लवण

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit लवण (lavaṇa). Doublet of लोन (lon).

Pronunciation

(Delhi) IPA^(key): /lə.ʋəɳ/, [lɐ.ʋɐ̃ɳ]

Noun

लवण • (lavaṇ) m (formal)

salt
Synonyms: नमक (namak), लोन (lon)

Declension

Declension of लवण (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	लवण lavaṇ	लवण lavaṇ
oblique	लवण lavaṇ	लवणों lavaṇõ
vocative	लवण lavaṇ	लवणो lavaṇo

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

লৱণ (Assamese script)
ᬮᬯᬡ (Balinese script)
লবণ (Bengali script)
𑰩𑰪𑰜 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀮𑀯𑀡 (Brahmi script)
လဝဏ (Burmese script)
લવણ (Gujarati script)
ਲਵਣ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌲𑌵𑌣 (Grantha script)
ꦭꦮꦟ (Javanese script)
𑂪𑂫𑂝 (Kaithi script)
ಲವಣ (Kannada script)
លវណ (Khmer script)
ລວຓ (Lao script)
ലവണ (Malayalam script)
ᠯᠠᠸᠠᢏᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘩𑘪𑘜 (Modi script)
ᠯᠠᠸᠠᢏᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑧉𑧊𑦼 (Nandinagari script)
𑐮𑐰𑐞 (Newa script)
ଲଵଣ (Odia script)
ꢭꢮꢠ (Saurashtra script)
𑆬𑆮𑆟 (Sharada script)
𑖩𑖪𑖜 (Siddham script)
ලවණ (Sinhalese script)
𑩽𑩾𑩪 (Soyombo script)
𑚥𑚦𑚘 (Takri script)
லவண (Tamil script)
లవణ (Telugu script)
ลวณ (Thai script)
ལ་ཝ་ཎ (Tibetan script)
𑒪𑒫𑒝 (Tirhuta script)
𑨬𑨭𑨘 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Uncertain. The meanings of both "salt" and "beauty" are also found in other languages; Lithuanian saldus (“sweet, charming”) is derived from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂ls (“salt”).^[1] Buck compares लवङ्ग (lavaṅga, “clove”), originally "something cutting, sharp," from the root लू (lū, “to cut”), but this is dismissed as "forced" by Cai. Palsule compares रमण (ramaṇa, “pleasing, charming”), but Mayrhofer finds this unconvincing.^[2]

Kreidl (2024) suggests a connection with Prasuni uẓnug, deriving it from Proto-Indo-Iranian *rawanám.

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /lɐ.ʋɐ.ɳɐ́/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /l̪ɐ.ʋɐ.ɳɐ/

Noun

लवण • (lavaṇa) stem, n

salt (e.g. sea salt, rock salt, etc.)
- c. 400 BCE – 200 CE, Cāṇakya, Arthaśāstra 2.12.34:
  अतोअन्यो लवण-क्षार-वर्गः शुल्कं दद्यात् ॥
  atoanyo lavaṇa-kṣāra-vargaḥ śulkaṃ dadyāt.
  Translation by R. Shamasastry
  Salt and alkalines for purposes other than this shall be subject to the payment of toll.
beauty, lustre

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of लवण
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	लवणम् (lavaṇam)	लवणे (lavaṇe)	लवणानि (lavaṇāni) लवणा¹ (lavaṇā¹)
vocative	लवण (lavaṇa)	लवणे (lavaṇe)	लवणानि (lavaṇāni) लवणा¹ (lavaṇā¹)
accusative	लवणम् (lavaṇam)	लवणे (lavaṇe)	लवणानि (lavaṇāni) लवणा¹ (lavaṇā¹)
instrumental	लवणेन (lavaṇena)	लवणाभ्याम् (lavaṇābhyām)	लवणैः (lavaṇaiḥ) लवणेभिः¹ (lavaṇebhiḥ¹)
dative	लवणाय (lavaṇāya)	लवणाभ्याम् (lavaṇābhyām)	लवणेभ्यः (lavaṇebhyaḥ)
ablative	लवणात् (lavaṇāt)	लवणाभ्याम् (lavaṇābhyām)	लवणेभ्यः (lavaṇebhyaḥ)
genitive	लवणस्य (lavaṇasya)	लवणयोः (lavaṇayoḥ)	लवणानाम् (lavaṇānām)
locative	लवणे (lavaṇe)	लवणयोः (lavaṇayoḥ)	लवणेषु (lavaṇeṣu)

¹Vedic

Noun

लवण • (lavaṇa) stem, m

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of लवण
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	लवणः (lavaṇaḥ)	लवणौ (lavaṇau) लवणा¹ (lavaṇā¹)	लवणाः (lavaṇāḥ) लवणासः¹ (lavaṇāsaḥ¹)
vocative	लवण (lavaṇa)	लवणौ (lavaṇau) लवणा¹ (lavaṇā¹)	लवणाः (lavaṇāḥ) लवणासः¹ (lavaṇāsaḥ¹)
accusative	लवणम् (lavaṇam)	लवणौ (lavaṇau) लवणा¹ (lavaṇā¹)	लवणान् (lavaṇān)
instrumental	लवणेन (lavaṇena)	लवणाभ्याम् (lavaṇābhyām)	लवणैः (lavaṇaiḥ) लवणेभिः¹ (lavaṇebhiḥ¹)
dative	लवणाय (lavaṇāya)	लवणाभ्याम् (lavaṇābhyām)	लवणेभ्यः (lavaṇebhyaḥ)
ablative	लवणात् (lavaṇāt)	लवणाभ्याम् (lavaṇābhyām)	लवणेभ्यः (lavaṇebhyaḥ)
genitive	लवणस्य (lavaṇasya)	लवणयोः (lavaṇayoḥ)	लवणानाम् (lavaṇānām)
locative	लवणे (lavaṇe)	लवणयोः (lavaṇayoḥ)	लवणेषु (lavaṇeṣu)

¹Vedic

Adjective

लवण • (lavaṇa) stem

salty, saline

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of लवण
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	लवणः (lavaṇaḥ)	लवणौ (lavaṇau) लवणा¹ (lavaṇā¹)	लवणाः (lavaṇāḥ) लवणासः¹ (lavaṇāsaḥ¹)
vocative	लवण (lavaṇa)	लवणौ (lavaṇau) लवणा¹ (lavaṇā¹)	लवणाः (lavaṇāḥ) लवणासः¹ (lavaṇāsaḥ¹)
accusative	लवणम् (lavaṇam)	लवणौ (lavaṇau) लवणा¹ (lavaṇā¹)	लवणान् (lavaṇān)
instrumental	लवणेन (lavaṇena)	लवणाभ्याम् (lavaṇābhyām)	लवणैः (lavaṇaiḥ) लवणेभिः¹ (lavaṇebhiḥ¹)
dative	लवणाय (lavaṇāya)	लवणाभ्याम् (lavaṇābhyām)	लवणेभ्यः (lavaṇebhyaḥ)
ablative	लवणात् (lavaṇāt)	लवणाभ्याम् (lavaṇābhyām)	लवणेभ्यः (lavaṇebhyaḥ)
genitive	लवणस्य (lavaṇasya)	लवणयोः (lavaṇayoḥ)	लवणानाम् (lavaṇānām)
locative	लवणे (lavaṇe)	लवणयोः (lavaṇayoḥ)	लवणेषु (lavaṇeṣu)

¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of लवणा
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	लवणा (lavaṇā)	लवणे (lavaṇe)	लवणाः (lavaṇāḥ)
vocative	लवणे (lavaṇe)	लवणे (lavaṇe)	लवणाः (lavaṇāḥ)
accusative	लवणाम् (lavaṇām)	लवणे (lavaṇe)	लवणाः (lavaṇāḥ)
instrumental	लवणया (lavaṇayā) लवणा¹ (lavaṇā¹)	लवणाभ्याम् (lavaṇābhyām)	लवणाभिः (lavaṇābhiḥ)
dative	लवणायै (lavaṇāyai)	लवणाभ्याम् (lavaṇābhyām)	लवणाभ्यः (lavaṇābhyaḥ)
ablative	लवणायाः (lavaṇāyāḥ) लवणायै² (lavaṇāyai²)	लवणाभ्याम् (lavaṇābhyām)	लवणाभ्यः (lavaṇābhyaḥ)
genitive	लवणायाः (lavaṇāyāḥ) लवणायै² (lavaṇāyai²)	लवणयोः (lavaṇayoḥ)	लवणानाम् (lavaṇānām)
locative	लवणायाम् (lavaṇāyām)	लवणयोः (lavaṇayoḥ)	लवणासु (lavaṇāsu)

¹Vedic
²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of लवण
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	लवणम् (lavaṇam)	लवणे (lavaṇe)	लवणानि (lavaṇāni) लवणा¹ (lavaṇā¹)
vocative	लवण (lavaṇa)	लवणे (lavaṇe)	लवणानि (lavaṇāni) लवणा¹ (lavaṇā¹)
accusative	लवणम् (lavaṇam)	लवणे (lavaṇe)	लवणानि (lavaṇāni) लवणा¹ (lavaṇā¹)
instrumental	लवणेन (lavaṇena)	लवणाभ्याम् (lavaṇābhyām)	लवणैः (lavaṇaiḥ) लवणेभिः¹ (lavaṇebhiḥ¹)
dative	लवणाय (lavaṇāya)	लवणाभ्याम् (lavaṇābhyām)	लवणेभ्यः (lavaṇebhyaḥ)
ablative	लवणात् (lavaṇāt)	लवणाभ्याम् (lavaṇābhyām)	लवणेभ्यः (lavaṇebhyaḥ)
genitive	लवणस्य (lavaṇasya)	लवणयोः (lavaṇayoḥ)	लवणानाम् (lavaṇānām)
locative	लवणे (lavaṇe)	लवणयोः (lavaṇayoḥ)	लवणेषु (lavaṇeṣu)

¹Vedic

Descendants

Assamese: লোণ (lün)
Bengali: লোন (lōn), লুন (lun), নুন (nun)
Kalasha: ḷọ̃
Magahi: 𑂢𑂴𑂢 (nūn)
Odia: ଲୁଣ (luṇa)
Pali: loṇa
Phalura: lhoóṇ
Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਲੂਣ (lūṇ)

Shahmukhi script: لُوݨ (lūṇ)
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀮𑁄𑀡 (loṇa)
- Hindustani:
  Hindi: लोन (lon), लून (lūn), नोन (non), नून (nūn)
  Urdu: لون (lon), لُون (lūn), نون (non), نُوں (nū̃)
- Old Gujarati: लूण (lūṇa)
  - Gujarati: લૂણ (lūṇ)
- Punjabi:
  Gurmukhi script: ਲੂਣ (lūṇ), ਨੂਣ (nūṇ)
  Shahmukhi script: لُوݨ (lūṇ), نُوݨ (nūṇ)
- Romani: lon
Sinhalese: ලුණු (luṇu)
Torwali: لن
→ Bengali: লবণ (lobon) (learned)
→ Hindi: लवण (lavaṇ) (learned)
→ Tamil: லவணம் (lavaṇam) (learned)
→ Telugu: లవణము (lavaṇamu) (learned)

References

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “lavaṇá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 637
Monier Williams (1899) “लवण”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 898.

^ The British Journal of Psychology. (1905). United Kingdom: University Press, p. 119
^ Chinese Aesthetics: The Ordering of Literature, the Arts, and the Universe in the Six Dynasties. (2004). United States: University of Hawai'i Press, p. 118

[1] The British Journal of Psychology. (1905). United Kingdom: University Press, p. 119

[2] Chinese Aesthetics: The Ordering of Literature, the Arts, and the Universe in the Six Dynasties. (2004). United States: University of Hawai'i Press, p. 118

[1]

[2]