Appendix:Vietnamese Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Vietnamese, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Vietnamese
tiếng Việt
1 I tôi (see Vietnamese pronouns)
2 you (singular) (see Vietnamese pronouns)
3 he, she, it anh ấy, ông ấy * (see Vietnamese pronouns)
4 we mình (inclusive), chúng ta (inclusive), chúng tôi (exclusive) (see Vietnamese pronouns)
5 you (plural) các bạn, bây (informal) (see Vietnamese pronouns)
6 they họ (see Vietnamese pronouns)
7 this này, đây
8 that đó
9 here đây
10 there ở đó, đấy
11 who ai (interrogative)
12 what gì, cái gì (interrogative)
13 where ở đâu (no movement, interrogative)
14 when khi nào (interrogative)
15 how sao (interrogative)
16 not không, chẳng, chả
17 all tất cả, mọi, hết
18 many nhiều, lắm
19 some mấy, vài
20 few ít
21 other khác
22 one một
23 two hai
24 three ba
25 four bốn
26 five năm
27 big lớn, to, bự
28 long dài
29 wide rộng
30 thick dày
31 heavy nặng
32 small nhỏ, bé
33 short ngắn
34 narrow chật, hẹp
35 thin mỏng
36 woman đàn bà, phụ nữ
37 man (adult male) đàn ông, trai
38 man (human being) người
39 child con
40 wife vợ
41 husband chồng
42 mother mẹ, má, u, mạ, mệ
43 father cha, bố, ba, tía, thầy
44 animal muông, thú
45 fish cá
46 bird chim
47 dog chó
48 louse rận, chấy
49 snake rắn
50 worm giun, trùn
51 tree cây
52 forest rừng
53 stick gậy, cây
54 fruit quả, trái
55 seed hạt
56 leaf lá
57 root rễ
58 bark (of a tree) vỏ
59 flower hoa, bông
60 grass cỏ
61 rope dây
62 skin da
63 meat thịt
64 blood máu
65 bone xương
66 fat (noun) mỡ
67 egg trứng
68 horn sừng
69 tail đuôi
70 feather lông vũ
71 hair lông, tóc
72 head đầu
73 ear tai
74 eye mắt
75 nose mũi
76 mouth miệng, mồm
77 tooth răng
78 tongue (organ) lưỡi
79 fingernail móng
80 foot bàn chân
81 leg chân, giò, cẳng
82 knee đầu gối, gối
83 hand bàn tay
84 wing cánh
85 belly bụng
86 guts lòng, ruột
87 neck cổ
88 back lưng
89 breast vú, ngực
90 heart tim
91 liver gan
92 to drink uống
93 to eat ăn
94 to bite cắn
95 to suck mút, hút (straw), bú (breast)
96 to spit nhổ
97 to vomit nôn, mửa, ói
98 to blow thổi
99 to breathe hô hấp, thở
100 to laugh cười
101 to see thấy, nhìn (look), trông
102 to hear nghe
103 to know biết
104 to think nghĩ
105 to smell ngửi
106 to fear sợ
107 to sleep ngủ
108 to live sống
109 to die chết
110 to kill giết
111 to fight đánh, chiến đấu
112 to hunt săn
113 to hit đánh
114 to cut cắt
115 to split chẻ
116 to stab đâm
117 to scratch gãi, cạo, cào
118 to dig đào
119 to swim bơi
120 to fly bay
121 to walk đi
122 to come đến
123 to lie (as in a bed) nằm (action)
124 to sit ngồi (action)
125 to stand đứng (action)
126 to turn (intransitive) quay, xoay
127 to fall ngã, té, rớt, rơi
128 to give cho, tặng
129 to hold cầm, nắm
130 to squeeze vắt, siết
131 to rub cọ, cà, chà, cạ
132 to wash giặt, rửa
133 to wipe lau, chùi
134 to pull kéo
135 to push đẩy
136 to throw ném, chọi, quăng, quẳng
137 to tie trói, buộc, bó
138 to sew khâu, may
139 to count đếm
140 to say nói
141 to sing hát
142 to play chơi
143 to float nổi
144 to flow chảy
145 to freeze đông lại, đóng băng
146 to swell sưng lên
147 sun mặt trời
148 moon trăng, mặt trăng
149 star sao
150 water nước
151 rain mưa
152 river sông
153 lake hồ
154 sea biển
155 salt muối
156 stone đá
157 sand cát
158 dust bụi
159 earth đất
160 cloud mây
161 fog sương mù
162 sky trời
163 wind gió
164 snow tuyết
165 ice nước đá, băng
166 smoke khói
167 fire lửa
168 ash tro
169 to burn đốt
170 road đường
171 mountain núi
172 red đỏ
173 green xanh
174 yellow vàng
175 white trắng
176 black đen
177 night đêm
178 day ngày, hôm, bữa
179 year năm
180 warm ấm
181 cold lạnh
182 full đầy
183 new mới
184 old cổ, cũ (object), già (living being)
185 good tốt, ngon, hay (act), giỏi (work)
186 bad xấu, tồi, dở, kém
187 rotten thối, ung, mục, mủn, ruỗng
188 dirty bẩn, dơ
189 straight thẳng
190 round tròn
191 sharp (as a knife) sắc, bén
192 dull (as a knife) mòn, cùn, cùi
193 smooth mịn, trơn, nhẵn
194 wet ướt
195 dry khô
196 correct đúng
197 near gần
198 far xa
199 right phải
200 left trái
201 at ở
202 in trong
203 with với
204 and và, với
205 if nếu
206 because vì, bởi vì, do, tại
207 name tên

* masculine forms only

Bibliography

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  • Le vietnamien de poche, Assimil, Chennevières-sur-Marne 2004 - →ISBN
  • Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - →ISBN

Further reading

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English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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