sur

See also: Appendix:Variations of "sur"

Asturian

Noun

sur m (uncountable)

south

Basque

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /s̺ur/, [s̺ur]

Noun

sur inan

(Biscayan) Alternative form of sudur

Cornish

Etymology

From French sûr.

Pronunciation

(Revived Middle Cornish) IPA^(key): /ˈsyːr/
(Revived Late Cornish) IPA^(key): /ˈsiːr/, /ˈziːr/

Adjective

sur

certain, sure

Danish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sur/, [suɐ̯ˀ]
Rhymes: -ur

Etymology 1

Verbal noun to surre (“to whirr”) (imitative).

Noun

sur n (singular definite surret, plural indefinite sur)

whirr (a sibilant buzz or vibration from insect wings)

Declension

Declension of sur

neuter gender	Singular		Plural
neuter gender	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	sur	surret	sur	surrene
genitive	surs	surrets	surs	surrenes

Etymology 2

From Old Norse súrr (“sour”), from Proto-Germanic *sūraz, from Proto-Indo-European *súHros.

Adjective

sur

sour (having an acid, sharp or tangy taste)
(chemistry) acidic
(of dairy products) spoiled
(of a person or communication) surly, cross, annoyed, sulky, sore
(of work or situation) unpleasant

Inflection

Inflection of *sur*
	positive	comparative	superlative
indefinite common singular	sur	surere	surest²
indefinite neuter singular	surt	surere	surest²
plural	sure	surere	surest²
definite attributive¹	sure	surere	sureste

¹ When an adjective is applied predicatively to something definite,
the corresponding "indefinite" form is used.
² The "indefinite" superlatives may not be used attributively.

Esperanto

Etymology

From French sur.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sur/
Audio: (file)

Preposition

sur

on, upon

Derived terms

French

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /syʁ/
Audio (France): (file)
Homophones: sûr, sûre, surent, sûres, sûrs
Rhymes: -yʁ

Etymology 1

Inherited from Middle French sur, from Old French sur, seur, sor, soure, souvre, sovre (“on, upon, over”), from Latin super (“over, on, above”), from *eks-uper, from *h₁eǵʰs (“out of”) (Latin ex) and *upér (“above”), from *upo. Doublet of super, a borrowing. Cognate with Old English ofer (“over, above”). More at over.

Preposition

sur

on, upon
on top of
from on top of
above
out of
sept sur dix ― seven out of ten
in the case of
about, concerning
(informal, France) in (a place)
Synonyms: à, en, dans

sur Paris ― in Paris

Synonyms

(above): au-dessus de
sur ce

Antonyms

(antonym(s) of “on”): sous
(antonym(s) of “on top of”): dessous
(antonym(s) of “above”): au-dessous de

Etymology 2

Inherited from Middle French sur, from Old French sur (“sour, bitter”), from Frankish *sūr (“acidic, sour”), from Proto-Germanic *sūraz (“sour”). More at English sour.

Adjective

sur (feminine sure, masculine plural surs, feminine plural sures)

sour

Galician

Alternative forms

S

Etymology

Borrowed from French sud, from Old English suþ, from Proto-Germanic *sunþrą.

Noun

sur m (plural sures)

(uncountable) south (cardinal direction)
(uncountable) the southern portion of a territory or region
(countable) a southern; a wind blowing from the south

Antonyms

(antonym(s) of “south”): norte, setentrión
(antonym(s) of “southern portion”): norte

Coordinate terms

Derived terms

Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from French sur, Italian su.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈsur/

Preposition

sur

on

Italian

Etymology

From Latin super (“above”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈsur/
Rhymes: -ur
Hyphenation: sùr

Preposition

sur

(archaic) Alternative form of su used before words beginning with u (especially indefinite articles)
sur un tavolo ― on a table

Maltese

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /suːr/

Etymology 1

From Arabic سُور (sūr).

Noun

sur m (plural swar)

wall, rampart
- 1949, Anton Buttigieg, “Il-Bejta fis-Sur”, in Mill-Gallerija ta’ Żgħożiti:
  U tela’ għas-sur, wisq imgħaddab,
  u kaxkar kull xitla, kull żrara,
  u l-bejta dlonk ħataf, ġarr miegħu
  bl-għasafar, jaħasra xi ħsara!
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
bastion
rock

Etymology 2

Contraction of sinjur, from Sicilian signuri.

Noun

sur m (usually uncountable)

mister, sir
is-Sur Buttiġieġ ― Mr Buttigieg

Middle English

Adjective

sur

Alternative form of sure

Middle High German

Etymology

From Old High German sūr, from Proto-West Germanic *sūr, from Proto-West Germanic *sūr, from Proto-Germanic *sūraz, from Proto-Indo-European *suHrós.

Adjective

sūr

sour

Declension

Positive forms of sūr

number & gender		singular			plural
number & gender		masculine	feminine	neuter	nonneuter	neuter
strong declension	nominative	sūrer	sūriu	sūreȥ	sūre	sūriu
	genitive	sūres	sūrer(e)	sūres	sūrer(e)
	dative	sūrem(e)	sūrer(e)	sūrem(e)	sūren
	accusative	sūren	sūre	sūreȥ	sūre	sūriu
weak declension	nominative	dër sūre	diu sūre	daȥ sūre	die sūren	diu sūren
	genitive	dës sūren	dër sūren	dës sūren	dër sūren
	dative	dëm sūren	dër sūren	dëm sūren	dën sūren
	accusative	dën sūren	die sūren	daȥ sūre	die sūren	diu sūren

Descendants

Central Franconian: suur, souer (Moselle Franconian)
German: sauer
Luxembourgish: sauer
Vilamovian: zaojwer
Yiddish: זויער (zoyer)
→ Polish: żur

References

“sur” in Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch, Matthias von Lexer, 3 vols., Leipzig 1872–1878.
Köbler, Gerhard, Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch (3rd edition 2014)

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old Norse súrr, from Proto-Germanic *sūraz, from Proto-Indo-European *súHros. Cognate with Danish sur, Icelandic súr, Dutch zuur, English sour and German sauer.

Adjective

sur (neuter singular surt, definite singular and plural sure, comparative surere, indefinite superlative surest, definite superlative sureste)

sour (e.g. the characteristic taste of a lemon)
In a bad temper, sulky
acidic
sur nedbør ― acid rain
cold, unpleasant (often about weather)
Det er surt ute.
The weather is unpleasant outside

Han prøver å gjøre livet surt for meg.
He's trying to make life difficult for me.

Synonyms

(taste): skarp, snerpende
(bad temper): gretten, sint

References

“sur” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse súrr, from Proto-Germanic *sūraz, from Proto-Indo-European *súHros. Cognate with Danish sur, Icelandic súr, Dutch zuur, English sour and German sauer.

Adjective

sur (neuter singular surt, definite singular and plural sure, comparative surare, indefinite superlative surast, definite superlative suraste)

sour
acidic
sur nedbør ― acid rain
bad-tempered, annoyed, in a foul mood
Synonym: gretten
used about old socks which are smelling bad

Derived terms

surdeig

References

“sur” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *sūr. Cognate with Old Saxon sūr, Old High German sūr, Old Norse súrr.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /suːr/

Adjective

sūr

sour

Declension

Declension of sūr — Strong

Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	sūr	sūr	sūr
Accusative	sūrne	sūre	sūr
Genitive	sūres	sūrre	sūres
Dative	sūrum	sūrre	sūrum
Instrumental	sūre	sūrre	sūre
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	sūre	sūra, sūre	sūr
Accusative	sūre	sūra, sūre	sūr
Genitive	sūrra	sūrra	sūrra
Dative	sūrum	sūrum	sūrum
Instrumental	sūrum	sūrum	sūrum

Declension of sūr — Weak

Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	sūra	sūre	sūre
Accusative	sūran	sūran	sūre
Genitive	sūran	sūran	sūran
Dative	sūran	sūran	sūran
Instrumental	sūran	sūran	sūran
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	sūran	sūran	sūran
Accusative	sūran	sūran	sūran
Genitive	sūrra, sūrena	sūrra, sūrena	sūrra, sūrena
Dative	sūrum	sūrum	sūrum
Instrumental	sūrum	sūrum	sūrum

Derived terms

sūrnes

Descendants

Middle English: sur, sour
- English: sour
- Scots: sour, soor

Old French

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Frankish *sūr (“acidic, sour”). 1160 CE.

Adjective

sur m (oblique and nominative feminine singular sure)

sour, bitter

Descendants

Middle French: sur, sour
- French: sur
Walloon: sèr (Forrières)

Etymology 2

Preposition

sur

Alternative form of seur

Old High German

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *sūr, from Proto-West Germanic *sūr, from Proto-Germanic *sūraz, from Proto-Indo-European *suHrós.

Adjective

sūr

sour

Descendants

Middle High German: sūr
- Central Franconian: suur, souer (Moselle Franconian)
- German: sauer
- Luxembourgish: sauer
- Vilamovian: zaojwer
- Yiddish: זויער (zoyer)
- → Polish: żur

Old Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse súrr, from Proto-Germanic *sūraz.

Adjective

sūr

sour

Declension

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Declension of sūr (strong)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	sūr	sūr	sūrt
accusative	sūran	sūra	sūrt
dative	sūrum sūrom	sūrri sūrre	sūru sūro
genitive	sūrs	sūrrar	sūrs
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	sūrir sūrer	sūrar	sūr
accusative	sūra	sūrar	sūr
dative	sūrum sūrom	sūrum sūrom	sūrum sūrom
genitive	sūrra sūra	sūrra sūra	sūrra sūra

Declension of sūr (weak)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	sūri sūre	sūra	sūra
accusative	sūra	sūru sūro	sūra
dative	sūra	sūru sūro	sūra
genitive	sūra	sūru sūro	sūra
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	sūru sūro	sūru sūro	sūru sūro
accusative	sūru sūro	sūru sūro	sūru sūro
dative	sūru sūro	sūru sūro	sūru sūro
genitive	sūru sūro	sūru sūro	sūru sūro

Descendants

Swedish: sur

Prasuni

Alternative forms

suru (Pronz)

Etymology

From Proto-Nuristani *sara, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sáras, from Proto-Indo-European *sélos.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /suɾ/

Noun

sur (Pashki)^[1]

lake
pond

References

^ Strand, Richard F. (2016) “sur”, in Nûristânî Etymological Lexicon‎^[1]

Rohingya

Alternative forms

𐴏𐴟𐴌 (sur) — Hanifi Rohingya script

Etymology

From Sanskrit चोर (cora).

Noun

sur (Hanifi spelling 𐴏𐴟𐴌)

thief

Related terms

suri / 𐴏𐴟𐴌𐴞 (suri)

Romanian

Etymology

Most likely from a Slavic language. Compare Bulgarian сур (sur), Serbo-Croatian sur. A less likely etymology connects it to Latin syrus, or links it with Italian soro.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sur/

Adjective

sur m or n (feminine singular sură, masculine plural suri, feminine and neuter plural sure)

grey
Synonyms: gri, brumăriu

Declension

		masculine	feminine	masculine	neuter
		singular		plural
nominative- accusative	indefinite	sur	sură	suri	sure
nominative- accusative	definite	surul	sura	surii	surele
genitive- dative	indefinite	sur	sure	suri	sure
genitive- dative	definite	surului	surei	surelor	surilor

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Compare surov.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sûːr/

Adjective

sȗr (Cyrillic spelling су̑р, definite sȗrī)

(expressive, literary) ash-gray
(expressive, literary, figurative) gray, gloomy (of weather)
(expressive, literary, figurative) glum, stern, scowling, sullen (of person's face or mood)

Declension

indefinite forms

singular		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative		sur	sura	suro
genitive		sura	sure	sura
dative		suru	suroj	suru
accusative	inanimate animate	sur sura	suru	suro
vocative		sur	sura	suro
locative		suru	suroj	suru
instrumental		surim	surom	surim
plural		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative		suri	sure	sura
genitive		surih	surih	surih
dative		surim(a)	surim(a)	surim(a)
accusative		sure	sure	sura
vocative		suri	sure	sura
locative		surim(a)	surim(a)	surim(a)
instrumental		surim(a)	surim(a)	surim(a)

definite forms

singular		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative		suri	sura	suro
genitive		surog(a)	sure	surog(a)
dative		surom(u/e)	suroj	surom(u/e)
accusative	inanimate animate	suri surog(a)	suru	suro
vocative		suri	sura	suro
locative		surom(e/u)	suroj	surom(e/u)
instrumental		surim	surom	surim
plural		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative		suri	sure	sura
genitive		surih	surih	surih
dative		surim(a)	surim(a)	surim(a)
accusative		sure	sure	sura
vocative		suri	sure	sura
locative		surim(a)	surim(a)	surim(a)
instrumental		surim(a)	surim(a)	surim(a)

References

“sur”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2024

Spanish

Etymology

Borrowed from French sud, from Old English suþ, from Proto-Germanic *sunþrą.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈsuɾ/ [ˈsuɾ]
Audio (Colombia): (file)
Rhymes: -uɾ
Syllabification: sur

Noun

sur m (plural sures)

south
Antonym: norte

Coordinate terms

(compass points) puntos cardinales;

noroeste	norte	noreste
oeste		este
suroeste	sur	sureste

Derived terms

Related terms

Sumerian

Romanization

sur

Romanization of 𒋩 (sur)

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Swedish sūr, from Old Norse súrr, from Proto-Germanic *sūraz, from Proto-Indo-European *súHros.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sʉːr/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ʉːr

Adjective

sur (comparative surare, superlative surast)

sour (having the characteristic taste of for example a lemon or vinegar)
sour (rancid)
sur mjölk
sour milk
acidic
sur jord
acidic soil
angry, annoyed
Jag blir så jäkla sur när han gör så där
I get so damn angry when he does that
bad, sour (of a feeling or the like)
Det känns surt att vi förlorade
It feels bad that we lost
wet, damp (of something that should be dry)
sura strumpor
wet socks

Declension

Inflection of **sur**
Indefinite	positive	comparative	superlative¹
common singular	sur	surare	surast
neuter singular	surt	surare	surast
plural	sura	surare	surast
masculine plural²	sure	surare	surast

Definite	positive	comparative	superlative
masculine singular³	sure	surare	suraste
all	sura	surare	suraste

¹ The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative.
² Dated or archaic.
³ Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.

Derived terms

References

Anagrams

urs

Tagalog

Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish sur, from French sud, from Middle French sud, from Old French su, sud (“south”), a Germanic borrowing, from Old English sūþ (“south”).

Pronunciation

(Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈsuɾ/ [ˈsuɾ]
Rhymes: -uɾ
Syllabification: sur

Noun

sur (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜓᜇ᜔) (uncommon)

south (compass point)
Synonym: timog
- 1985, Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Mga tula at tilamsik ng diwa:
  At, sa angkan naman ng ating First Lady, si Kokoy, na siyang governor ng Leyte, Ay embahador pa sa lahat ng parte - Sa este't oeste, sa sur at sa norte!
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Coordinate terms

hilagang kanluran norweste	hilaga norte	hilagang silangan nordeste
oksidente kanluran oeste		oryente silangan este
salatan timog-kanluran	sur timog	timog-silangan

Related terms

Sur

Turkish

Etymology 1

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish سور,^[1] from Arabic سُور (sūr).^[2]

Noun

sur (definite accusative suru, plural surlar)

city wall

Etymology 2

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish صور,^[3] from Arabic صُور (ṣūr).^[4]

Noun

sur (definite accusative suru, plural surlar)

horn

References

^ Redhouse, James W. (1890) “سور”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[2], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1088
^ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “sur1”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
^ Redhouse, James W. (1890) “صور”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[3], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1190
^ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “sur2”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

Welsh

Etymology

From Old English sūr (“sour”).^[1]

Pronunciation

(North Wales) IPA^(key): /sɨːr/
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /siːr/
Rhymes: -ɨːr
Homophone: sir (South Wales)

Adjective

sur (feminine singular sur, plural surion, equative sured, comparative surach, superlative suraf, not mutable)

sour, acidic
Synonyms: egr, chwibl, asidaidd, asidig

Derived terms

suraidd (“sourish, tart”)

Noun

sur m (uncountable, not mutable)

(obsolete) acid
Synonym: asid

Mutation

Mutated forms of *sur*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
sur	unchanged	unchanged	unchanged

References

^ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “sur”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

[NEL-1] Strand, Richard F. (2016) “sur”, in Nûristânî Etymological Lexicon‎^[1]

[2] Redhouse, James W. (1890) “سور”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[2], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1088

[3] Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “sur1”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

[4] Redhouse, James W. (1890) “صور”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[3], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1190

[5] Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “sur2”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

[6] R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “sur”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

[1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[1]

Basic tastes in Welsh (layout · text)

melys	sur / egr	hallt	chwerw	sbeislyd	sawrus

Asturian

Noun

Basque

Pronunciation

Noun

Further reading

Cornish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adjective

Danish

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Declension

Etymology 2

Adjective

Inflection

Esperanto

Etymology

Pronunciation

Preposition

Derived terms

French

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Preposition

Synonyms

Antonyms

Etymology 2

Adjective

See also

Further reading

Galician

Alternative forms

Etymology

Noun

Antonyms

Coordinate terms

Derived terms

Further reading

Ido

Etymology

Pronunciation

Preposition

Italian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Preposition

Further reading

Maltese

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Etymology 2

Noun

Middle English

Adjective

Middle High German

Etymology

Adjective

Declension

Descendants

References

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

Adjective

Synonyms

Antonyms

Derived terms

Related terms

References

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

Adjective

Derived terms

References

Old English

Etymology

Pronunciation