क्षम्

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Sanskrit

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Alternative scripts

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Indo-Aryan *ḍẓʰáHs, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰžʰáHs, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰḿ̥h₂s (earth). Cognate with Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬨 (zam), Latin humus, the source of English human; Ancient Greek χθών (khthṓn), Persian زمین (zamin), Russian земля (zemlja).[1]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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क्षम् (kṣám) stemf

  1. ground, earth
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:भू
    • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 8.46.6:
      कृ॒ष्णा रजां॑सि पत्सु॒तः प्र॒याणे॑ जा॒तवे॑दसः ।
      अ॒ग्निर्यद्रोध॑ति॒ क्षमि॑
      kṛṣṇā́ rájāṃsi patsutáḥ prayā́ṇe jātávedasaḥ.
      agníryádródhati kṣámi.
      As Jātavedas speeds along, the dust is black beneath his feet,
      When Agni spreads upon the earth.
Declension
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Feminine root-stem declension of क्षम् (kṣám)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative क्षास्
kṣā́s
क्षामा
kṣā́mā
क्षामस् / क्षास्
kṣā́mas / kṣā́s
Vocative क्षास्
kṣā́s
क्षामा
kṣā́mā
क्षास्
kṣā́s
Accusative क्षाम्
kṣā́m
क्षामा
kṣā́mā
क्षास्
kṣā́s
Instrumental क्षमा / ज्मा
kṣamā́ / jmā́
क्षन्भ्याम्
kṣanbhyā́m
क्षन्भिः
kṣanbhíḥ
Dative क्षे
kṣé
क्षन्भ्याम्
kṣanbhyā́m
क्षन्भ्यः
kṣanbhyáḥ
Ablative ग्मः / ज्मः / क्ष्मः
gmáḥ / jmáḥ / kṣmáḥ
क्षन्भ्याम्
kṣanbhyā́m
क्षन्भ्यः
kṣanbhyáḥ
Genitive ग्मः / ज्मः / क्ष्मः
gmáḥ / jmáḥ / kṣmáḥ
क्षमोः
kṣamóḥ
क्षमाम्
kṣamā́m
Locative क्षमि
kṣámi
क्षमोः
kṣamóḥ
क्षासु
kṣā́su
Descendants
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  • Kalasha: čhom
  • Telugu: క్షమ (kṣama)

Etymology 2

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From Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšamH- (to bear, to endure),[2] probably from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰse-mH, metathesized form of *segʷʰ- (to be strong) (which is likely not related to *seǵʰ- (to hold, overpower), despite similarities in form and meaning), whence also सघ्नोति (saghnóti) and possibly Ancient Greek σθένος (sthénos).[3] Cognate with Avestan 𐬑𐬴𐬄𐬥𐬨𐬇𐬥𐬉 (xṣ̌ąnmə̄nē, to be contented, to resign oneself to). Also related to Pashto زغمل (zğëmël, to endure, to tolerate, to go through), which is from a Proto-Indo-Iranian *zgʰamH- which did not undergo metathesis.

Root

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क्षम् (kṣam)

  1. to submit; endure, suffer
  2. pardon, forgive
  3. resist
Derived terms
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References

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  1. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 424-5
  2. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 453
  3. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 425-6