćšma	ákṣi		akkhi		akkhi, acchi
75	nose	*náHsaH	nā́sā		nāsā		ṇakka
76	mouth	*Hā́s, *wáktram	vaktra, múkha		mukha		muha
77	tooth	*Hdánts, *ȷ́ámbʰas	dánta		danta		daṃta
78	tongue (organ)	*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáH	jihvā́		jivhā		jibbhā
79	fingernail	*Hnā́kš	nakhá		nakha		ṇaha
80	foot	*pā́ts	padá		pāda		pāa
81	leg		jáṅgha		janghā		pāa
82	knee	*ȷ́ā́nu	jā́nu		jānu
83	hand	*ȷ́ʰástas	hásta, pāṇí		hattha		hattha
84	wing	*parnám	pakṣá		pakkha
85	belly	*udáras	udára		udara		poṭṭa
86	guts	*Hántram	ántra, āntra, gudá		antavaṭṭi
87	neck	*griHwáH*	gala, grīvā́		gīva		gala
88	back	*pr̥štʰás	pṛṣṭhá		piṭṭha
89	breast	*pstánas, *HúrHas*	stána		thana		thaṇa, vaccha
90	heart	*ȷ́ʰŕ̥dayam	hṛ́daya		hadaya
91	liver	*Hyákr̥	yákṛt		yakana
92	to drink	*píbati	píbati		pivati		pivaï
93	to eat	*Hátˢti	khā́dati, átti		adeti		khāaï, bhakkhaï
94	to bite	*dáćati	dáśati		ḍasati		ḍasaï
95	to suck	*dʰáyati	dháyati		cūsati
96	to spit		ṣṭhī́vati		oṭṭhubhati		thukkaï
97	to vomit	*wámHati	vámati		vamati
98	to blow	*Hwā́ti*, *dʰámati	vā́ti		dhamati		phukkaï
99	to breathe		ániti		sasati
100	to laugh	*smáyatay	smáyate, hásati		hasati		hasaï
101	to see	*čáštay	páśyati*, dṛś*	pasati	dakkhati		dissaï*, pāsaï*
102	to hear	*ćr̥náwti	śṛṇóti		suṇāti		suṇaï
103	to know	*ȷ́ānáHti	jānā́ti		jānāti		jāṇaï
104	to think	*mányatay	mányate, cintayati		cinteti		ciṃtei
105	to smell		jíghrati		gandha
106	to fear	*bʰáyHti	bibhéti, bháyate*		dara
107	to sleep	*swápati	svápiti		supati		suvaï
108	to live	*ǰíHwati	jī́vati		jīvati
109	to die	*mriyátay	mriyáte		marati		maraï
110	to kill	*ǰʰánti	hánti		māreti		mārei
111	to fight	*Hyáwdʰati, *Hyúdʰyati	yúdhyate		yodheti		jujjhaï
112	to hunt	*wáyHti*	veti		migava
113	to hit		hánti, tāḍáyati		abhihanati
114	to cut	*śćinátˢti	kṛntáti		karati		ciṃdaï*
115	to split	*bʰinátˢti	bhinátti		bhindati		vaṃṭaï*
116	to stab		vídhyati		chūriyāhanati
117	to scratch		likháti		likhati		lihaï
118	to dig		khánati		khaṇati		khaṇaï
119	to swim		plávate		pilavati
120	to fly		pátati		uḍḍeti		uḍḍei
121	to walk	*pádyati	éti, gácchati, cárati		carati		calaï, gacchaï*
122	to come		ā́gacchati		āyāti, āgacchati		āgacchaï, ei
123	to lie (as in a bed)		śéte		seti
124	to sit	*síždati	sī́dati		nisīdati		uvavisaï
125	to stand	*stíštaHti	tíṣṭhati		tiṭṭhati		ciṭṭhaï*, ṭhāi, ṭhāāi*
126	to turn (intransitive)		vártate		vaṭṭati		valaï
127	to fall		pádyate		patati		paḍaï
128	to give	*dádaHti	dádāti		dadāti		dei
129	to hold	*dʰárati, *dʰāráyati	dhárati		dharati		dharaï
130	to squeeze		mṛdnā́ti		nippīḷeti
131	to rub		ghárṣati		ghaṃsati		ghāsaï
132	to wash		kṣā́layati		dhopati
133	to wipe		mā́rṣṭi		majjati
134	to pull		kárṣati		khaḍḍati
135	to push		nudáti		nudati
136	to throw		kṣipáti		khipati		khivaï
137	to tie		badhnā́ti, bandhati		bandhati		baṃdhaï
138	to sew		sī́vyati		sibbati		sivvaï
139	to count		gáṇayati, kálate		gaṇeti		gaṇei
140	to say	*Háwǰʰati, *wákti, *mráwHti	vákti		vatti		bollaï*, bhaṇaï*
141	to sing	*gáHyati	gā́yati		gāyati		gāaï
142	to play		dī́vyati		kīḷati		kīlaï, khelaï
143	to float		plávate		palavati
144	to flow		sárati, kṣárati		dhāvati		saraï
145	to freeze		śī́yate		sīyati
146	to swell		śváyati		phāti
147	sun	*súHar	sū́rya, ravi, sū́ra, bhāskara		suriya
148	moon	*mā́Has	mā́sa, candramas, candrá		canda
149	star	*Hstā́	nákṣatra, stṛ́, tārā		tārakā
150	water	*Hā́pš	jalá, áp, pānīya, vā́ri, udán, toja		jala, āpa		jala, vāri
151	rain		varṣá		vassa		pāusa
152	river		nadī́		nadī		ṇaī
153	lake		sáras		sara
154	sea		samudrá		samudda
155	salt		lavaṇá		loṇa
156	stone		áśman		asama
157	sand		pāṃsú, śíkatā		sikatā		vāluā
158	dust		reṇú		reṇu		dhūlī
159	earth	*ȷ́ʰžʰáHs, *bʰúHmiš	kṣám, pṛthvī́		bhūmi		puhavī, mahī, bhūmi
160	cloud	*Hmaygʰás, *abʰrás	nábhas, meghá		megha		abbha, meha
161	fog	*dʰuHmás	míh		mahikā
162	sky	*dyā́wš	ākāśá		akāsa		ṇaha
163	wind		vāyú, vā́ta		vāta		vāu
164	snow		himá, tuṣāra, tuhina		hima
165	ice		himá		phāti
166	smoke	*dʰuHmás	dhūmá		dhūma
167	fire	*Hagníš*, *HaHtar-*	agní		aggi		aggi
168	ash		ā́sa		bhasma
169	to burn		dahati		dahati		jalaï
170	road		patha, ádhvan, mārga		patha, magga		magga, vaṭṭa
171	mountain	*gr̥Híš, *párwatas	girí, párvata		pabbata, giri		pavvaya
172	red	*Hráwdʰitas, *Hrudʰrás, *ĉáwnas	rakta, róhita		lohita
173	green	*j́ʰáriš	harit, harita, pā́lāśa, palāśa		hari
174	yellow		pīta, pītala		pīta		pīvala
175	white	*ćwaytás	śvetá		sukka		paṃḍura
176	black	*kr̥šnás, *ćyaHwás	kṛṣṇá		kanha		kāla
177	night	*kšáp, *nákts	rā́tri, nákti, kṣáp, rajanī		ratti
178	day		diná, áhar, divasa		diva, aṇha
179	year	*ćarHáts	varṣá, saṃvatsara		vassa, sanvacchara
180	warm		taptá		ghamma
181	cold	*ȷ́ʰimás	śītá		sīta		sīala
182	full	*pr̥Hnás	pūrṇá		puṇṇa
183	new	*náwas	náva, nū́tana		nava
184	old	*ȷ́r̥Hnás	jīrṇá, vṛddhá, purātana		vuḍḍha		juṇṇa
185	good	*Hwásuš, *ćriHrás, *Hsu-	vásu, bhadrá	sādhu*	bhaddaka, sundara		sāhu*
186	bad	*ákas, *pāpás, *Hagʰás, *duš-	pāpá, duṣṭa		pāpa		duṭṭha*
187	rotten		pū́ti		pūtika
188	dirty		malina, samala		malina
189	straight	*Hr̥ȷ́úš	ṛjú, sādhú		ujju		uju
190	round		vṛttá, vartula		guḷa
191	sharp (as a knife)	*tigmás	tīkṣṇá		tikkha		tikkha
192	dull (as a knife)		kuṇṭha		kuṇtha
193	smooth		ślakṣṇá, snigdhá		saṇha
194	wet		ārdrá, klinná		adda		olla
195	dry	*Hsúškas	śúṣka		sukkha
196	correct	*Hr̥ȷ́úš	śuddhá, satyá		utu
197	near		neda*, prati*		antika		uva-*
198	far		dūrá		dūra		dūra
199	right	*dáćšinas	dákṣiṇa		dakhiṇa		dakkhiṇa
200	left	*sawyás	savyá		vāma
201	at		locative case		locative case		locative case
202	in		locative case		antara		locative case
203	with		sahá		saha		saha
204	and	*-ča	ca		ca		ca
205	if		yádi	yadi	yadi		jaï
206	because		hí		yāvatā
207	name	*Hnā́ma	nā́man		nāma		ṇāma

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Abinomn Albanian Amdo Tibetan Amharic Armenian Asturian Avar Azerbaijani Bangala Bashkir Basque Bengali–Assamese Assamese Bengali Berber Moroccan Amazigh Tashelhit Central Atlas Tamazight Big Nambas Bikol Central Bikol Iriga Bicolano Bisayan Cebuano Hiligaynon Kinaray-a Masbatenyo Tausug Waray-Waray Breton Bugis Bulgarian Burushaski Cape Verdean Catalan Chamorro Chechen Cornish Creole Antillean Creole Guinea-Bissau Creole Jamaican Creole Haitian Creole Crimean Tatar Czech Old Czech Dalmatian Danish Dravidian Malayalam Tamil Egyptian Elamite Estonian Etruscan Fanagalo Faroese Fijian Finnish Fongbe French Old French Creole French Mauritian Creole Frisian West Frisian Friulian Galician Garo Gelao Georgian Germanic Highland Germanic German Creole High Germanic Yiddish Western Germanic Lowland Western Germanic Dutch Afrikaans Limburgish Zealandic English Old English Middle English Gothic Greek Ancient Greek Guaraní Gujarati Hausa Hawaiian Hindustani Hindi Fiji Hindi Urdu Hittite Hmong White Hmong Hungarian Hunsrik Icelandic Ilocano Indonesian Ingush Irish Japonic Japanese Classical Japanese Old Japanese Okinawan Javanese Javindo Kannada Kangeanic Kapampangan Kashubian Kazakh Khoemana Komi-Zyrian Konkani Jizhao Koreanic Korean Middle Korean Jeju Kra-Dai Khmer Thai Kurmanji Kurukh Kyrgyz Latin Romance Latin Aromanian Italian Vulgar Latin Latvian Ligurian Lingala Linngithigh Lithuanian Lombard Low Saxon Sallaands Macedonian Maguindanao Malagasy Malayic Betawi Indonesian Malay Minangkabau Musi Makasar Maltese Mandaic Manipuri Mansi Northern Mansi Manx Maori Maranao Marathi Old Marathi Megleno-Romanian Mongolian Mokilese Murui Huitoto Navajo Neapolitan Nepali Norwegian Bokmål Nynorsk Occitan Ojibwe Ossetian Osing Papiamento Pashto Persian Old Persian Middle Persian Pirahã Polish Old Polish Portuguese Old Portuguese Punjabi Purepecha Quechua Romani Caló Romanian Sambali Sangisari Sanskrit Saraiki Scottish Gaelic Semitic Arabic Cypriot Arabic Egyptian Arabic Juba Arabic Moroccan Arabic South Levantine Arabic Tunisian Arabic Hebrew Biblical Hebrew Modern Hebrew Serbo-Croatian Sicilian Silesian Sinhala Slavic Eastern Slavic Belarusian Russian Rusyn Carpathian Rusyn Ukrainian Southern Slavic Slovene Western Slavic Slovak Sorbian Lower Sorbian Upper Sorbian Somali Spanish Creole Spanish Chavacano Sranan Sumerian Sundanese Swahili Swedish Tagalog Tahitian Tajik Tatar Siberian Tatar Telugu Temiar Tetum Tigrinya Tocharian B Tok Pisin Tooro Tswana Tupian Old Tupi Turkic Turkish Turkmen Western Turkic Uyghur Tuvaluan Uzbek Vietnamese Walloon Welsh West Coast Bajau Wutunhua Wyandot Zazaki Zulu ǃXóõ
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Afroasiatic Algonquian and Iroquoian Arabic Austroasiatic Austronesian (Oceanic) Baltic Bantu Berber Celtic Chumashan and Hokan Dene–Yeniseian Dravidian Formosan Frisian Germanic Hmong-Mien Indo-Aryan Middle Early New Pahari Rajasthani Sindhic Indo-Iranian Italian Japonic Kra–Dai Mayan Muskogean Niger–Congo Northeast Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Oto-Manguean Paleosiberian Pama-Nyungan Penutian Romance Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Mandarin Standard Mandarin Sichuanese Nanjing Mandarin Cantonese Gan Hakka Min Hokkien Eastern Min Wu Shanghainese Suzhounese Xiang Old Chinese Middle Chinese Raji-Raute Tibeto-Burman Burmese Nepal Tibeto-Burman Kho-Bwa Kuki-Chin Slavic Siouan and Pawnee South American Tungusic Tupian Turkic Uralic Finnic Uto-Aztecan
Constructed languages
Esperanto Ido Interlingua Interlingue Klingon Láadan Lingua Franca Nova Lingwa de Planeta Lojban Novial Toki Pona Volapük
Reconstructed proto-languages
Proto-Afroasiatic Proto-Austroasiatic Proto-Austronesian Proto-Balto-Slavic Proto-Bantu Proto-Basque Proto-Celtic Proto-Germanic Proto-Hellenic Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-Iranian Proto-Italic Proto-Japonic Proto-Mayan Proto-Slavic Proto-Turkic Proto-West Germanic Proto-Tai
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