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abrupt

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

English

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Etymology

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First attested in 1583. Borrowed from Latin abruptus (“broken off”), perfect passive participle of abrumpō (“break off”), formed from ab (“from, away from”) + rumpō (“to break”).[1][2]

Pronunciation

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  • (US) IPA(key): /əˈbɹʌpt/, /æbˈɹʌpt/
  • Audio (US):(file)
  • Rhymes: -ʌpt

Adjective

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abrupt (comparative more abrupt or abrupter, superlative most abrupt or abruptest)

  1. (obsolete, rare) Broken away (from restraint). [Attested only in the late 16th century.][1]
  2. Without notice to prepare the mind for the event; sudden; hasty; unceremonious. [First attested in the late 16th century.][1]
    The party came to an abrupt end when the parents of our host arrived.
    • 1592, William Shakespeare, Henry VI Part I, II-iii:
      The cause of your abrupt departure.
    • 1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “Success”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 76:
      There was something in this abrupt allusion to the treasured and hidden past, that at once shocked and silenced Norbourne. He was annoyed to find that his heart's sweetest secret was in the possession of one so little likely to keep it;...
    • 2020 January 28, Kiran Millwood Hargrave, The Mercies‎[1], →ISBN, page 130:
      'Is it a slickstone?' she asks, and Maren snorts, an abrupt sound, bringing her hand up to her mouth.
  3. Curt in manner. [First attested in the late 16th century.][1]
    Synonyms: brusque, rude, uncivil, impolite, terse
    • 1841 February–November, Charles Dickens, “Barnaby Rudge. Chapter 12.”, in Master Humphrey’s Clock, volume II, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, page 301:
      With no great disparity between them in point of years, they were, in every other respect, as unlike and far removed from each other as two men could well be. The one was soft-spoken, delicately made, precise, and elegant; the other, a burly square-built man, negligently dressed, rough and abrupt in manner, stern, and, in his present mood, forbidding both in look and speech.
  4. Having sudden transitions from one subject or state to another; unconnected; disjointed. [First attested in the late 16th century.][1]
    • 1641, Ben Jonson, Discoveries Made upon Men and Matter‎[2]:
      The abrupt style, which hath many breaches.
  5. (obsolete) Broken off. [Attested from the early 17th century until the mid 18th century.][1]
  6. Extremely steep or craggy as if broken up; precipitous. [First attested in the early 17th century.][1]
    • a. 1749 (date written), James Thomson, “Summer”, in The Seasons, London: […] A[ndrew] Millar, and sold by Thomas Cadell, […], published 1768, →OCLC:
      The mazy-running brook
      Forms a deep pool; this bank abrupt and high.
    • 1961 October, ""Voyageur"", “The Cockermouth, Keswick & Penrith Railway”, in Trains Illustrated, page 601:
      To the north the towering scree-strewn slopes of Saddleback begin to draw nearer as we start the abrupt descent towards Keswick.
  7. (botany) Suddenly terminating, as if cut off; truncate. [First attested in the early 19th century.][1]
    • 1839, William Baxter, British Phænogamous Botany‎[3], →OCLC:
      Root oblong, blackish, nearly the thickness of the little finger, often growing obliquely; abrupt at the lower end, so as to appear as if bitten off, furnished with long whitish fibres.

Synonyms

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Derived terms

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Translations

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The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Verb

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abrupt (third-person singular simple present abrupts, present participle abrupting, simple past and past participle abrupted)

  1. (transitive, archaic) To tear off or asunder. [First attested in the mid 17th century.][1]
  2. To interrupt suddenly. [First attested in the mid 17th century.][1]

Derived terms

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Translations

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Noun

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abrupt (plural abrupts)

  1. (poetic) Something which is abrupt; an abyss. [First attested in the mid 17th century.][1]
    • 1667, John Milton, “Book II”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:
      Over the vast abrupt.

Translations

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References

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  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Lesley Brown, editor-in-chief, William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, editors (2002), “abrupt”, in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles, 5th edition, Oxford, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 8.
  2. ^ Philip Babcock Gove (editor), Webster's Third International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (G. & C. Merriam Co., 1976 [1909], →ISBN), page 6

Dutch

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Etymology

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Borrowed from French abrupt, itself borrowed from Latin abruptus, from abrumpēre (“to break off”).

Pronunciation

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  • Audio:(file)
  • Hyphenation: ab‧rupt

Adjective

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abrupt (comparative abrupter, superlative abruptst)

  1. abrupt (sudden)

Declension

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Declension of abrupt
uninflected abrupt
inflected abrupte
comparative abrupter
positive comparative superlative
predicative/adverbial abrupt abrupter het abruptst
het abruptste
indefinite m./f. sing. abrupte abruptere abruptste
n. sing. abrupt abrupter abruptste
plural abrupte abruptere abruptste
definite abrupte abruptere abruptste
partitive abrupts abrupters —

French

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Latin abruptus.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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abrupt (feminine abrupte, masculine plural abrupts, feminine plural abruptes)

  1. Extremely steep, near vertical
  2. curt and abrupt
  3. Done or said forwardly and without caution to avoid shocking

Derived terms

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Further reading

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German

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Etymology

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18th century, from Latin abruptus.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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abrupt (strong nominative masculine singular abrupter, comparative abrupter, superlative am abruptesten)

  1. abrupt
    1. sudden, unforeseen
      Synonyms: jäh, plötzlich, schlagartig
    2. unconnected, having sudden transitions, (of movements) jerking

Declension

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Positive forms of abrupt
number & gender singular plural
masculine feminine neuter
predicative er ist abrupt sie ist abrupt es ist abrupt sie sind abrupt
strong declension
(without article) 		nominative abrupter abrupte abruptes abrupte
genitive abrupten abrupter abrupten abrupter
dative abruptem abrupter abruptem abrupten
accusative abrupten abrupte abruptes abrupte
weak declension
(with definite article) 		nominative der abrupte die abrupte das abrupte die abrupten
genitive des abrupten der abrupten des abrupten der abrupten
dative dem abrupten der abrupten dem abrupten den abrupten
accusative den abrupten die abrupte das abrupte die abrupten
mixed declension
(with indefinite article) 		nominative ein abrupter eine abrupte ein abruptes (keine) abrupten
genitive eines abrupten einer abrupten eines abrupten (keiner) abrupten
dative einem abrupten einer abrupten einem abrupten (keinen) abrupten
accusative einen abrupten eine abrupte ein abruptes (keine) abrupten
Comparative forms of abrupt
number & gender singular plural
masculine feminine neuter
predicative er ist abrupter sie ist abrupter es ist abrupter sie sind abrupter
strong declension
(without article) 		nominative abrupterer abruptere abrupteres abruptere
genitive abrupteren abrupterer abrupteren abrupterer
dative abrupterem abrupterer abrupterem abrupteren
accusative abrupteren abruptere abrupteres abruptere
weak declension
(with definite article) 		nominative der abruptere die abruptere das abruptere die abrupteren
genitive des abrupteren der abrupteren des abrupteren der abrupteren
dative dem abrupteren der abrupteren dem abrupteren den abrupteren
accusative den abrupteren die abruptere das abruptere die abrupteren
mixed declension
(with indefinite article) 		nominative ein abrupterer eine abruptere ein abrupteres (keine) abrupteren
genitive eines abrupteren einer abrupteren eines abrupteren (keiner) abrupteren
dative einem abrupteren einer abrupteren einem abrupteren (keinen) abrupteren
accusative einen abrupteren eine abruptere ein abrupteres (keine) abrupteren
Superlative forms of abrupt
number & gender singular plural
masculine feminine neuter
predicative er ist am abruptesten sie ist am abruptesten es ist am abruptesten sie sind am abruptesten
strong declension
(without article) 		nominative abruptester abrupteste abruptestes abrupteste
genitive abruptesten abruptester abruptesten abruptester
dative abruptestem abruptester abruptestem abruptesten
accusative abruptesten abrupteste abruptestes abrupteste
weak declension
(with definite article) 		nominative der abrupteste die abrupteste das abrupteste die abruptesten
genitive des abruptesten der abruptesten des abruptesten der abruptesten
dative dem abruptesten der abruptesten dem abruptesten den abruptesten
accusative den abruptesten die abrupteste das abrupteste die abruptesten
mixed declension
(with indefinite article) 		nominative ein abruptester eine abrupteste ein abruptestes (keine) abruptesten
genitive eines abruptesten einer abruptesten eines abruptesten (keiner) abruptesten
dative einem abruptesten einer abruptesten einem abruptesten (keinen) abruptesten
accusative einen abruptesten eine abrupteste ein abruptestes (keine) abruptesten

Further reading

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  • “abrupt” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
  • “abrupt” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon

Norwegian Bokmål

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Etymology

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Learned borrowing from Latin abruptus (“broken off, torn; abrupt”).

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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abrupt (neuter singular abrupt, definite singular and plural abrupte, comparative mer abrupt, superlative mest abrupt)

  1. abrupt (having sudden transitions from one subject or state to another; unconnected; disjointed)
    Synonyms: plutselig, brå
    abrupte setninger ― abrupt sentences
    abrupt tale ― abrupt speech
    • 1976, Karsten Alnæs, Felttoget, page 14:
      han lignet en vadefugl, ikke bare i skikkelsen, men også gjennom den abrupte rykkende gangen
      he resembled a wader, not only in the figure, but also through the abrupt jerking passage
    • 1993, Tor Ulven, Avløsning, page 47:
      i et abrupt glimt husker du … at du en gang sto slik
      in an abrupt glimpse you remember… that you once stood like that
    • 2000, Pernille Rygg, Det gyldne snitt:
      ikke gråt, bare et siste, abrupt avklippet ynk
      not crying, just one last, abruptly clipped pity
    • 2013, Erik Bjerck Hagen, Livets overskudd, page 107:
      Riis’ abrupte og prekære tilbaketog
      Riis' abrupt and precarious retreat

Derived terms

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References

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Romanian

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Etymology

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Borrowed from French abrupt, Latin abruptus.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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abrupt m or n (feminine singular abruptă, masculine plural abrupți, feminine and neuter plural abrupte)

  1. abrupt
  2. extremely steep, near vertical

Declension

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singular plural
masculine neuter feminine masculine neuter feminine
nominative-
accusative 		indefinite abrupt abruptă abrupți abrupte
definite abruptul abrupta abrupții abruptele
genitive-
dative 		indefinite abrupt abrupte abrupți abrupte
definite abruptului abruptei abrupților abruptelor

References

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Swedish

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Pronunciation

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Adjective

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abrupt

  1. abrupt, sudden

Declension

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Inflection of abrupt
Indefinite positive comparative superlative1
common singular abrupt — —
neuter singular abrupt — —
plural abrupta — —
masculine plural2 abrupte — —
Definite positive comparative superlative
masculine singular3 abrupte — —
all abrupta — —

1 The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative.
2 Dated or archaic.
3 Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.

Adverb

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abrupt

  1. suddenly

Synonyms

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