Appendix:Prasuni Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Prasuni, compared with definitions in English. It is also known as Prasun, Vâsi-vari, or Wâsi-wari.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]S = Shtive dialect, D = Dewa dialect, K = Kushteki dialect, Pr = Pronz dialect, Z = Zumu dialect, Pa = Pashki dialect
| № | English | Prasuni Vâsi-vari edit (172) | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | unzu (Pr), unźū (Pa) | /un̪ˈzu/, /un̪ˈd̻͡z̪uː/ |
| 2 | you (2sg) | üyu (Pr), üo (Pa) | /yˈju/, /ˈy.o/ |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | alek, ari, ëslek, su (Pr), alëk (Pa) | /al̪ek/, /aˈɾi/, /ɘsl̪ek/, /ˈsu/, /al̪ɘk/ |
| 4 | we (1pl) | asẽ (Pr) | /ˈasẽ/ |
| 5 | you (2pl) | myū (Pr) | /ˈmjuː/ |
| 6 | they (3pl) | muri, mëslek, umu (Pr) | /muɾi/, /mɘsl̪ek/, /uˈmu/ |
| 7 | this | ari (Pr), alëk (Pa) | /aˈɾi/, /al̪ɘk/ |
| 8 | that | ëslek, su (Pr) | /ɘsl̪ek/, /ˈsu/ |
| 9 | here | ||
| 10 | there | ||
| 11 | who | kës (Pr) | /kɘs/ |
| 12 | what | pës (Pr) | /pɘs/ |
| 13 | where | ||
| 14 | when | ||
| 15 | how | ||
| 16 | not | na (Pr, Pa) | /n̪a/ |
| 17 | all | sëmik (Pr), sučok (Pa) | /ˈsɘmik/, /suˈt͡ɕok/ |
| 18 | many | skal (Pr), ëskal (Pa) | /skal̪/, /ɘskal̪/ |
| 19 | some | ||
| 20 | few | ||
| 21 | other | varga, vari (Pr) | /βaɾɡa/, /βaɾi/ |
| 22 | one | upün (Pr), atig (Pa) | /uˈpyn̪/, /aˈt̪iɡ/ |
| 23 | two | lü (Pr, Pa) | /ˈl̪y/ |
| 24 | three | ćši (Pr), či (Z), tči (Pa) | /t̻͡s̪ɕi/, /t͡ɕi/, /t̪t͡ɕi/ |
| 25 | four | čpu (Pr, Pa) | /t͡ɕpu/ |
| 26 | five | vuču (Pr), vuč (Z, Pa) | /ˈβut͡ɕu/, /βut͡ɕ/ |
| 27 | big | gëndër (Pr, Pa), lestë (Z) | /ˈɡɘn̪d̪ɘɾ/, /l̪est̪ɘ/ |
| 28 | long | jigni (Pr, Pa) | /d͡ʑiɡˈn̪i/ |
| 29 | wide | ištëre (Pr), vištir (Pa) | /iɕt̪ɘˈɾe/, /βiɕˈt̪iɾ/ |
| 30 | thick | piyu (Pa) | /ˈpiju/ |
| 31 | heavy | vuž (Pa) | /ˈβuʑ/ |
| 32 | small | ||
| 33 | short | müčog (Pa) | /myˈt͡ɕoɡ/ |
| 34 | narrow | vëleg (Pa) | /βɘˈl̪eɡ/ |
| 35 | thin | ||
| 36 | woman | vësti (S, Pa), vesti (Pr) | /βɘsˈt̪i/, /βesˈt̪i/ |
| 37 | man (adult male) | muṣ (S, Pa), muš (Pr), mūšū (Z) | /ˈmuʂ/, /muɕ/, /muːɕuː/ |
| 38 | man (human being) | vërjimi (Pr), varjemi (Z), vëjjimi (Pa) | /βɘɾd͡ʑiˈmi/, /βaɾd͡ʑeˈmi/, /βɘd̚d͡ʑiˈmi/ |
| 39 | child | kyüru (Pr) | /ˈkjyɾu/ |
| 40 | wife | vësti (S, Pa), vesti (Pr) | /βɘsˈt̪i/, /βesˈt̪i/ |
| 41 | husband | ||
| 42 | mother | nan (S, Pr, Pa) | /ˈn̪an̪/ |
| 43 | father | ya (S, Pr), ye (Pa) | /ˈja/, /ˈje/ |
| 44 | animal | ||
| 45 | fish | tōa müsü (Pr), tëva misü (Pa) | /t̪oːˈa mysy/, /tɘˈβa misy/ |
| 46 | bird | nĩź (Pr), ninz (Pa) | /n̪ĩd̻͡z̪/, /ˈn̪in̪z/ |
| 47 | dog | kürok (Pr, Pa) | /kyˈɾok/ |
| 48 | louse | ivik, vyöynuk (Pr), ivigi (Pa) | /iˈβik/, /βjøi̯ˈn̪uk/, /iβiˈɡi/ |
| 49 | snake | žeṅi (Pr), žeṅ (Pa) | /ʑeŋi/, /ˈʑeŋ/ |
| 50 | worm | vulug (Pa) | /βuˈl̪uɡ/ |
| 51 | tree | üštyobu (Pr), üštyub (Pa) | /yɕt̪joˈbu/, /yɕt̪ˈjub/ |
| 52 | forest | bën (Pr) | /bɘn̪/ |
| 53 | stick | ḍugo (Pr, Pa) | /ɖuˈɡo/ |
| 54 | fruit | pēvoṭ (Pa) | /peːˈβoʈ/ |
| 55 | seed | ||
| 56 | leaf | parëg (Pr, Pa) | /ˈpaɾɘɡ/ |
| 57 | root | kuč (Pr), lu (Z), kuẓu (Pa) | /kut͡ɕ/, /l̪u/, /kuˈʐu/ |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | ivi (Pa) | /iˈβi/ |
| 59 | flower | išpik (Pr), višpig (Pa) | /iɕˈpik/, /βiɕˈpiɡ/ |
| 60 | grass | yüs (Pr, Pa) | /jys/ |
| 61 | rope | mëne, žëṭ (Pr) | /ˈmɘn̪e/, /ʑɘʈ/ |
| 62 | skin | čamë (Pr), čam (Pa) | /ˈt͡ɕamɘ/, /ˈt͡ɕam/ |
| 63 | meat | bazë (Pr), baz (Pa) | /ˈbazɘ/, /ˈbaz/ |
| 64 | blood | usü̃ (Pr), usü (Pa) | /uˈsỹ/, /uˈsy/ |
| 65 | bone | iči (Pr, Pa) | /iˈt͡ɕi/ |
| 66 | fat (noun) | iski (Pr) | /isˈki/ |
| 67 | egg | vežege (Pr), vëẓig (Pr) | /βeʑeˈɡe/, /βɘˈʐiɡ/ |
| 68 | horn | üčü (Pr, Pa), ṣiṅgi (Pr) | /yˈt͡ɕy/, /ˈʂiŋɡi/ |
| 69 | tail | lümu, dëmu (Pr), lümi (Pa) | /l̪ymu/, /d̪ɘˈmu/, /l̪yˈmi/ |
| 70 | feather | pëṭegë (Pr), pëṭeg (Pa) | /pɘʈeɡɘ/, /pɘʈeɡ/ |
| 71 | hair | žuy (Pr), ẓü (Pa) | /ˈʑui̯/, /ˈʐy/ |
| 72 | head | ji (Pr, Pa) | /ˈd͡ʑi/ |
| 73 | ear | yümu (Pr), imu (Pa) | /ˈjymu/, /iˈmu/ |
| 74 | eye | ižĩ (Pr, Pa) | /iˈʑĩ/ |
| 75 | nose | nes (Pr), nas (Pa) | /n̪es/, /n̪as/ |
| 76 | mouth | iš (Pr), as (Pa) | /iɕ/, /ˈas/ |
| 77 | tooth | latëm (Pr), lëtëm (Pa) | /ˈl̪at̪ɘm/, /l̪ɘˈt̪ɘm/ |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | urjuk (Pr), luzug (Z, Pa) | /uɾd͡ʑuk/, /l̪uˈzuɡ/ |
| 79 | fingernail | neč (Pr), nëč (Pa) | /n̪et͡ɕ/, /ˈn̪ɘt͡ɕ/ |
| 80 | foot | -vël (Pr), ṭë (Pa) | /βɘl̪/, /ʈɘ/ |
| 81 | leg | ṭë (Pa) | /ʈɘ/ |
| 82 | knee | vuzogur (Pr, Pa) | /βuˈzoɡuɾ/ |
| 83 | hand | lust (Pr), duy (Z) | /l̪ust̪/, /d̪ui̯/ |
| 84 | wing | viṭë (Pr), vëṭ (Pa) | /βiʈɘ/, /βɘʈ/ |
| 85 | belly | ül (Pr, Pa) | /ˈyl̪/ |
| 86 | guts | kṭal, vu (Pr), ëtre (Pa) | /kʈal̪/, /ˈβu/, /ɘt̪ˈɾe/ |
| 87 | neck | marnegi (Pr), minig (Pa) | /maɾn̪eˈɡi/, /miˈn̪iɡ/ |
| 88 | back | ||
| 89 | breast | paši, vustu, žüžu (Pr), ustu (Pa) | /paˈɕi/, /βusˈt̪u/, /ˈʑyʑu/, /usˈt̪u/ |
| 90 | heart | zër (Pr), zir (Pa) | /zɘɾ/, /ziɾ/ |
| 91 | liver | azëti (Pr), ščilog (Pa) | /azɘˈt̪i/, /ɕt͡ɕil̪oɡ/ |
| 92 | to drink | vī- (Pr), vuyë- (Pa) | /βiː/, /βujɘ/ |
| 93 | to eat | oyo- (Pr), oyë- (Pa) | /ojo/, /ojɘ/ |
| 94 | to bite | oṭoṭ- (Pa) | /oʈoʈ/ |
| 95 | to suck | -ṣu- (Pr) | /ʂu/ |
| 96 | to spit | ||
| 97 | to vomit | -kud- (Pa) | /kud̪/ |
| 98 | to blow | ||
| 99 | to breathe | vuš- (Pa) | /βuɕ/ |
| 100 | to laugh | vyöydë- (Pr), vyöd- (Pa) | /βjøi̯d̪ɘ/, /βjød̪/ |
| 101 | to see | -nźe- (Pr), -skoz- (Pa) | /n̪d̻͡z̪e/, /skoz/ |
| 102 | to hear | nusi- (Pa) | /n̪usi/ |
| 103 | to know | äzne- (Pr), ëzn- (Pa) | /æzn̪e/, /ɘzn̪/ |
| 104 | to think | sügnü- (Pr), b- (Pa) | /syɡn̪y/, /b/ |
| 105 | to smell | -mbës- (Pa) | /mbɘs/ |
| 106 | to fear | ëpterv- (Pa) | /ɘpt̪eɾβ/ |
| 107 | to sleep | ostom- (Pr, Pa) | /ost̪om/ |
| 108 | to live | ||
| 109 | to die | -mo- (Pr), omo- (Pa) | /mo/, /omo/ |
| 110 | to kill | -žnü- (Pr), ožni- (Pa) | /ʑn̪y/, /oʑn̪i/ |
| 111 | to fight | -sko- (Pr), -sṣu- (Pa) | /sko/, /sʂu/ |
| 112 | to hunt | ||
| 113 | to hit | aleg- (Pr), -ṣp- (Pa) | /aˈl̪eɡ/, /ʂp/ |
| 114 | to cut | ||
| 115 | to split | -ćepe- (Pr), -ćob- (Pa) | /t̻͡s̪epe/, /t̻͡s̪ob/ |
| 116 | to stab | ||
| 117 | to scratch | -koṣo- (Pr) | /koʂo/ |
| 118 | to dig | kučë- (Pr), kušč- (Pa) | /kut͡ɕɘ/, /kuɕt͡ɕ/ |
| 119 | to swim | av vukṣu- (Pa) | /aβ βukʂu/ |
| 120 | to fly | ||
| 121 | to walk | ||
| 122 | to come | -a- (Pr), -ać- (Pr, Pa) | /a/, /at̻͡s̪/ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | ||
| 124 | to sit | -šil- (Pr, Pa) | /ɕil̪/ |
| 125 | to stand | ušti- (Pr), üti- (Pa) | /uɕt̪i/, /yt̪i/ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | -r- (Pr), -kuž- (Pa) | /ɾ/, /kuʑ/ |
| 127 | to fall | -nji- (Pr, Pa) | /n̪d͡ʑi/ |
| 128 | to give | alye- (Pr), -pli- (Pr, Pa) | /ˈal̪je/, /pl̪i/ |
| 129 | to hold | ||
| 130 | to squeeze | ||
| 131 | to rub | ||
| 132 | to wash | -st- (Pa) | /st̪/ |
| 133 | to wipe | ||
| 134 | to pull | -kṣë- (Pr), -kṣ- (Pa) | /kʂɘ/, /kʂ/ |
| 135 | to push | -li- (Pa) | /l̪i/ |
| 136 | to throw | -es- (Pr), -ćur- (Pa) | /es/, /t̻͡s̪uɾ/ |
| 137 | to tie | gëṭ- (Pa) | /ɡɘʈ/ |
| 138 | to sew | asyu- (Pr), ašiv- (Pa) | /asˈju/, /aˈɕiβ/ |
| 139 | to count | -guni- (Pa) | /ɡun̪i/ |
| 140 | to say | ko lyu- (Pr), ko li-, pul- (Pa) | /ko l̪ju/, /ko l̪i/, /pul̪/ |
| 141 | to sing | ga li- (Pa) | /ˈɡa l̪i/ |
| 142 | to play | müšüv- (Pa) | /myɕyβ/ |
| 143 | to float | ||
| 144 | to flow | ||
| 145 | to freeze | tüzik ti- (Pa) | /t̪yzik t̪i/ |
| 146 | to swell | yüṇḍ- (Pr), -ṇḍob- (Pa) | /jyɳɖ/, /ɳɖob/ |
| 147 | sun | üsük (Pr, Pa) | /yˈsyk/ |
| 148 | moon | mësëk (Pr), mësex (Z), mësëg (Pa) | /mɘsɘk/, /mɘˈsex/, /mɘˈsɘɡ/ |
| 149 | star | istik (Pr) | /isˈt̪ik/ |
| 150 | water | avë (Pr), av (Pa) | /ˈaβɘ/, /ˈaβ/ |
| 151 | rain | agal (Pr), ëgal (Pa) | /aˈɡal̪/, /ɘˈɡal̪/ |
| 152 | river | gulave, gulaw, të (Pr), gulav (Pa) | /ɡul̪aβe/, /ɡul̪au̯/, /t̪ɘ/, /ɡuˈl̪aβ/ |
| 153 | lake | suru (Pr), sur (Pa) | /ˈsuɾu/, /ˈsuɾ/ |
| 154 | sea | ||
| 155 | salt | uẓeṅk (Pr), uẓux (Z), vuẓnug (Pa) | /uˈʐeŋk/, /uˈʐux/, /βuʐˈn̪uɡ/ |
| 156 | stone | yirë (Pr), ir (Pa) | /ˈjiɾɘ/, /ˈiɾ/ |
| 157 | sand | përćë (Pr, Pa) | /pɘɾˈt̻͡s̪ɘ/ |
| 158 | dust | përćë (Pr, Pa) | /pɘɾˈt̻͡s̪ɘ/ |
| 159 | earth | bim, përćë, pućë (Pr), bim (Pa) | /ˈbim/, /pɘɾˈt̻͡s̪ɘ/, /puˈt̻͡s̪ɘ/, /ˈbim/ |
| 160 | cloud | marë (Pr), mar (Pa) | /ˈmaɾɘ/, /ˈmaɾ/ |
| 161 | fog | ||
| 162 | sky | gul (Pr) | /ɡul̪/ |
| 163 | wind | dumu (Pr, Pa) | /d̪uˈmu/ |
| 164 | snow | zima (Pr, Pa) | /ˈzima/ |
| 165 | ice | üzü (Pa) | /yˈzy/ |
| 166 | smoke | ülyumu (Pr), ülüm (Pa) | /yl̪juˈmu/, /yˈl̪ym/ |
| 167 | fire | aneǧe (Pr), aneg (Pa) | /ˈan̪eɣe/, /aˈn̪eɡ/ |
| 168 | ash | asë (Pr), as (Pa) | /ˈasɘ/, /ˈas/ |
| 169 | to burn | jur- (Z), -lev- (Pa) | /d͡ʑuɾ/, /l̪eβ/ |
| 170 | road | vutu (Pr), ut (Pa) | /ˈβut̪u/, /ˈut̪/ |
| 171 | mountain | ku (Pr, Pa) | /ˈku/ |
| 172 | red | puṭu (Pr), püṭ (Pa) | /puˈʈu/, /ˈpyʈ/ |
| 173 | green | žyarä (Pr), nil (Pa) | /ʑjaɾæ/, /ˈn̪il̪/ |
| 174 | yellow | žunyu (Pr), indrã (Z), žünyog (Pa) | /ˈʑun̪ju/, /in̪d̪ɾã/, /ʑyn̪ˈjoɡ/ |
| 175 | white | këšir (Pr, Pa) | /kɘˈɕiɾ/ |
| 176 | black | uẓe (Pr), vuẓë (Pa) | /uˈʐe/, /βuˈʐɘ/ |
| 177 | night | žeṭ (Pr), ëṣṭa (Pa) | /ʑeʈ/, /ɘʂˈʈa/ |
| 178 | day | ënćëra, vës (Pr), ënćera (Pa) | /ɘn̪t̻͡s̪ɘˈɾa/, /βɘs/, /ˈɘn̪t̻͡s̪eɾa/ |
| 179 | year | vuću (Pr), vusću (Pa) | /βuˈt̻͡s̪u/, /βusˈt̻͡s̪u/ |
| 180 | warm | tabe (Pr), aliga (Pa) | /ˈt̪abe/, /aˈl̪iɡa/ |
| 181 | cold | yüzu (Pr), üzu (Z), üzü (Pa) | /ˈjyzu/, /ˈyzu/, /yˈzy/ |
| 182 | full | ||
| 183 | new | unü (Pr), inü (Pa) | /uˈn̪y/, /iˈn̪y/ |
| 184 | old | purdu (Pr), tigër (Pa) | /puɾˈd̪u/, /t̪iˈɡɘɾ// |
| 185 | good | uščum (Pa) | /uɕˈt͡ɕum/ |
| 186 | bad | ḍigër (Pa) | /ɖiˈɡɘɾ/ |
| 187 | rotten | ||
| 188 | dirty | nyenzig (Pa) | /n̪jen̪ziɡ/ |
| 189 | straight | ščöli (Pa) | /ɕt͡ɕøˈl̪i/ |
| 190 | round | kuṇḍu (Pa) | /kuɳˈɖu/ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | bizü (Pa) | /biˈzy/ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | muṭku (Pr) | /muʈˈku/ |
| 193 | smooth | ćëčili (Pr), čëčël (Pa) | /t̻͡s̪ɘt͡ɕil̪i/, /t͡ɕɘˈt͡ɕɘl̪/ |
| 194 | wet | ṭëpële (Pr), žye (Pa) | /ʈɘpɘl̪e/, /ˈʑje/ |
| 195 | dry | üškyö (Pr, Pa) | /yɕˈkjo/ |
| 196 | correct | ||
| 197 | near | tëptër (Pa) | /t̪ɘpˈt̪ɘɾ/ |
| 198 | far | tike (Pa) | /t̪iˈke/ |
| 199 | right | lug (Pa) | /ˈl̪uɡ/ |
| 200 | left | kšu (Pr) | /kɕu/ |
| 201 | at | pa (Pa) | /pa/ |
| 202 | in | t- (Pr, Pa) | /t̪/ |
| 203 | with | mëṣi (Pr) | /mɘˈʂi/ |
| 204 | and | -dī (Pa) | /d̪iː/ |
| 205 | if | ||
| 206 | because | ||
| 207 | name | nom (Pr), nëmë (Z), nëm (Pa) | /n̪om/, /n̪ɘˈmɘ/, /ˈn̪ɘm/ |