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Appendix:Mandarin Swadesh lists

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See Appendix:Sino-Tibetan Swadesh lists

This is a Swadesh list of words in Mandarin, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

[edit]
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]

The Standard list includes Pinyin and IPA transcription, the Sichuanese list uses Sichuanese Pinyin, and the Nanjingnese list uses Langjin Pinin

EnglishMandarin
普通話 / 普通话 (pǔtōnghuà)
edit (207)
Mandarin
四川話 / 四川话 (Sìchuānhuà)
edit (207)
Mandarin
南京話 / 南京话 (Nánjīnghuà)
edit (207)
1I (1sg) () (ngo3) (o3)
2you (2sg) ()*, (nín)* (nyi3) (li3)
3he, she, it (3sg) (), (), () (ta1) (ta1)
4we (1pl)我們 / 我们 (wǒmen)我們 / 我们 (ngo3 men2-1)我們 / 我们 (o3 men2)
5you (2pl)你們 / 你们 (nǐmen)*, (nín)*你們 / 你们 (nyi3 men2-1)你們 / 你们 (li3 men2)
6they (3pl)他們 / 他们 (tāmen)他們 / 他们 (ta1 men2-1)他們 / 他们 (ta1 men2)
7this / (zhè, zhèi), 這個 / 这个 (zhège, zhèige)這個 / 这个 (ze4 go4)這個 / 这个 (zhe4 go4)
8that (nà, nèi), 那個 / 那个 (nàge, nèige)那個 / 那个 (na4 go4)那個 / 那个 (la4 go4)
9here這裡 / 这里 (zhèli), 這兒 / 这儿 (zhèr)*這點兒 / 这点儿 (ze4 dianr3)這塊 / 这块 (zhe4 kuä4)
10there那裡 / 那里 (nàli), 那兒 / 那儿 (nàr)那點兒 / 那点儿 (na4 dianr3)那塊 / 那块 (la4 kuä4)
11who / (shéi, shúi)誰個 / 谁个 (sui2 go4)哪個 / 哪个 (la3 go4)
12what什麼 / 什么 (shénme), 哪個 / 哪个 (nǎge)*啥子 (sa4 zi3)什麼 / 什么 (shen2 mo3)
13where哪裡 / 哪里 (nǎli), 哪兒 / 哪儿 (nǎr)*那跟前 (na3 gen1 qian2), 哪下兒 / 哪下儿 (na3 har2)哪裏 / 哪里 (la3 li3), 哪塊 / 哪块 (la3 kuä4)
14when什麼時候 / 什么时候 (shénmē shíhòu)哪陣 / 哪阵 (na3 zen4)多咱 (do1 zang3), 什麼時候 / 什么时候 (shen2 mo3 shr2 hou4), 幾時 / 几时 (ji1 shr2)
15how如何 (rúhé)*, 怎麼 / 怎么 (zěnme)*, 怎樣 / 怎样 (zěnyàng)*啷個 / 啷个 (nang3 go4)怎麼 / 怎么 (zen3 mo3)
16not ()*,  / (bié)*,  / (méi)* (bu2) (bu5)
17all全部 (quánbù)*, (zhěng)*, 所有 (suǒyǒu)*, (dōu)*, 一共 (yīgòng)*全部 (quan2 bu4)全部 (cüän2 bu4)
18many (duō) (do1) (do1)
19some一些 (yīxiē), 幾個 / 几个 (jǐge) (xi1)幾個 / 几个 (ji1 go4)
20few (shǎo) (sao4) (shao3)
21other其他 (qítā), 別的 / 别的 (biéde)[[#Mandarin|]]旁的 (pang2 di5), 別的 / 别的 (bie5 di5)
22one () (yi2) (i5)
23two (èr)*,  / (liǎng)* (er4),  / (niang3) (er4)
24three (sān) (san1) (sang1)
25four () (si4) (sy4)
26five () (wu3) (u3)
27big () (da4) (da4)
28long / (cháng) / (cang2) / (chang2)
29wide / (kuān) / (kuan1) / (kuang1)
30thick (hòu) (hou4) (hou4)
31heavy (zhòng) (zong4) (zhong4)
32small (xiǎo) (xiao3) (siao3)
33short (duǎn) (duan3) (duang3)
34narrow (zhǎi) (ze2) (zä5)
35thin (báo) (bo2) (bo5), 𣻏 (xao1)
36woman女人 (nǚrén)女的 (nyü3 ni1), 女人 (nyü3 ren2), 女人家 (nyü3 ren2 jia1)女的 (lü3 di5), 女人 (lü3 ren2)
37man (adult male)男人 (nánrén)男的 (nan2 ni1), 男人 (nan2 ren2), 男人家 (nan2 ren2 jia1)男的 (lang2 di5), 男人 (lang2 ren2)
38man (human being) (rén) (ren2) (ren2)
39child孩子 (háizi), 兒童 / 儿童 (értóng), 小孩 (xiǎohái)小娃兒 / 小娃儿 (xiao3 wa2 er2-1)小娃兒 / 小娃儿 (siao3 ua1 er2)
40wife妻子 (qīzi), 老婆 (lǎopó)*女的 (nyü3 ni1), 女人 (nyü3 ren2), 婆娘 (po2 nyiang1)家裏 / 家里 (ja1 li3), 老婆 (lao3 po2), 內人 / 内人 (luei4 ren2)
41husband丈夫 (zhàngfu), 老公 (lǎogōng)*男的 (nan2 ni1), 男人 (nan2 ren2)當家的 / 当家的 (dang1 ja1 di5), 男人 (lang2 ren2), 丈夫 (zhang4 fu1)
42mother母親 / 母亲 (mǔqīn), 媽媽 / 妈妈 (māma)*媽媽 / 妈妈 (ma1 ma1),  / (ma1) / (ma1)
43father父親 / 父亲 (fùqīn)*, 爸爸 (bàba)*爸爸 (ba2 ba2-1), 老漢兒 / 老汉儿 (nao3 hanr2) (die1)
44animal動物 / 动物 (dòngwù)動物 / 动物 (dong4 wu2)動物 / 动物 (dong4 u5)
45fish / () / (yu2), 擺尾子 / 摆尾子 (bai3 wei3 zi3-2) / (ü2)
46bird / (niǎo)雀雀 (qüo2 qüo2-1) / (liao3)
47dog (gǒu) (gou3) (gou3)
48louse (shī)蝨子 / 虱子 (se2 zi3)蝨子 / 虱子 (sä5 zy3)
49snake (shé) (se2)蛇兒 / 蛇儿 (she2 er2)
50worm / (chóng)*, 蠕蟲 / 蠕虫 (rúchóng)*, 蚯蚓 (qiūyǐn)* / (cong2) / (chong2)
51tree / (shù)樹子 / 树子 (su4 zi3) / (shu4)
52forest森林 (sēnlín)樹林子 / 树林子 (su4 nin2 zi3)樹林子 / 树林子 (shu4 lin2 zy3)
53stick樹枝 / 树枝 (shùzhī)*, 枝條 / 枝条 (zhītiáo)*, 枝子 (zhīzi)*樹枝枝 / 树枝枝 (su4 zi1 zi1)樹枝 / 树枝 (shu4 zhr1)
54fruit水果 (shǔiguǒ)水果 (sui3 go3)水果 (shuei3 go3)
55seed種子 / 种子 (zhǒngzi)[[#Mandarin|]]種子 / 种子 (zhong3 zy3)
56leaf / (), 葉子 / 叶子 (yèzi)樹子葉葉 / 树子叶叶 (su4 zi3 ye2 ye2-1)樹葉兒 / 树叶儿 (shu4 ie5 er2)
57root (gēn)根根 (gen1 gen1)樹根 / 树根 (shu4 gen1)
58bark (of a tree)樹皮 / 树皮 (shùpí)樹皮 / 树皮 (su4 pi2)樹皮 / 树皮 (shu4 pi2)
59flower (huā)花花兒 / 花花儿 (hua1 huar1) (hua1)
60grass (cǎo) (cao3) (cao3)
61rope / (shéng), 繩子 / 绳子 (shéngzi)索索 (so2 so2)繩子 / 绳子 (shen2 zy3)
62skin (), 皮膚 / 皮肤 (pífū)皮皮 (pi2 pi2-1)皮膚 / 皮肤 (pi2 fu1)
63meat (ròu) (rou4) (rou4)
64blood (xiě, xuè, xuě), 血液 (xiěyè, xuèyè, xuěyè) (xue2) (xüe5)
65bone (), 骨頭 / 骨头 (gǔtóu)骨頭 / 骨头 (gu2 tou2-1)骨頭 / 骨头 (gu5 tou2)
66fat (noun)脂肪 (zhīfáng)[[#Mandarin|]]脂肪 (zhr1 fang1)
67egg (dàn), 鷄蛋 / 鸡蛋 (jīdàn)* (dan4) (dang4)
68horn (jiǎo) (juo2) (go5)
69tail (wěi), 尾巴 (wěibā)尾巴兒 / 尾巴儿 (wei3 bar1)尾巴 (uei3 ba1)
70feather羽毛 (yǔmáo)[[#Mandarin|]]羽毛 (ü3 mao2)
71hair頭髮 / 头发 (tóufa)頭髮 / 头发 (tou2 fa2-1)頭髮 / 头发 (tou2 fa5)
72head / (tóu)腦殼 / 脑壳 (nao3 ko2)頭兒 / 头儿 (tou2 er2)
73ear耳朵 (ěrduo)耳朵 (er3 do1)耳朵 (er3 do3)
74eye眼睛 (yǎnjing)眼睛 (yan3 jin1)眼睛 (iän3 zin1)
75nose (), 鼻子 (bízi)鼻子 (bi2 zi3)鼻子 (bi5 zy3)
76mouth (zuǐ), 嘴巴 (zuǐba)嘴巴 (zui3 ba1) (zuei3)
77tooth牙齒 / 牙齿 (yáchǐ)牙齒 / 牙齿 (ya2 ci3-1) (ia2)
78tongue (organ) (shé), 舌頭 / 舌头 (shétou)舌頭兒 / 舌头儿 (se2 tour2-1)舌頭 / 舌头 (shä5 tou2)
79fingernail指甲 (zhǐjia)指甲兒 / 指甲儿 (zi3 jiar2)指甲 (zhr3 ja5)
80foot / (jiǎo) / (juo2) / (jo5)
81leg (tuǐ) (tui3) (tuei3)
82knee (), 膝蓋 / 膝盖 (xīgài)磕膝頭兒 / 磕膝头儿 (ke2 xi2-1 tour2), 膝蓋 / 膝盖 (xi2 gai4)磕膝頭 / 磕膝头 (ko5 ci5 tou2)
83hand (shǒu) (sou3) (shou3)
84wing ()*, 翅膀 (chìbǎng)翅膀兒 / 翅膀儿 (zi4 bangr3)翅膀 (chr4 bang3)
85belly肚子 (dùzi)肚皮 (du4 pi2), 肚子 (du4 zi3-2)肚子 (du3 zy3)
86guts腸子 / 肠子 (chángzi)[[#Mandarin|]]腸子 / 肠子 (chang2 zy3)
87neck脖子 (bózi)頸仔 / 颈仔 (jin3 zi3-2), 頸項 / 颈项 (jin3 hang4-2)頸子 / 颈子 (jin3 zy3)
88back (bèi) (bei4)脊背 (zi5 bei4)
89breast (xiōng)*, 胸部 (xiōngbù)*, 胸膛 (xiōngtáng)*, 乳房 (rǔfáng)*胸脯 (xiong1 pu3)胸脯 (xong1 pu2)*, 奶兒 / 奶儿 (lä3 er2)*
90heart心臟 / 心脏 (xīnzàng) (xin1) (sin1)
91liver (gān)*, 肝臟 / 肝脏 (gānzàng) (gan1) (gang1)
92to drink () (ho1) (chr5), (ho5)
93to eat (chī) (ci2) (chr5)
94to bite (yǎo) (ngao3) (iao3)
95to suck ()*, (chuò)*, 吮吸 (shǔnxī)*[[#Mandarin|]] (xi5), (sho5)
96to spit ()*, 吐口水 (tǔ kǒushuǐ)*, 吐痰 (tǔtán)* (tu3) (tu3)
97to vomit / (ǒu)*, ()*, 嘔吐 / 呕吐 (ǒutù)* (tu3) (tu4)
98to blow (chuī) (cui1) (chuei1)
99to breathe呼吸 (hūxī)呼吸 (fu1 xi1)呼吸 (hu1 xi5)
100to laugh (xiào) (xiao4) (siao4)
101to see (kàn) (kan4) (kang4)
102to hear (tīng) / (tin1) / (tin1)
103to know知道 (zhīdào), 曉得 / 晓得 (xiǎode), 認識 / 认识 (rènshi)*知道 (zi1 dao4), 曉得 / 晓得 (xiao3 de2)曉得 / 晓得 (xao3 dä5), 知道 (zhr1 dao4)
104to think (xiǎng) (xiang3) (siang3)
105to smell (xiù),  / (wén) / (wen2) / (uen2)
106to fear () (pa4)嚇怕 / 吓怕 (hä5 pa4)
107to sleep (shuì), 睡覺 / 睡觉 (shuìjiào)睡瞌睡 (sui4 ko2 sui4) (shuei4)
108to live (huó) (ho2) (ho5)
109to die () (si3) (sy3)
110to kill / (shā) / (sa2) / (sha5)
111to fight吵架 (chǎojià)*, 打架 (dǎjià)*, 打仗 (dǎzhàng)*吵架 (cao3 jia4), 角逆 (go2 nyie2)打架 (da3 ja4)
112to hunt打獵 / 打猎 (dǎliè)[[#Mandarin|]]打獵 / 打猎 (da3 lie4)
113to hit () (da3) (zou4)
114to cut ()*, (qiē)*, (jiǎn)*[[#Mandarin|]] (cie5)
115to split劈開 / 劈开 (pīkāi)*, 裂開 / 裂开 (lièkāi)*, 分開 / 分开 (fēnkāi)*[[#Mandarin|]]劈開 / 劈开 (pi5 kä1)
116to stab ()[[#Mandarin|]] (cho5)
117to scratch (sāo), (zhuā) / (kou1) (gua5)
118to dig (), (jué) (wa1) (ua5)
119to swim游泳 (yóuyǒng)游泳 (you2 yun4)划水 (hua2 shuei3), 游泳 (iou2 iong4)
120to fly / (fēi) / (fei1) / (fei1)
121to walk (zǒu)*, 走路 (zǒulù)*, 步行 (bùxíng)* (zou3) (zou3)
122to come / (lái) / (nai2) / (lä2)
123to lie (as in a bed) (tǎng) (tang3) (tang3), (shuei4)
124to sit (zuò) (zo4) (zo4)
125to stand (zhàn) (zan4) (zhang4)
126to turn (intransitive) / (zhuǎn)* (guai3) / (zhuang4)
127to fall落下 (luòxià)*, 掉下 (diàoxià)* (diao4) (lo5), (diao4)
128to give / (gěi) / (ge1) / (gi3)
129to hold (), () (na2) (la2)
130to squeeze / () / (ji1) / (zi3)
131to rub (róu)* (rua2) (rou2)
132to wash () (xi3) (si3)
133to wipe () (ca2), (kai1) (ma5), (ca5), (kä1)
134to pull () (ce3) (la1)
135to push (tuī) / (song3) (tuei1)
136to throw (rēng),  / (diū) (suai3) (diao4)
137to tie / (bǎng) / (bang1), (kun3), (suan1) / (bang3)
138to sew / (féng) / (fong4) / (fen2)
139to count / (shǔ),  / (diǎn) / (su3) / (su3)
140to say / (shuō),  / (jiǎng) / (so2) / (sho5),  / (jang3)
141to sing (chàng) (cang4) (chang4)
142to play (wán) (sua3) (uang2)
143to float () (fu2) (fu2)
144to flow (liú) (niu2) (liou2)
145to freeze結冰 / 结冰 (jiébīng), 凍結 / 冻结 (dòngjié)結冰 / 结冰 (jie2 bin1)上凍 / 上冻 (shang4 dong4), 結冰 / 结冰 (je5 bin1), 凍冰 / 冻冰 (dong4 bin1)
146to swell膨脹 / 膨胀 (péngzhàng)[[#Mandarin|]] / (zhang4)
147sun太陽 / 太阳 (tàiyang)太陽 / 太阳 (tai4 yang2)太陽 / 太阳 (tä4 iang2)
148moon月亮 (yuèliang)月亮 (yue2 niang4)月亮 (üe5 liang4)
149star (xīng), 恆星 / 恒星 (héngxīng)*星宿兒 / 星宿儿 (xin1 xiur4), 星星兒 / 星星儿 (xin1 xinr1)星星 (sin1 sin1)
150water (shuǐ) (sui3) (shuei3)
151rain () (yu3) (ü4)
152river () (ho2) (ho2)
153lake () (fu2) (hu2)
154sea (hǎi) (hai3) (hä3)
155salt / (yán)鹽巴 / 盐巴 (yan2 ba1) / (iän2)
156stone (shí)*, 石頭 / 石头 (shítou)石頭 / 石头 (si2 tou2-1)石頭 / 石头 (shr5 tou2)
157sand (shā)河沙 (ho2 sa1)沙子 (sha1 zy3)
158dust塵土 / 尘土 (chéntǔ) (hui1) (huei1)
159earth土壤 (tǔyǎng) (tu3) (tu3)
160cloud / (yún) / (yun2) / (üin2)
161fog / () / (wu4) / (u4)
162sky (tiān) (tian1) (tiän1)
163wind / (fēng) / (fong1) / (fen4)
164snow (xuě) (xue2) (süe5)
165ice (bīng) (bin1) (bin1)
166smoke / (yān)煙煙 / 烟烟 (yan1 yan1) / (iän1)
167fire (huǒ) (ho3) (ho3)
168ash (huī)*, 灰燼 / 灰烬 (huījìn) (hui1) (huei1)
169to burn / (shāo) / (sao1) / (shao1)
170road () (nu4) (lu4)
171mountain (shān) (san1) (shang1)
172red / (hóng) / (hong2) / (hong2)
173green / 绿 () / 绿 (nu2) / 绿 (lu5)
174yellow / (huáng) / (huang2) / (huang2)
175white (bái) (be2) (bä5)
176black (hēi) (he2) (hä5)
177night夜晚 (yèwǎn)擦黑 (ca2 he2), 晚上 (wan3 sang4)晚上 (uang3 shang4)
178day白天 (báitiān)白天 (be2 tian1)白天 (bä5 tiän1)
179year (nián) (nyian2) (liän2)
180warm溫暖 / 温暖 (wēnnuǎn)[[#Mandarin|]]暖和 (luang3 ho2)
181cold (lěng) (nen3) (len3)
182full滿 / (mǎn)滿 / (man3)滿 / (mang3)
183new (xīn) (xin1) (sin1)
184old (lǎo)*,  / (jiù)* (nao3)*,  / (jiu4)* (lao3)*,  / (jou4)*
185good (hǎo) (hao3) (hao3)
186bad / (huài) / (huai4), (pie4) / (huä4),  / (lä4), (lao1)
187rotten / (làn)[[#Mandarin|]] / (lang4)
188dirty / (zāng) / (zang1), 齷齪 / 龌龊 (o2 co1) / (zang1)
189straight (zhí) (ni2) (zhr5)
190round / (yuán) / (yuan2) / (üän2)
191sharp (as a knife) (jiān)*, ()*, 鋒利 / 锋利 (fēnglì), 銳利 / 锐利 (ruìlì) (jian1) (kuä4)
192dull (as a knife) / (dùn) / (den4) / (duen4)
193smooth光滑 (guānghuá)[[#Mandarin|]] (hua5)
194wet / 湿 (shī) / 湿 (si2) (chao2)
195dry / (gān) / (gan1) / (gang1)
196correct / (duì)*, 正確 / 正确 (zhèngquè)* / (dui4) / (duei4)
197near (jìn) (jin4) (jin4)
198far / (yuǎn) / (yuan3) / (üän3)
199right (yòu) (you4) (iou4)
200left (zuǒ) (zo3) (zo3)
201at (zài) (zai4) (zä4)
202in……  / …… (zài… lǐ) (zai4) (zä4)
203with (gēn) (ho2) (gao4), (gen1)
204and () (ho2) (gao4), (gen1)
205if如果 (rúguǒ)假比 (jia3 bi3)假如 (ja3 ru2)
206because因爲 / 因为 (yīnwèi)因為 / 因为 (yin1 wei4)因爲 / 因为 (in1 uei2)
207name (míng)*, 名字 (míngzi)* (min2)名字 (min2 zy4)

See also

[edit]
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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