Appendix:Santali Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in Santali, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

No.	English	Santali ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ
1	I	ᱤᱧ
2	you (singular)	ᱟᱢ
3	he, she, it	ᱟᱡ
4	we	ᱟᱹᱞᱤᱧ (dual exclusive) , ᱟᱞᱟᱝ (dual inclusive) , ᱟᱵᱚ (plural inclusive), ᱟᱞᱮ (plural inclusive)
5	you (plural)	ᱟᱵᱮᱱ (dual), ᱟᱯᱮ (plular)
6	they	ᱩᱱᱠᱩ
7	this	ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ
8	that	ᱦᱟᱱᱟ
9	here	ᱱᱚᱛᱮ
10	there	ᱚᱱᱛᱮ
11	who	ᱚᱠᱚᱭ
12	what	ᱪᱮᱫ
13	where	ᱚᱠᱟᱨᱮ
14	when	ᱛᱤᱱᱨᱮ
15	how	ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ
16	not	ᱵᱟᱝ
17	all	ᱡᱚᱛᱚ
18	many	ᱟᱭᱢᱟ, ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱮ
19	some	ᱟᱫᱚᱢ
20	few	ᱱᱟᱥᱮ
21	other	ᱮᱴᱟᱜ
22	one	ᱢᱤᱫ
23	two	ᱵᱟᱨ
24	three	ᱯᱮ
25	four	ᱯᱩᱱ
26	five	ᱢᱚᱬᱮ
27	big	ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ
28	long	ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ
29	wide	ᱚᱥᱟᱨ
30	thick	ᱢᱚᱴᱟ
31	heavy	ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ
32	small	ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ
33	short	ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ
34	narrow	ᱥᱟᱠᱲᱟ
35	thin	ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ
36	woman	ᱮᱨᱟ , ᱢᱟᱭᱡᱤᱣ
37	man (adult male)	ᱦᱮᱨᱮᱞ , ᱠᱚᱲᱟ
38	man (human being)	ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ
39	child	ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ
40	wife	ᱮᱨᱟ , ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ
41	husband	ᱦᱮᱨᱮᱞ
42	mother	ᱮᱸᱜᱟ
43	father	ᱟᱹᱯᱩ
44	animal	ᱡᱤᱵᱽ
45	fish	ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ
46	bird	ᱪᱮᱬᱮ
47	dog	ᱥᱮᱛᱟ
48	louse	ᱥᱤ
49	snake	ᱵᱤᱧ
50	worm	ᱞᱮᱸᱰᱮᱫ
51	tree	ᱫᱟᱨᱮ
52	forest	ᱵᱤᱨ
53	stick	ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ
54	fruit	ᱡᱚ
55	seed	ᱡᱟᱝ , ᱤᱛᱟᱹ
56	leaf	ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ
57	root	ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ
58	bark (of a tree)	ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ
59	flower	ᱵᱟᱦᱟ
60	grass	ᱜᱟᱸᱥ
61	rope	ᱵᱟᱵᱮᱨ
62	skin	ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ
63	meat	ᱡᱤᱞ
64	blood	ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ
65	bone	ᱡᱟᱝ
66	fat (noun)	ᱤᱛᱤᱞ
67	egg	ᱵᱤᱞᱤ
68	horn	ᱫᱮᱨᱮᱧ
69	tail	ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ
70	feather	ᱤᱞ
71	hair	ᱩᱵ
72	head	ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ
73	ear	ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ
74	eye	ᱢᱮᱫ
75	nose	ᱢᱩ
76	mouth	ᱢᱚᱪᱟ
77	tooth	ᱰᱟᱴᱟ
78	tongue (organ)	ᱟᱞᱟᱝ
79	fingernail	ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱩᱵ ᱨᱟᱢᱟ
80	foot	ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱟ , ᱠᱟᱴᱟ
81	leg	ᱠᱟᱴᱟ , ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ
82	knee	ᱴᱷᱤᱴᱬᱟᱹᱜ
83	hand	ᱛᱤ
84	wing	ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱬᱟᱹᱜ
85	belly	ᱞᱟᱡ
86	guts	ᱤᱡ
87	neck	ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ
88	back	ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ
89	breast	ᱱᱩᱱᱩ
90	heart	ᱨᱤᱫᱟᱹᱭ
91	liver	ᱠᱚᱞᱡᱟ
92	to drink	ᱧᱩ
93	to eat	ᱡᱚᱢ
94	to bite	ᱜᱮᱨ
95	to suck	ᱪᱩᱯᱩᱫ
96	to spit	ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ
97	to vomit	ᱩᱞᱟᱹ
98	to blow	ᱚᱝ
99	to breathe	ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱫ
100	to laugh	ᱞᱟᱸᱫᱟ
101	to see	ᱧᱮᱞ
102	to hear	ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ
103	to know	ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ , ᱪᱤᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ
104	to think	ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ
105	to smell	ᱡᱤ
106	to fear	ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱚᱜ
107	to sleep	ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱤᱫ
108	to live	ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ
109	to die	ᱜᱤᱜᱼᱚᱡ
110	to kill	ᱜᱚᱡ
111	to fight	ᱜᱚᱯᱚᱡ , ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ
112	to hunt	ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ
113	to hit	ᱫᱟᱞ
114	to cut	ᱜᱮᱫ
115	to split	ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱜ
116	to stab	ᱥᱚᱵᱚᱜ
117	to scratch	ᱦᱩᱨᱩᱲ
118	to dig	ᱞᱟ
119	to swim	ᱯᱟᱭᱨᱟ
120	to fly	ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱜ
121	to walk	ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ
122	to come	ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ
123	to lie (as in a bed)	ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱡ
124	to sit	ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ
125	to stand	ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ
126	to turn (intransitive)	ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜ
127	to fall	ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ
128	to give	ᱮᱢ
129	to hold	ᱥᱟᱵ
130	to squeeze	ᱞᱤᱱ
131	to rub	ᱜᱟᱥᱟᱣᱜ
132	to wash	ᱟᱵ , ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵ
133	to wipe	ᱡᱚᱫ, ᱤᱬᱤᱡ
134	to pull	ᱚᱨ , ᱨᱟᱪᱟᱜ
135	to push	ᱴᱷᱮᱞᱟᱣ
136	to throw	ᱦᱩᱨᱞᱟᱹ , ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱫ
137	to tie	ᱛᱚᱞ
138	to sew	ᱥᱤᱞᱟᱹᱭ
139	to count	ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ
140	to say	ᱢᱮᱱ
141	to sing	ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ , ᱫᱩᱨᱟᱹᱝ
142	to play	ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱼᱡᱚᱝ
143	to float	ᱪᱟᱯᱮᱜ
144	to flow	ᱞᱤᱸᱡᱤ
145	to freeze	ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡᱚᱜ
146	to swell	ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱣ
147	sun	ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱤ
148	moon	ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ
149	star	ᱤᱯᱤᱞ
150	water	ᱫᱟᱜ
151	rain	ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ
152	river	ᱜᱟᱰᱟ , ᱱᱟᱹᱭ
153	lake	ᱫᱟᱨᱦᱟ
154	sea	ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ
155	salt	ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ
156	stone	ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ
157	sand	ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ
158	dust	ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ
159	earth	ᱚᱛ
160	cloud	ᱨᱤᱢᱤᱞ
161	fog	ᱠᱩᱦᱲᱟᱹ
162	sky	ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ
163	wind	ᱦᱚᱭ
164	snow	ᱟᱨᱮᱞ
165	ice	ᱟᱨᱮᱞ
166	smoke	ᱫᱷᱩᱸᱜᱽᱭᱟᱹ
167	fire	ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ
168	ash	ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡ
169	to burn	ᱞᱚ
170	road	ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ , ᱦᱚᱨᱟ
171	mountain	ᱵᱩᱨᱩ
172	red	ᱟᱨᱟᱜ
173	green	ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ
174	yellow	ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ
175	white	ᱯᱩᱸᱰ
176	black	ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ
177	night	ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ
178	day	ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ
179	year	ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ
180	warm	ᱩᱨᱜᱩᱢ
181	cold	ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ , ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ
182	full	ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ
183	new	ᱱᱟᱶᱟ
184	old	ᱢᱟᱨᱮ
185	good	ᱵᱩᱜᱤ
186	bad	ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ
187	rotten	ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟᱜ
188	dirty	ᱚᱡᱽᱨᱟ
189	straight	ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ
190	round	ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱰ
191	sharp (as a knife)	ᱞᱟᱥᱮᱨ
192	dull (as a knife)	ᱛᱷᱚᱵᱽᱲᱟ
193	smooth	ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ
194	wet	ᱚᱫᱟ
195	dry	ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ , ᱦᱟᱣᱮᱫ
196	correct	ᱴᱷᱤᱠ , ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ
197	near	ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱜ , ᱥᱩᱨ
198	far	ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ
199	right	ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ , ᱮᱛᱚᱢ
200	left	ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ , ᱠᱚᱸᱡᱮ
201	at	ᱨᱮ
202	in	ᱨᱮ
203	with	ᱥᱟᱶ
204	and	ᱟᱨ
205	if	ᱡᱩᱫᱤ
206	because	ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ
207	name	ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ