Appendix:Hebrew Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Hebrew, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Hebrew edit (8) | Hebrew edit (207) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | אֲנִי (ʾănî), אָנֹכִי (ʾānōḵî) | אני (aní) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | אַתָּה (ʾattâ)*, אַתְּ (ʾat)* | אתה (atá)*, את (át)* |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | הוּא (hūʾ)* | הוא (hú)*, היא (hí)* |
| 4 | we (1pl) | אֲנַחְנוּ (ʾănáḥnû), אֲנוּ (ʾănû) | אנחנו (anákh'nu) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | אַתֶּם (ʾattem)*, אַתֶּן (ʾatten)* | אתם (atém)*, אתן (atén)* |
| 6 | they (3pl) | הֵם (hēm)*, הֵן (hēn)* | הם (hém)*, הן (hén)* |
| 7 | this | זֶה (zê)*, זוֹ (zô)*, זֹאת (zōʾṯ)* | זה (zé)*, זאת (zót)*, אלה (éle)* |
| 8 | that | הַהוּא (hahûʾ)*, הַהִיא (hahîʾ)* | הוא (hu)*, היא (hi)*, הם (hém)* |
| 9 | here | פה (pó), כאן (kán) | |
| 10 | there | שם (shám) | |
| 11 | who | מי (mí) | |
| 12 | what | מה (má) | |
| 13 | where | איפה (éfo) | |
| 14 | when | מתי (matái) | |
| 15 | how | איך (ékh) | |
| 16 | not | לא (ló), אין (én) | |
| 17 | all | כל (kól) | |
| 18 | many | הרבה (harbé) | |
| 19 | some | כמה (káma), קצת (k'tsát) | |
| 20 | few | מעט (me'át) | |
| 21 | other | אחר (akhér) | |
| 22 | one | אחת (akhát)* | |
| 23 | two | שתיים (sh'táyim)* | |
| 24 | three | שלוש (shalósh)* | |
| 25 | four | ארבע (árba)* | |
| 26 | five | חמש (khamésh)* | |
| 27 | big | גדול (gadól) | |
| 28 | long | ארוך (arókh) | |
| 29 | wide | רחב (rakháv) | |
| 30 | thick | עבה (avé) | |
| 31 | heavy | כבד (kavéd) | |
| 32 | small | קטן (katán) | |
| 33 | short | קצר (katsár) | |
| 34 | narrow | צר (tsár) | |
| 35 | thin | דק (dák) | |
| 36 | woman | אישה (ishá) | |
| 37 | man (adult male) | גבר (géver), איש (ísh) | |
| 38 | man (human being) | אדם (adám), בן אדם (bén adám) | |
| 39 | child | ילד (yéled) | |
| 40 | wife | אישה (ishá) | |
| 41 | husband | בעל (bá'al) | |
| 42 | mother | אם (ém) | |
| 43 | father | אב (áv) | |
| 44 | animal | חיה (khayá) | |
| 45 | fish | דג (dág) | |
| 46 | bird | ציפור (tsipór) | |
| 47 | dog | כלב (kélev) | |
| 48 | louse | כינה (kiná) | |
| 49 | snake | נחש (nakhásh) | |
| 50 | worm | תולעת (tolá'at) | |
| 51 | tree | עץ (éts) | |
| 52 | forest | יער (yá'ar) | |
| 53 | stick | מקל (makél) | |
| 54 | fruit | פרי (p'rí) | |
| 55 | seed | זרע (zéra) | |
| 56 | leaf | עלה (alé) | |
| 57 | root | שורש (shóresh) | |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | קליפה (k'lipá) | |
| 59 | flower | פרח (pérakh) | |
| 60 | grass | דשא (déshe), עשב (ésev) | |
| 61 | rope | חבל (khével) | |
| 62 | skin | עור (ór) | |
| 63 | meat | בשר (basár) | |
| 64 | blood | דם (dám) | |
| 65 | bone | עצם (étsem) | |
| 66 | fat (noun) | שומן (shumán) | |
| 67 | egg | ביצה (beitsá) | |
| 68 | horn | קרן (kéren) | |
| 69 | tail | זנב (zanáv) | |
| 70 | feather | נוצה (notsá) | |
| 71 | hair | שערה (sa'ará) | |
| 72 | head | ראש (rósh) | |
| 73 | ear | אוזן (ózen) | |
| 74 | eye | עין (áyin) | |
| 75 | nose | אף (áf) | |
| 76 | mouth | פה (pé) | |
| 77 | tooth | שן (shén) | |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | לשון (lashón) | |
| 79 | fingernail | ציפורן (tsipóren) | |
| 80 | foot | רגל (régel) | |
| 81 | leg | רגל (régel) | |
| 82 | knee | ברך (bérekh) | |
| 83 | hand | יד (yád) | |
| 84 | wing | כנף (kanáf) | |
| 85 | belly | בטן (béten) | |
| 86 | guts | מעיים (me'ayím) | |
| 87 | neck | צוואר (tsavár) | |
| 88 | back | גב (gáv) | |
| 89 | breast | שד (shád) | |
| 90 | heart | לב (lév) | |
| 91 | liver | כבד (kavéd) | |
| 92 | to drink | לשתות (lish'tót) | |
| 93 | to eat | לאכול (le'ekhól) | |
| 94 | to bite | לנשוך (lin'shókh) | |
| 95 | to suck | למצוץ (lim'tsóts) | |
| 96 | to spit | לירוק (lirók) | |
| 97 | to vomit | להקיא (lehakí) | |
| 98 | to blow | לנשוף (lin'shóf) | |
| 99 | to breathe | לנשום (lin'shóm) | |
| 100 | to laugh | לצחוק (lits'khók) | |
| 101 | to see | לראות (lirót) | |
| 102 | to hear | לשמוע (lish'mó'a) | |
| 103 | to know | לדעת (ladá'at) | |
| 104 | to think | לחשוב (lakh'shóv) | |
| 105 | to smell | להריח (leharí'akh) | |
| 106 | to fear | לפחד (lepakhéd) | |
| 107 | to sleep | לישון (lishón) | |
| 108 | to live | לחיות (likhiyót) | |
| 109 | to die | למות (lamút) | |
| 110 | to kill | להרוג (laharóg) | |
| 111 | to fight | להלחם (lehil'khém) | |
| 112 | to hunt | לצוד (latsúd) | |
| 113 | to hit | להכות (lehakót) | |
| 114 | to cut | לחתוך (lekhatókh) | |
| 115 | to split | לפצל (lepatsél) | |
| 116 | to stab | לדקור (lid'kór) | |
| 117 | to scratch | לשרוט (lis'rót) | |
| 118 | to dig | לחפור (lakh'pór) | |
| 119 | to swim | לשחות (lis'khót) | |
| 120 | to fly | לעוף (la'úf)*, להטיס (lehatís)* | |
| 121 | to walk | ללכת (lalékhet) | |
| 122 | to come | לבוא (labó) | |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | לשכב (lish'káv) | |
| 124 | to sit | לשבת (lashévet) | |
| 125 | to stand | לעמוד (la'amód) | |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | להסתובב (lehis'tovév) | |
| 127 | to fall | לנפול (lin'pól) | |
| 128 | to give | לתת (latét) | |
| 129 | to hold | להלהחזיק (lehakhzík) | |
| 130 | to squeeze | ללחוץ (lil'khóts) | |
| 131 | to rub | לשפשף (leshaf'shéf) | |
| 132 | to wash | לשטוף (lish'tóf) | |
| 133 | to wipe | לנגב (lenagév) | |
| 134 | to pull | למשוך (lim'shókh) | |
| 135 | to push | לדחוף (lid'khóf) | |
| 136 | to throw | לזרוק (liz'rók) | |
| 137 | to tie | לקשור (lik'shór) | |
| 138 | to sew | לתפור (lit'pór) | |
| 139 | to count | לספור (lis'pór) | |
| 140 | to say | לומר (lomár) | |
| 141 | to sing | לשיר (lashír) | |
| 142 | to play | לשחק (lesakhék) | |
| 143 | to float | לצוף (latsúf) | |
| 144 | to flow | לזרום (liz'róm) | |
| 145 | to freeze | לקפוא (lik'pó) | |
| 146 | to swell | להתנפח (lehitnapé'akh) | |
| 147 | sun | שמש (shémesh) | |
| 148 | moon | ירח (yaré'akh) | |
| 149 | star | כוכב (kokháv) | |
| 150 | water | מים (máyim) | |
| 151 | rain | גשם (géshem) | |
| 152 | river | נהר (nahár) | |
| 153 | lake | אגם (agám) | |
| 154 | sea | ים (yám) | |
| 155 | salt | מלח (mélakh) | |
| 156 | stone | אבן (éven) | |
| 157 | sand | חול (khól) | |
| 158 | dust | אבק (avák) | |
| 159 | earth | אדמה (adamá) | |
| 160 | cloud | ענן (anán) | |
| 161 | fog | ערפל (arafél) | |
| 162 | sky | שמים (shamáyim) | |
| 163 | wind | רוח (rúakh) | |
| 164 | snow | שלג (shéleg) | |
| 165 | ice | קרח (kérakh) | |
| 166 | smoke | עשן (ashán) | |
| 167 | fire | אש (ésh) | |
| 168 | ash | אפר (éfer) | |
| 169 | to burn | שרף (saráf) | |
| 170 | road | דרך (dérekh) | |
| 171 | mountain | הר (hár) | |
| 172 | red | אדום (adóm) | |
| 173 | green | ירוק (yarók) | |
| 174 | yellow | צהוב (tsahóv) | |
| 175 | white | לבן (laván) | |
| 176 | black | שחור (shakhór) | |
| 177 | night | לילה (láila) | |
| 178 | day | יום (yóm) | |
| 179 | year | שנה (shaná) | |
| 180 | warm | חם (khám) | |
| 181 | cold | קר (kár) | |
| 182 | full | מלא (malé) | |
| 183 | new | חדש (khadásh) | |
| 184 | old | ישן (yashán) | |
| 185 | good | טוב (tóv) | |
| 186 | bad | רע (rá) | |
| 187 | rotten | רקוב (rakúv) | |
| 188 | dirty | מלוכלך (melukh'lákh) | |
| 189 | straight | ישר (yashár) | |
| 190 | round | עגול (agól) | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | חד (khád) | |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | קהה (kehé) | |
| 193 | smooth | חלק (khalák) | |
| 194 | wet | רטוב (ratúv) | |
| 195 | dry | יבש (yavésh) | |
| 196 | correct | נכון (nakhón) | |
| 197 | near | קרוב (karóv) | |
| 198 | far | רחוק (rakhók) | |
| 199 | right | ימין (yamín) | |
| 200 | left | שמאל (s'mól) | |
| 201 | at | ב־ (b'-), אצל (étsel) | |
| 202 | in | ב־ (b'-), בתוך (betókh) | |
| 203 | with | עם (im) | |
| 204 | and | ו־ (ve-) | |
| 205 | if | אם (im) | |
| 206 | because | כי (kí), בגלל (biglál) | |
| 207 | name | שם (shém) |