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Appendix:Italic Swadesh lists

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This is a Swadesh list of Italic languages, specifically Proto-Italic, Latin, Sardinian, Faliscan, Oscan, Umbrian, South Picene, Aequian and Sicel, compared with that of English.

List

[edit]
β„–EnglishProto-Italic
edit (207)		Latin
Latina
edit (207)		Sardinian
sardu
edit (207)		Faliscan
edit (16)		Oscan
edit (30)		Umbrian
edit (44)		South Picene
edit (13)		Aequian
edit (1)		Sicel
edit (3)		Paelignian
edit (5)		Volscian
edit (2)		Marrucinian
edit (5)
1I (1sg)*egōegodeoπŒ„πŒ’πŒ (eqo), πŒ„πŒŠπŒ (eko), πŒ„πŒ‚πŒ (eco)πŒŒπŒ„πŒ‡πŒ„ (mehe)*πŒ„πŒŠπŒž (ekΓΊ)
2you (2sg)*tΕ«tutueπŒ•πŒ‰πŒ‰πŒ–πŒŒ (tiium), πŒ•πŒ‰πŒž (tiΓΊ)*, πŒ•πŒ‰πŒšπŒ„πŒ‰ (tifei), πŒ•πŒšπŒ„πŒ‰ (tfei)*πŒ•πŒ‰πŒπŒŒ (tiom), πŒ•πŒ‰πŒ– (tiu), πŒ•πŒ‰πŒ (tio)*, πŒ•πŒ„πŒ‰πŒ (teio)*, πŒ•πŒ„πŒšπŒ„ (tefe)*πŒ•πŒ‰πŒπŒŒ (tiom )*, πŒ•πŒ„πŒšπŒ„πŒ (tefeΓ­), πŒ•πŒ„πŒšπŒ„πŒ‡ (tefeh)*
3he, she, it (3sg)*isis*, ea*, id*issuπŒ‰πŒ†πŒ‰πŒŠ (izik)*, πŒπŒƒπŒ‰πŒŠ (Γ­dik)*πŒ„πŒ›πŒ„πŒŠ (eΕ™ek), πŒ„πŒ“πŒ„ (ere)πŒ‰πŒ€πŒšπŒ‚ (iafc)*, πŒ„πŒ”πŒ–πŒ‚ (esuc)*
4we (1pl)*nōsnosnois
5you (2pl)*wōsvosboisπŒ–πŒ„πŒ” (ues)πŒ–πŒ–πŒ” (uus)
6they (3pl)*isei, ii*, eae*, ea*, iste*, ista*issos
7this*hek(e)is, hic*, haec*, hoc*custuπŒπŒ–πŒ„ (bue), πŒ„πŒ”πŒ•πŒ– (estu)*, πŒ„πŒ”πŒ•πŒ„ (este)*πŒ„πŒ”πŒŒπŒ„πŒ (esmen)*, πŒ„πŒ”πŒ•πŒ€πŒ” (estas)*
8that*estois, ille*, illa*, illud*cudduΡστι (esti)
9here*hek(e)hicinogheπŒ‡πŒ„πŒ‚ (hec), πŒ‡πŒ„ (he), πŒ…πŒ„ (fe)
10there*iΓ°eiillic, ibiaddaecheπŒ‰πŒšπŒ„ (ife)
11who*kΚ·is, *kΚ·oiquis*, quae*chieπŒ‚πŒ–πŒ‰ (cui)πŒπŒ‰πŒ” (pis), πŒπŒ€πŒ (paΓ­), πŒπŒ€πŒ„ (pae)πŒπŒ‰πŒ”πŒ‰ (pisi), πŒπŒ‰πŒ›πŒ„ (piΕ™e), πŒπŒ„πŒ›πŒ„ (peΕ™e ), πŒπŒ‰πŒ“πŒ”πŒ„ (pirse)πŒπŒ–πŒ‰πŒ‡ (puih)πŒπŒ–πŒ–πŒ” (puus)πŒπŒ‰πŒ” (pis)πŒπŒ‰πŒ€πŒšπŒ” (piafs)
12what*kΚ·is, *kΚ·oiquiditte, chiπŒ‚πŒ–πŒ‰ (cui)πŒπŒ‰πŒƒ (pid), πŒπŒžπŒƒ (pΓΊd), πŒπŒπŒƒ (pod)πŒπŒπŒƒπŒ–πŒŒ (pΓ­dum), πŒπŒ‰πŒ›πŒ„ (piΕ™e), πŒπŒ‰πŒ“πŒ”πŒ„ (pirse), πŒπŒπŒ‰ (poi), πŒπŒπŒ“πŒ”πŒ„ (porse)πŒπŒ‰πŒƒ (pid)πŒπŒ‰πŒƒ (pid)πŒπŒ‰πŒ” (pis)πŒπŒ‰πŒ” (pis)
13where*kʷāmdōubiube
14when*kΚ·uΓ°eicum, quandocandoπŒ‚πŒ–πŒ€πŒπŒƒπŒ (cuando)πŒπŒ–πŒš (puf)πŒπŒ–πŒšπŒ„ (pufe)
15how*kʷāmquam, quomodocomente
16not*nΔ“non, nenonoπŒπŒ‰ (ni)πŒπŒ„ (ne)πŒπŒ‰ (ni)
17all*opnistotus, omnes*, omnia*totuπŒžπŒ‰πŒπŒ‰πŒŒ (ΓΊinim)
18many*moltosmultus*, multi*, multae*, multa*tantu
19some*partimaliqui*, aliqua*, aliquod*carchi
20few*paukospauci*, paucae*, pauca*pacu
21other*aljosalter*, altera*, aliusΓ tteruπŒ€πŒ“πŒ”πŒ‰πŒ“ (arsir)πŒ€πŒ‹πŒ‰πŒ„πŒ” (alies)
22one*oinosunus*, una*unuπŒ–πŒ‰πŒπŒ–πŒ” (uinus)πŒ–πŒπŒ” (uns)
23two*duōduo*, duae*duosπŒƒπŒ–πŒπŒŒ (duom)πŒƒπŒ–πŒ” (dus)πŒ•πŒ–πŒš (tuf)
24three*trΔ“strestresπŒ•πŒ“πŒπŒ” (trΓ­s)πŒ•πŒ“πŒ„ (tre)
25four*kΚ·ettwōrquattuorbattorπŒπŒ„πŒ•πŒ•πŒ‰πŒ–πŒ“ (pettiur), πŒπŒ„πŒ•πŒ–πŒ“πŒ€ (petura)πŒπŒ„πŒ•πŒ–πŒ“ (petur)
26five*kΚ·enkΚ·equinquechimbeπŒ‚πŒ–πŒ‰πŒ‚πŒ•πŒ (cuicto), πŒ‚πŒ–πŒ‰πŒπŒ‚πŒ–πŒ„ (cuincue)πŒπŒ–πŒŒπŒπŒ„ (pumpe)πŒπŒ–πŒŒπŒπŒ„ (pumpe)
27big*magnosmagnus, grandismannu
28long*dlongoslonguslongu
29wide*stlātoslatus, amplus, larguslàrgu
30thick*kartsuscreber, crassus, spissusispìssu
31heavy*gΚ·rawosgravispesanteπŒπŒ“πŒ€πŒ…πŒžπŒ” (bravΓΊs)*
32small*paurosparvuspitzinnu
33short*breΙ£Κ·isbrevis*, curtus*curtu
34narrow*angostosangustus, strictus*istrintu
35thin*tenwistenuis, subtilis, macer, gracilissuttile
36woman*fΔ“manāfemina, mulierfemina
37man (adult male)*wirosviromineπŒπŒ‰πŒ‰πŒ“ (niir)πŒ–πŒ‰πŒ›πŒ (uiΕ™o), πŒ–πŒ„πŒ‰πŒ›πŒ (ueiΕ™o)*, πŒπŒ„πŒ“πŒš (nerf)*
38man (human being)*hemōhomopersonaπŒ•πŒπŒ–πŒ•πŒ (touto)*, πŒ‡πŒ–πŒŒπŒ–πŒπŒ” (humuns), πŒ‡πŒ–πŒŒπŒ– (humu)πŒ‡πŒπŒŒπŒ (homo)
39child*puwerospuer, infanspitzinnuπŒπŒ–πŒ‚πŒ‹πŒ–πŒŒ (puglum)
40wife*uksōruxor, mulierpobiddaπŒ–πŒ—πŒπŒ“ (uxor), πŒ–πŒ—πŒ (uxo)πŒ–πŒ”πŒ–πŒ“ (usur)
41husband*wiros, *nΔ“rmaritusmariduπŒπŒπŒ“ (nΓ­r)
42mother*mātΔ“rmatermamaπŒŒπŒ€πŒ•πŒ„ (mate)πŒŒπŒ€πŒ€πŒ•πŒ“πŒ„πŒπŒ” (maatreΓ­s)πŒŒπŒ€πŒ•πŒ“πŒ„πŒ“ (matrer)πŒŒπŒ€πŒ•πŒ„πŒ“πŒ„πŒ‘πŒ‡ (matereΓ­h)*
43father*patΔ“rpaterbabbuπŒπŒ€πŒ•πŒ„πŒ“ (pater)πŒπŒ€πŒ•πŒπŒ“ (patΓ­r)πŒπŒ€πŒ•πŒ„πŒ“πŒ„πŒ‘πŒ‡ (patereΓ­h)*patre*
44animal*anamālisanimalanimale
45fish*piskispiscispische
46bird*awisavis, aucelluspuzoneπŒ€πŒ…πŒ„πŒ” (aves)*, πŒ€πŒ…πŒ‰πŒš (avif)*
47dog*kōcaniscane
48louse*pezdispedis, pediculuspeugu
49snake*angΚ·isserpens, anguisserpente
50worm*wormisvermisberme
51tree*arðōsarboralvure
52forest*selwāsilvabuscu
53stick*bakklombaculum, palusbastone
54fruit*poomosfructus, fruxfrutta
55seed*sΔ“mΙ™nsemensemene
56leaf*folyomfoliumfoza
57root*wrādīksradixraighina
58bark (of a tree)*kortekscortexiscortza
59flower*flōsflosfloreπŒšπŒ‹πŒ–πŒ–πŒ”πŒ€πŒ‰ (fluusai)
60grass*grāmenherbaerva
61rope*fuΓ°nisfunis, restis, chordacorda
62skin*pelniscutispedde
63meat*karōcaropettaπŒŠπŒ€πŒ“πŒ– (karu)πŒŠπŒ€πŒ“πŒ– (karu)
64blood*sangwenssanguis, cruorsambene
65bone*ososossu
66fat (noun)*pinΙ£Κ·eadeps, pinguamen, grassusgrassu
67egg*ōwomovumou
68horn*kornΕ«cornucorru
69tail*kaudācaudacoa
70feather*plow(k)smāpenna, plumapinna
71hair*krizniscapillus, coma, piluspilos
72head*kaputcaputconca
73ear*auzisaurisorija
74eye*okΚ·elosoculusoju
75nose*nāsnasus, narisnasu
76mouth*ōsosbucca
77tooth*dentsdensdenteπŒƒπŒ–πŒπŒ•πŒ„ (dunte)
78tongue (organ)*denΙ£wālingualimbaπŒšπŒ€πŒπŒ‚πŒ…πŒ€πŒŒ (fangvam)*
79fingernail*ungusunguisugna
80foot*pedspespeβ€™πŒπŒ„πŒ›πŒ‰ (peΕ™i)
81leg*krΕ«scruscamba
82knee*genΕ«genubenuju
83hand*manusmanusmanuπŒŒπŒ€πŒπŒ–πŒ” (manus)
84wing*akslāalaala
85belly*wendtrisventer, abdomenpanza
86guts*laktisviscera, chordabolloros
87neck*kΚ·olzomcollum, cervix, nucha*collu
88back*dorsomdorsum, tergumischina
89breast*pektospectus, mamma, sinuspettus
90heart*kordcorcoro
91liver*jekΚ·oriecurfidigu
92to drink*pibōbibobiereπιβΡ (pibe)*
93to eat*manðōedopappare
94to bite*mordeōmordeomordere
95to suck*sowgōsugosuere
96to spit*spujōspuoistuppiareπŒπŒ„πŒ“πŒ…πŒ€ (berva)*
97to vomit*wemōvomoistercorare
98to blow*speizōflo, sufflo, inflobuffare
99to breathe*flaōrespirorespirare
100to laugh*reideōrideoriere
101to see*widēōvideovΓ¬dereπŒ…πŒ‰πŒƒπŒ„πŒ•πŒ€πŒ” (videtas)*
102to hear*awizdjōaudiosentire
103to know*skijōscioischire
104to think*rēōrcogito, puto, existimopensare
105to smell*odōolfacioannajare
106to fear*werēōrtimeotimere
107to sleep*swepjōdormiodormire
108to live*gʷīwōvivovivere
109to die*morjōrmoriormorrere
110to kill*nekōneco, occidoocchiere, abbutzianare
111to fight*pugnōluctor, pugnocumbattere
112to hunt*weynorvenorcatzare
113to hit*ferjōpello, pulsocolpare
114to cut*kaidō, *skindōseco, caedotagliare, mutzare
115to split*findōdivido, scindodividire, ispartzire
116to stab*pungōpungopugnalare, istoccadare
117to scratch*skaβōscabo, radoiscarrafare
118to dig*fodjōfodioiscavare
119to swim*snāōno, natonadare
120to fly*gʷelajōvolobolare
121to walk*kezdō, *eōambulocaminareπŒ€πŒŒπŒπŒ“πŒ„πŒ‡πŒ•πŒ– (amprehtu)*
122to come*gΚ·enjōveniobennereπŒπŒ„πŒπŒ–πŒ” (benus)*
123to lie (as in a bed)*jakēōcubo, iaceogiacchireπŒ‹πŒ„πŒ‚πŒ„πŒ• (lecet)*, πŒ‚πŒ–πŒπŒ€πŒ• (cupat)*
124to sit*sedēōsedeosentare
125to stand*staēōstoistare in cambas
126to turn (intransitive)*wertōverto, gyroboltarepreuendu*, ahauendu*
127to fall*kadōcadoruere
128to give*didōdodareπŒƒπŒ–πŒ (duo)*πŒƒπŒ„πŒƒπŒ„πŒƒ (deded)πŒ•πŒ‰πŒ•πŒ– (titu)*, dia*
129to hold*haβēōteneotennereπŒ•πŒ„πŒπŒ„πŒ• (tenet)*
130to squeeze*premōprimo, exprimo, stringoispremere
131to rub*terōfrico, terofrigare
132to wash*lawaōlavoilloddiare
133to wipe*tergēōtergeoassugare
134to pull*traɣōtrahotirare
135to push*worgēōpelloispinghereπŒ€πŒ‚πŒ•πŒ–πŒƒ (agtud)πŒ€πŒ‰πŒ•πŒ– (aitu)
136to throw*jakjōiaciofrundire
137to tie*leigāōligoligareπŒ€πŒšπŒ‰πŒŠπŒ•πŒ– (afiktu)
138to sew*sūōsuo, consuocosire
139to count*nomezōcomputo, numerocontare
140to say*deikōdicionarrere
141to sing*kanōcanocantare
142to play*loidōludogiogare
143to float*flowitōfluctuo, fluitogallizare
144to flow*flūōfluoiscurrere
145to freeze*frΔ«gēō, *gelōgeloastragare
146to swell*tumēōaugeo, tumeoabburvuddare
147sun*swōlsolsole
148moon*louksnālunalunaπŒŒπŒ„πŒπŒ†πŒ„πŒ (menzen), πŒ‹πŒπŒπŒ‡πŒ”πŒπŒ€πŒ€ (loohsnaa)
149star*stΔ“rolāstellaisteddu
150water*akʷāaquaabbaπŒ€πŒ€πŒπŒ€πŒŒ (aapam)*πŒ–πŒ•πŒ–πŒ“ (utur)
151rain*plowjāpluviapioza
152river*flowmΙ™nflumen, fluvius, amnisflumene
153lake*lakuslacuslagu
154sea*marimaremare
155salt*sālssalsalesalom
156stone*lapissaxum, lapis, petrapedra
157sand*sabolomharenarena
158dust*polwispulvispruine
159earth*terzāhumus, terra, agerterra
160cloud*nouΓ°etisnubes, nebulanue
161fog*neβelācaligo, nebula, tenebraeneula
162sky*kailomcaelumchelu
163wind*wentosventusbentu
164snow*sniksnixnie
165ice*gelusglacies, gelughiatzu, astragu
166smoke*fΕ«mosfumusfumu
167fire*Ι™ngΚ·nisignisfoguπŒπŒ‰πŒ“ (pir)
168ash*keniscinischisina
169to burn*ouzōuro, flammofogulare
170road*wijāvia, strataistradaπŒ…πŒπŒ€πŒŒ (vΓ­am)*
171mountain*montsmonsmonteπŒ–πŒŠπŒ“πŒ‰πŒπŒ„πŒ“ (ukriper)πŒπŒ‚πŒ“πŒ„πŒ” (ocres)
172red*ruΓ°rosruber, vermiculus, rufusruiuπŒ“πŒ–πŒšπŒ“πŒ– (rufru)
173green*weyziΓ°isviridisbirde
174yellow*flāwoscroceus, flavus, galbinusgrogu, giallu
175white*alΞ²osalbus, candidusarvuπŒ€πŒ‹πŒšπŒ– (alfu)
176black*niΙ£rosater, nigerniedduπŒ€πŒ•πŒ“πŒ– (atru)*, adro
177night*noksnoxnotte
178day*djousdiesdie
179year*wetosannusannuπŒ€πŒ‚πŒπŒ– (acnu)*
180warm*kaliΓ°oscaliduscalidu
181cold*frΔ«gosfrigidusfrittu
182full*plΔ“nosplenuspienu
183new*nowosnovusnou𐌍𐌞 (nú)
184old*senosvetusbetzuπŒšπŒ–πŒπŒ‰πŒ“ (funir)
185good*dwenosbonusbonuπŒƒπŒ–πŒ„πŒπŒπŒŒ (duenom)*, πŒƒπŒ–πŒ„πŒπŒ€πŒ” (duenas)*πŒ‚πŒ–πŒπŒ“πŒ€πŒ” (cupras)πŒŠπŒ–πŒπŒ“πŒ (kuprΓ­), πŒ’πŒ–πŒπŒπŒ“πŒπŒ‡ (qupΓ­rΓ­h)κυπαρα (kupara)*
186bad*malosmalusmalosu
187rotten*pΕ«tosputridusmartzu
188dirty*swerdiΓ°ossordidus, immundusisporcu
189straight*rektosrectusdrittu
190round*rotontnosrotundusredundu
191sharp (as a knife)*akowtosacer, acutusarrodaduπŒ€πŒŠπŒ“πŒ‰ (akri)
192dull (as a knife)*heΞ²eshebes, retususatturussu
193smooth*lΔ“nislevis, suavisliju
194wet*wegmiΓ°osumidus, aqueusbagnadu
195dry*seikkossiccussiccu
196correct*wΔ“rosrectus, correctusgiustu
197near*prokΚ·epropinquus, proximus, iuxtaaffacca
198far*prokolprocul, laxius, longusaddae
199right*deksterosdexterdrestaπŒ•πŒ„πŒ”πŒ•πŒ“πŒ–πŒŠπŒ– (testruku)
200left*laiwoslaevus, sinistermanca
201at*adin, ad*aπŒ€πŒ† (az)-πŒ€πŒ› (-aΕ™)
202in*eninin
203with*komcum, apud*cunπŒπŒ–πŒ›πŒ„ (puΕ™e)
204and*etet, -quee-πŒ‚πŒ–πŒ„ (-cue)-πŒπŒ„ (-pe), -𐌐 (-p)πŒ„πŒ• (et), -𐌐 (-p)πŒ„πŒ• (et)
205if*seisisiπŒ”πŒ…πŒ€πŒ (svaΓ­)
206because*kΚ·odquia, quoniam, quodpro itte
207name*nomΙ™nnomennomeneπŒπŒ–πŒŒπŒ„πŒŒ (numem), πŒπŒπŒŒπŒ„ (nome)
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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