क्षमा

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit क्षमा (kṣamā). Doublet of छमा (chamā).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /kʂə.mɑː/, [kʃɐ.mäː]

Noun

क्षमा • (kṣamā) f (Urdu spelling کشما)

1. (formal) a pardon, forgiveness

   Synonym: माफ़ी (māfī)

   मैं आपसे क्षमा माँगता हूँ।

   ma͠i āpse kṣamā māṅgtā hū̃.

   I request forgiveness from you.

Declension

Declension of क्षमा (fem ā-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	क्षमा kṣamā	क्षमाएँ kṣamāẽ
oblique	क्षमा kṣamā	क्षमाओं kṣamāõ
vocative	क्षमा kṣamā	क्षमाओ kṣamāo

Proper noun

क्षमा • (kṣamā) f (Urdu spelling کشما)

1. a female given name, Kshama, from Sanskrit

Declension

Declension of क्षमा (fem ā-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	क्षमा kṣamā	क्षमाएँ kṣamāẽ
oblique	क्षमा kṣamā	क्षमाओं kṣamāõ
vocative	क्षमा kṣamā	क्षमाओ kṣamāo

Further reading

• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “क्षमा”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
• Platts, John T. (1884) “क्षमा”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

Marathi

Etymology

Inherited from Old Marathi क्षमा (kṣamā), from Sanskrit क्षमा (kṣamā).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kʂə.ma/

Noun

क्षमा • (kṣamā) f

1. forgiveness, pardon

   Synonym: माफी (māphī)

   मी तुमची क्षमा मागतो ― mī tumcī kṣamā māgto ― I beg your pardon

2. (rare) patience, endurance

   Synonyms: संयम (saiyam), सहनशक्ती (sahanśaktī), सहनशीलता (sahnaśīltā)

3. (archaic, literary) the earth

   Synonyms: धरती (dhartī), पृथ्वी (pŕthvī)

References

• Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “क्षमा”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
• Shankar Gopal Tulpule, Anne Feldhaus (1999) “क्षमा”, in A Dictionary of Old Marathi, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• ক্ষমা (Assamese script)
• ᬓ᭄ᬱᬫᬵ (Balinese script)
• ক্ষমা (Bengali script)
• 𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰦𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀫𑀸 (Brahmi script)
• က္ၑမာ (Burmese script)
• ક્ષમા (Gujarati script)
• ਕ੍ਸ਼ਮਾ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌕𑍍𑌷𑌮𑌾 (Grantha script)
• ꦏ꧀ꦰꦩꦴ (Javanese script)
• 𑂍𑂹𑂭𑂧𑂰 (Kaithi script)
• ಕ್ಷಮಾ (Kannada script)
• ក្ឞមា (Khmer script)
• ກ຺ຩມາ (Lao script)
• ക്ഷമാ (Malayalam script)
• ᡬᢢᠠᠮᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
• 𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘦𑘰 (Modi script)
• ᢉᢔᠠᠮᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦮𑧠𑧌𑧆𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐩𑐵 (Newa script)
• କ୍ଷମା (Odia script)
• ꢒ꣄ꢰꢪꢵ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆑𑇀𑆰𑆩𑆳 (Sharada script)
• 𑖎𑖿𑖬𑖦𑖯 (Siddham script)
• ක්‍ෂමා (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩜 𑪙𑪀𑩴𑩛 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚊𑚶𑚢𑚭 (Takri script)
• க்ஷமா (Tamil script)
• క్షమా (Telugu script)
• กฺษมา (Thai script)
• ཀྵ་མཱ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒏𑓂𑒭𑒧𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨋𑩇𑨯𑨢𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /kʂɐ.mɑː/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈkʂɐ.mɑː/

Etymology 1

From the root क्षम् (kṣam, “to be patient”) +‎ -आ (-ā).

Noun

क्षमा • (kṣamā) stem, f

1. patience, forbearance, indulgence
   • c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata
2. patience (personified as a daughter of Dakṣa and wife of Pulaha)
3. tameness (as of an antelope)
4. resistance
5. name of Durga
6. the khadira tree (Acacia catechu)
7. name of a female shepherd
8. name of a species of the atijagatī- metre
9. of a śākta authoress of mantras
10. of a river (equals vetravatī-)

Declension

Feminine ā-stem declension of क्षमा (kṣamā)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	क्षमा kṣamā	क्षमे kṣame	क्षमाः kṣamāḥ
Vocative	क्षमे kṣame	क्षमे kṣame	क्षमाः kṣamāḥ
Accusative	क्षमाम् kṣamām	क्षमे kṣame	क्षमाः kṣamāḥ
Instrumental	क्षमया / क्षमा¹ kṣamayā / kṣamā¹	क्षमाभ्याम् kṣamābhyām	क्षमाभिः kṣamābhiḥ
Dative	क्षमायै kṣamāyai	क्षमाभ्याम् kṣamābhyām	क्षमाभ्यः kṣamābhyaḥ
Ablative	क्षमायाः / क्षमायै² kṣamāyāḥ / kṣamāyai²	क्षमाभ्याम् kṣamābhyām	क्षमाभ्यः kṣamābhyaḥ
Genitive	क्षमायाः / क्षमायै² kṣamāyāḥ / kṣamāyai²	क्षमयोः kṣamayoḥ	क्षमाणाम् kṣamāṇām
Locative	क्षमायाम् kṣamāyām	क्षमयोः kṣamayoḥ	क्षमासु kṣamāsu
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Descendants

• Assamese: ক্ষমা (khoma)
• Bengali: ক্ষমা (khoma)
• Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀔𑀫𑀸 (khamā)
• Old Marathi: क्षमा (kṣamā) / क्षेमा (kṣemā)
  • → Marathi: क्षमा (kṣamā)
• → Nepali: क्षमा (kṣamā)
• Pali: khamā
• Punjabi: ਖਿਮਾ (khimā)
• Sindhi: کِما
• Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀙𑀫𑀸 (chamā)
  • Hindustani:
    • Hindi: छमा (chamā)
    • Urdu: چهما (chamā)
• Awadhi: छमा (chamā)
• Marwari: छमा (chamā)
• → Gujarati: ક્ષમા (kṣamā) (learned)
• → Hindustani: (learned)

  Hindi: क्षमा (kṣamā)

  Urdu: کشما (kṣamā)

• Kannada: ಕ್ಷಮೆ (kṣame)
• → Tamil: க்ஷமை (kṣamai) / சமை (camai)
• → Telugu: క్షమ (kṣama)

Etymology 2

From क्षम् (kṣám, “earth, ground”), but the suffix is unclear, possibly instrumental singular.

Adverb

क्षमा • (kṣamā́)

1. on the earth, on the floor

Etymology 3

From क्षम् (kṣám, “earth, ground”) +‎ -आ (-ā).

Noun

क्षमा • (kṣamā) stem, f

1. earth

Declension

Feminine ā-stem declension of क्षमा (kṣamā)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	क्षमा kṣamā	क्षमे kṣame	क्षमाः kṣamāḥ
Vocative	क्षमे kṣame	क्षमे kṣame	क्षमाः kṣamāḥ
Accusative	क्षमाम् kṣamām	क्षमे kṣame	क्षमाः kṣamāḥ
Instrumental	क्षमया / क्षमा¹ kṣamayā / kṣamā¹	क्षमाभ्याम् kṣamābhyām	क्षमाभिः kṣamābhiḥ
Dative	क्षमायै kṣamāyai	क्षमाभ्याम् kṣamābhyām	क्षमाभ्यः kṣamābhyaḥ
Ablative	क्षमायाः / क्षमायै² kṣamāyāḥ / kṣamāyai²	क्षमाभ्याम् kṣamābhyām	क्षमाभ्यः kṣamābhyaḥ
Genitive	क्षमायाः / क्षमायै² kṣamāyāḥ / kṣamāyai²	क्षमयोः kṣamayoḥ	क्षमाणाम् kṣamāṇām
Locative	क्षमायाम् kṣamāyām	क्षमयोः kṣamayoḥ	क्षमासु kṣamāsu
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Descendants

• Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀔𑀫𑀸 (khamā)
• Old Marathi: क्षमा (kṣamā) / क्षेमा (kṣemā)
  • → Marathi: क्षमा (kṣamā)
• Pali: khamā
• → Telugu: క్షమ (kṣama)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “क्षमा”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 326.