bark

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See also: Bark

English

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 bark on Wikipedia

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From Middle English barken, berken, borken, from Old English beorcan (“to bark”), from the Proto-West Germanic *berkan (“to bark”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerg- (“to make a noise, growl, bark”), from *bʰer- (“to drone, hum, buzz”). Cognate with Icelandic berkja (“to bark, bluster”), Icelandic barki (“throat, windpipe”), dialectal Lithuanian burgė́ti (“to growl, grumble, grouch, quarrel”), Serbo-Croatian brbljati (“to murmur”). For the noun, compare Old English beorc, bearce (“barking”).
recorded barks (noun sense 1) of a dog

.

Verb

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bark (third-person singular simple present barks, present participle barking, simple past and past participle barked)

  1. (intransitive) To make a short, loud, explosive noise with the vocal organs (said of animals, especially dogs).
    Synonyms: give tongue, (rare) latrate
    The neighbour's dog is always barking.
    The seal barked as the zookeeper threw fish into its enclosure.
  2. (intransitive) To make a clamor; to make importunate outcries.
    • 1530, Tyndale, A Pathway into the Holy Scripture:
      And therefore they bark, and say the scripture maketh heretics.
    • 1655, Thomas Fuller, The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […], →OCLC, (please specify |book=I to XI):
      Where there is the barking of the belly, there no other commands will be heard, much less obeyed.
  3. (transitive) To speak sharply.
    The sergeant barked an order.
    • 1932, Delos W. Lovelace, King Kong, published 1965, page 3:
      Plainly he was prepared to bark out an interminable succession of charges against the Wanderer.
    • 2001, Salman Rushdie, Fury: A Novel, London: Jonathan Cape, →ISBN, page 5:
      Sudden anger rose in him. “What I’m looking for,” he barked, “is to be left in peace.” His voice trembled with a rage far bigger than her intrusion merited, the rage which shocked him whenever it coursed through his nervous system, like a flood.
    • 2011 January 5, Mark Ashenden, “Wolverhampton 1 - 0 Chelsea”, in BBC‎[2]:
      While McCarthy prowled the touchline barking orders, his opposite number watched on motionless and expressionless and, with 25 minutes to go, decided to throw on Nicolas Anelka for Kalou.
Derived terms
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Terms derived from bark verb
Translations
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The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Noun

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bark (plural barks)

  1. The short, loud, explosive sound uttered by a dog, a fox, and some other animals.
  2. (figuratively) An abrupt loud vocal utterance.
    • c. 1921, The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, volume 11:
      Fox’s clumsy figure, negligently dressed in blue and buff, seemed unprepossessing; only his shaggy eyebrows added to the expression of his face; his voice would rise to a bark in excitement.
    • 1949 January and February, F. G. Roe, “I Saw Three Englands–1”, in Railway Magazine, page 12:
      Long before Shap platform showed up around a corner and the two arms on the gradient post drooped in both directions at once, Duchess of Buccleuch's amiable throbbing purr at the stack [funnel, chimney] had become a fierce freight-engine bark, as she resolutely dragged at her enormous load.
  3. (music) The quick opening of the hi-hat cymbal as it is hit, followed by its timely closing.
Derived terms
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Translations
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Etymology 2

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From Middle English bark, from Old English barc (“bark”), from Old Norse bǫrkr (“tree bark”), from Proto-Germanic *barkuz, probably related to *birkijǭ (“birch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰergo- (compare Latin frāxinus (“ash”), Lithuanian béržas (“birch”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰereg- (“to gleam; white”) (compare English bright); akin to Danish bark, Icelandic börkur, Low German borke and Albanian berk (“bast”).

Noun

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English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

bark (countable and uncountable, plural barks)

  2. (countable, uncountable) The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of a tree.
    • 1879, Friedrich August Flückiger et al., Pharmacographia...‎[3], page 346:
      The hardships of bark-collecting in the primeval forests of South America are of the severest kind, and undergone only by the half-civilized Indians and people of mixed race, in the pay of speculators or companies located in the towns. Those who are engaged in the business, especially the collectors themselves, are called Cascarilleros or Cascadores, from the Spanish word Cascara, bark.
    • 2012, John Branch, “Snow Fall : The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek”, in New York Time‎[4]:
      Moving about 70 miles per hour, it crashed through the sturdy old-growth trees, snapping their limbs and shredding bark from their trunks.
  3. (medicine) Peruvian bark or Jesuit's bark, the bark of the cinchona from which quinine is produced.
  5. Hard candy made in flat sheets, for instance out of chocolate, peanut butter, toffee or peppermint.
  7. The crust formed on barbecued meat that has had a rub applied to it.
    • 2009, Julie Reinhardt, She-Smoke: A Backyard Barbecue Book, page 151:
      This softens the meat further, but at some loss of crunch to the bark.
  8. The envelopment or outer covering of anything.
Usage notes
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Usually uncountable; bark may be countable when referring to the barks of different types of tree.

Synonyms
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  • (exterior covering of a tree): rind
Derived terms
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Translations
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Verb

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bark (third-person singular simple present barks, present participle barking, simple past and past participle barked)

  1. To strip the bark from; to peel.
    • 1922, A. M. Chisholm, A Thousand a Plate:
      Along the river freshly felled and barked trees told of the activity of beaver, and in slow current and in eddies the tops of their winter's food supply lay like submerged brush fences projecting above the surface.
  2. To abrade or rub off any outer covering from.
    to bark one’s heel
    • 2019 May 8, Barney Ronay, “Liverpool’s waves of red fury and recklessness end in joyous bedlam”, in The Guardian‎[5]:
      Barcelona had been harried and hurried and stretched thin by the midway point in the second half. Tackles flew in. Toes were crushed, shins barked, ankles hacked.
  3. To girdle.
  4. To cover or inclose with bark, or as with bark.
    to bark the roof of a hut
Derived terms
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Translations
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Etymology 3

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From Middle English barke (“boat”), from Middle French barque, from Late Latin barca, a regular syncope of Vulgar Latin *barica, from Classical Latin bāris, from Ancient Greek βᾶρις (bâris, “Egyptian boat”), from Coptic ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare, “small boat”), from Demotic br, from Egyptian bꜣjr

bbAAy
r Z1		 P1

(“transport ship”). Doublet of barge, barque and baris.

Alternative forms

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Noun

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bark (plural barks)

  1. (obsolete) A small sailing vessel, e.g. a pinnace or a fishing smack; a rowing boat or barge.
  2. (poetic) A sailing vessel or boat of any kind.
  3. (nautical) A vessel, typically with three (or more) masts, with the foremasts (or fore- and mainmasts) square-rigged, and mizzenmast schooner-rigged.
    • 1997, Mark Kurlansky, Cod, page 114:
      Europeans would cross the ocean in large barks built for deck space and large holds.
Descendants
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  • → Welsh: barc
Translations
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Etymology 4

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

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bark (plural barks)

  1. (slang, obsolete) An Irish person.

References

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  • John Camden Hotten (1873) The Slang Dictionary
  • 1890, John Stephen Farmer, William Ernest Henley, Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present: A to Byz (page 124)

Anagrams

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Albanian

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Etymology

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From Proto-Albanian *báruka, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰor-uko-, from *bʰer- (“to carry”). Compare Messapic βάρυκα (báruka). A doublet of bie, barrë, and barrë.

Noun

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bark m (plural barqe, definite barku, definite plural barqet)

  1. (anatomy) belly
    Synonym: abdomen (technical)
  2. stomach or intestines as parts of the digestive system
    Synonyms: stomak, zorrë
  3. pelvic cavity, uterus
    Synonyms: kavitet pelvik, mitër
  4. all offspring a mother births to with the same male (human or animal)
    Synonym: pjellë
    Motër e vëlla nga dy barqe ― Brother and sister from two mothers
  5. (ethnography) lineage, all offspring of the same mother
    Synonym: gji
    Janë të një barku ― They're of the same mother
  6. (figurative) generation
    Synonym: brez
    Bark pas barku ― Generation after generation
  7. convex side of an object, bulge, curve
    Synonym: e mysët
    Mur me bark ― Curved wall
  8. (figurative, colloquial) interior part of an object, the hollow part
    Synonyms: gji, brendësi
  9. (in the singular) the middle part of timeline
    Synonym: mes
    Barku i javës ― The middle of the week
  10. (medicine) diarrhea, dysentery
    Synonyms: diarre, purth, spirë, nevojë e hollë, dizenteri
  11. (figurative, colloquial) heart (in the sense of bravery)
    Synonyms: zemër, shpirt
    Me gjithë bark ― With all my heart

Declension

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Declension of bark
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative bark barku barqe barqet
accusative barkun
dative barku barkut barqeve barqeve
ablative barqesh

Derived terms

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Further reading

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  • “bark”, in FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎[6] (in Albanian), 1980

Danish

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Etymology 1

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From Old Norse bǫrkr.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /bark/, [b̥ɑːɡ̊]

Noun

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bark c (singular definite barken, not used in plural form)

  1. bark (covering of the trunk of a tree)
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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From Old Norse barki

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /bark/, [b̥ɑːɡ̊]

Noun

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bark c (singular definite barken, plural indefinite barker)

  1. bark (large sailing boat)
Inflection
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Declension of bark
common
gender 		Singular Plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative bark barken barker barkerne
genitive barks barkens barkers barkernes

References

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Dutch

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

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bark m (plural barken, diminutive barkje n)

  1. the bark of certain trees, used for its tannin

Etymology 2

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From Middle Dutch barke, from Old French barque.

Noun

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bark f (plural barken, diminutive barkje n)

  1. barge, a large type of rowing or sailing boat
Descendants
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Anagrams

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Faroese

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Etymology

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From Danish bark, from Middle French barque, from Late Latin barca, from Vulgar Latin barica, from Ancient Greek βάρις (báris, “Egyptian boat”), from Coptic ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare, “small boat”), from Egyptian bꜣjr (“transport ship, type of fish”),

bbAAy
r Z1		 P1

Noun

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bark f (genitive singular barkar, plural barkir)

  1. (nautical) bark: A three-masted vessel, having her foremast and mainmast square-rigged, and her mizzenmast schooner-rigged.

Declension

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Declension of bark
f2 singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative bark barkin barkir barkirnar
accusative bark barkina barkir barkirnar
dative bark barkini barkum barkunum
genitive barkar barkarinnar barka barkanna

Synonyms

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Further reading

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  • "bark" at Sprotin.fo

Middle English

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Old English bark, from Old Norse bǫrkr, from Proto-Germanic *barkuz.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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bark (plural barkes)

  1. bark (a tree's covering, often used in leatherworking or as a pharmaceutical).
  2. The exterior layer of a nut or other fruit.
  3. (rare, Late Middle English, figurative) A shallow look at something.

Derived terms

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Descendants

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References

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Norwegian Bokmål

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Norwegian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia no

Etymology 1

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From Old Norse bǫrkr.

Noun

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bark m (definite singular barken, uncountable)

  1. bark (outer layer of trunks and branches of trees and bushes)
Derived terms
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See also

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Etymology 2

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Norwegian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia no

From Late Latin barca, via French barque.

Noun

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bark m (definite singular barken, indefinite plural barker, definite plural barkene)

  1. (nautical) a barque or bark (type of sailing ship)

References

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Norwegian Nynorsk

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Norwegian Nynorsk Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia nn

Etymology

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From Late Latin barca, via French barque.

Noun

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bark m (definite singular barken, indefinite plural barkar, definite plural barkane)

  1. (nautical) a barque or bark (type of sailing ship)

References

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Old Polish

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /ba(ː)rk/
  • IPA(key): (15th CE) /bark/, /bɒrk/

Etymology 1

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Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bъrkъ

Noun

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bark m inan

  1. (attested in Greater Poland) shoulder (part of the body between the base of the neck and forearm socket)
    • Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa‎[7], page 817:
      Są związali tako trudno i twardo jego święte ręce i za barki ji ciągnęli
      [Są związali tako trudno i twardo jego święte ręce i za barki ji ciągnęli]
    • c. 1500, Wokabularz lubiński, Lubiń: inkunabuł Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie, sygn. Inc. 78d., page 72r:
      Lacertus est superior pars brachii vel musculus bark
      [Lacertus est superior pars brachii vel musculus bark]
  2. (agriculture) swingletree, whiffletree, whippletree
    • 1868 [1455], Akta grodzkie i ziemskie z czasów Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej : z archiwum tak zwanego bernardyńskiego we Lwowie w skutek fundacyi śp. Alexandra hr. Stadnickiego‎[8], volume XIV, page 439:
      Currus non habuit hakow any barkow
      [Currus non habuit hakow ani barkow]
Descendants
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Etymology 2

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Noun

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bark m animacy unattested

  1. Alternative form of barg

References

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  • Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “bark”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
  • Mańczak, Witold (2017) “bark”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN
  • Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “bark”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
  • Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “bark”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
  • Brückner, Aleksander (1927) “bark”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna
  • B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “bark”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
  • Ewa Deptuchowa, Mariusz Frodyma, Katarzyna Jasińska, Magdalena Klapper, Dorota Kołodziej, Mariusz Leńczuk, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, editors (2023), “bark”, in Rozariusze z polskimi glosami. Internetowa baza danych [Dictionaries of Polish glosses, an Internet database] (in Polish), Kraków: Pracownia Języka Staropolskiego Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk

Polish

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Polish Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia pl
bark sense 2
bark sense 1

Etymology 1

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Inherited from Old Polish bark.

Pronunciation

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  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -ark
  • Syllabification: bark

Noun

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bark m inan (related adjective barkowy)

  1. shoulder (part of the body between the base of the neck and forearm socket)
    Synonym: ramię
  3. (architecture, historical) side extension of a fort or fortification
  4. (in the plural) upper back (area including the shoulder blades from one shoulder to the other)
  5. shoulder (side edge of the tire tread)
  6. shoulder (bending the arc of a horseshoe, half-moon, half-ring or buckle)
  7. (obsolete, agriculture) swingletree, whiffletree, whippletree
    Synonym: orczyk
  8. (obsolete, architecture) arch
    Synonyms: pałąk, obłąk
  9. (Middle Polish) shoulder (thicker and higher part of an animal's hind legs)
  10. (Middle Polish) arch (any bend in an object)
Declension
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Declension of bark
singular plural
nominative bark barki
genitive barku barków
dative barkowi barkom
accusative bark barki
instrumental barkiem barkami
locative barku barkach
vocative barku barki
Derived terms
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adjectives
nouns
verbs
verbs
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adverbs
nouns

Etymology 2

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Borrowed from English barque.[1][2][3] First attested in the 20th century.[3] Doublet of barka.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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bark m inan (related adjective barkowy)

  2. (nautical) barque (sailing vessel)
Declension
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Declension of bark
singular plural
nominative bark barki
genitive barku barków
dative barkowi barkom
accusative bark barki
instrumental barkiem barkami
locative barku barkach
vocative barku barki

Etymology 3

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) First attested in 1600–1750.[4]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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bark m inan

  1. (Middle Polish) tool or vessel used in certain crafts or trades
    Alternative form: barka

References

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  1. ^ Mirosław Bańko, Lidia Wiśniakowska (2021) “bark”, in Wielki słownik wyrazów obcych, →ISBN
  2. ^ Stanisław Dubisz, editor (2003), “II bark”, in Uniwersalny słownik języka polskiego [Universal dictionary of the Polish language]‎[1] (in Polish), volumes 1-4, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Witold Doroszewski, editor (1958–1969), “bark II”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), Warszawa: PWN
  4. ^ Paweł Kupiszewski (09.10.2018) “BARK”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

Further reading

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  • bark in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • barki in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “bark”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
  • Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “bark”, in Słownik języka polskiego
  • Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “bark”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
  • J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “bark”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 98
  • bark in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

Slovincian

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Etymology

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Borrowed from German Barke.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈbark/
  • Rhymes: -ark
  • Syllabification: bark

Noun

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bark m inan (related adjective barkôwy)

  1. small boat on a wagon

Further reading

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Swedish

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Swedish Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia sv
tallbark [pine bark]

Etymology

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From Old Norse bǫrkr, from Proto-Germanic *barkuz.

Noun

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bark c (uncountable)

  1. bark (covering of the trunk of a tree)
  2. barque (type of ship)
    Synonym: barkskepp

Declension

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Declension of bark
nominative genitive
singular indefinite bark barks
definite barken barkens
plural indefinite barkar barkars
definite barkarna barkarnas

Derived terms

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References

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Turkish

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Etymology

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From Proto-Turkic *b(i)ark (“home”).

Noun

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bark (definite accusative barkı, plural barklar)

  1. (idiomatic) home

Declension

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Inflection
Nominative bark
Definite accusative barkı
Singular Plural
Nominative bark barklar
Definite accusative barkı barkları
Dative barka barklara
Locative barkta barklarda
Ablative barktan barklardan
Genitive barkın barkların
Possessive forms
Nominative
Singular Plural
1st singular barkım barklarım
2nd singular barkın barkların
3rd singular barkı barkları
1st plural barkımız barklarımız
2nd plural barkınız barklarınız
3rd plural barkları barkları
Definite accusative
Singular Plural
1st singular barkımı barklarımı
2nd singular barkını barklarını
3rd singular barkını barklarını
1st plural barkımızı barklarımızı
2nd plural barkınızı barklarınızı
3rd plural barklarını barklarını
Dative
Singular Plural
1st singular barkıma barklarıma
2nd singular barkına barklarına
3rd singular barkına barklarına
1st plural barkımıza barklarımıza
2nd plural barkınıza barklarınıza
3rd plural barklarına barklarına
Locative
Singular Plural
1st singular barkımda barklarımda
2nd singular barkında barklarında
3rd singular barkında barklarında
1st plural barkımızda barklarımızda
2nd plural barkınızda barklarınızda
3rd plural barklarında barklarında
Ablative
Singular Plural
1st singular barkımdan barklarımdan
2nd singular barkından barklarından
3rd singular barkından barklarından
1st plural barkımızdan barklarımızdan
2nd plural barkınızdan barklarınızdan
3rd plural barklarından barklarından
Genitive
Singular Plural
1st singular barkımın barklarımın
2nd singular barkının barklarının
3rd singular barkının barklarının
1st plural barkımızın barklarımızın
2nd plural barkınızın barklarınızın
3rd plural barklarının barklarının

Synonyms

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Derived terms

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See also

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Further reading

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