Appendix:Italic Swadesh lists

This is a Swadesh list of Italic languages, specifically Proto-Italic, Latin, Sardinian, French and Romanian, compared with that of English.

List

№	English	Proto-Italic edit (207)	Latin Latina edit (207)	Sardinian sardu edit (207)	French Français edit (207)	Romanian română edit (207)
1	I (1sg)	*egō	ego	deo	je	eu
2	you (2sg)	*tū	tu	tue	tu*, vous*	tu
3	he, she, it (3sg)	*is	is*, ea*, id*	issu	il*, elle*	el
4	we (1pl)	*nōs	nos	nois	nous	noi
5	you (2pl)	*wōs	vos	bois	vous	voi
6	they (3pl)	*is	ei, ii*, eae*, ea*, iste*, ista*	issos	ils*, elles*	ei
7	this	*hek(e)	is, hic*, haec*, hoc*	custu	ceci	acesta
8	that	*esto	is, ille*, illa*, illud*	cuddu	cela	acela
9	here	*hek(e)	hic	inoghe	ici	aici
10	there	*iðei	illic, ibi	addaeche	là	acolo
11	who	*kʷis, *kʷoi	quis*, quae*	chie	qui	cine*
12	what	*kʷis, *kʷoi	quid	itte, chi	quoi	ce*
13	where	*kʷāmdō	ubi	ube	où	unde*
14	when	*kʷuðei	cum, quando	cando	quand	când*
15	how	*kʷām	quam, quomodo	comente	comment	cum*
16	not	*nē	non, ne	nono	ne pas	nu
17	all	*opnis	totus, omnes*, omnia*	totu	tout	tot
18	many	*moltos	multus*, multi*, multae*, multa*	tantu	beaucoup	mulți
19	some	*partim	aliqui*, aliqua*, aliquod*	carchi	quelques	niște
20	few	*paukos	pauci*, paucae*, pauca*	pacu	peu	puțin
21	other	*aljos	alter*, altera*, alius	àtteru	autre	alt
22	one	*oinos	unus*, una*	unu	un	unu
23	two	*duō	duo*, duae*	duos	deux	doi
24	three	*trēs	tres	tres	trois	trei
25	four	*kʷettwōr	quattuor	battor	quatre	patru
26	five	*kʷenkʷe	quinque	chimbe	cinq	cinci
27	big	*magnos	magnus, grandis	mannu	grand	mare
28	long	*dlongos	longus	longu	long	lung
29	wide	*stlātos	latus, amplus, largus	làrgu	large	larg
30	thick	*kartsus	creber, crassus, spissus	ispìssu	épais	gros
31	heavy	*gʷrawos	gravis	pesante	lourd	greu
32	small	*pauros	parvus	pitzinnu	petit	mic
33	short	*breɣʷis	brevis*, curtus*	curtu	court	scurt
34	narrow	*angostos	angustus, strictus*	istrintu	étroit	strâmt
35	thin	*tenwis	tenuis, subtilis, macer, gracilis	suttile	mince	subțire, slab
36	woman	*fēmanā	femina, mulier	femina	femme	femeie, muiere
37	man (adult male)	*wiros	vir	omine	homme	bărbat
38	man (human being)	*hemō	homo	persona	homme	om
39	child	*puweros	puer, infans	pitzinnu	enfant	copil
40	wife	*uksōr	uxor, mulier	pobidda	femme, épouse	soție
41	husband	*wiros, *nēr	maritus	maridu	mari, époux	soț
42	mother	*mātēr	mater	mama	mère	mamă
43	father	*patēr	pater	babbu	père	tată
44	animal	*anamālis	animal	animale	animal	animal
45	fish	*piskis	piscis	pische	poisson	pește
46	bird	*awis	avis, aucellus	puzone	oiseau	pasăre
47	dog	*kō	canis	cane	chien	câine
48	louse	*pezdis	pedis, pediculus	peugu	pou	păduche
49	snake	*angʷis	serpens, anguis	serpente	serpent	șarpe
50	worm	*wormis	vermis	berme	ver	vierme
51	tree	*arðōs	arbor	alvure	arbre	arbore, copac
52	forest	*selwā	silva	buscu	forêt	pădure
53	stick	*bakklom	baculum, palus	bastone	bâton	băț
54	fruit	*poomos	fructus, frux	frutta	fruit	fruct
55	seed	*sēmən	semen	semene	graine	sămânță
56	leaf	*folyom	folium	foza	feuille	frunză
57	root	*wrādīks	radix	raighina	racine	rădăcină
58	bark (of a tree)	*korteks	cortex	iscortza	écorce	scoarță
59	flower	*flōs	flos	flore	fleur	floare
60	grass	*grāmen	herba	erva	herbe	iarbă
61	rope	*fuðnis	funis, restis, chorda	corda	corde	sfoară, frânghie, coardă
62	skin	*pelnis	cutis	pedde	peau	piele
63	meat	*karō	caro	petta	viande	carne
64	blood	*sangwens	sanguis, cruor	sambene	sang	sânge
65	bone	*os	os	ossu	os	os
66	fat (noun)	*pinɣʷe	adeps, pinguamen, grassus	grassu	graisse	grăsime
67	egg	*ōwom	ovum	ou	œuf	ou
68	horn	*kornū	cornu	corru	corne	corn
69	tail	*kaudā	cauda	coa	queue	coadă
70	feather	*plow(k)smā	penna, pluma	pinna	plume	pană, fulg
71	hair	*kriznis	capillus, coma, pilus	pilos	cheveux	păr
72	head	*kaput	caput	conca	tête	cap
73	ear	*auzis	auris	orija	oreille	ureche
74	eye	*okʷelos	oculus	oju	œil	ochi
75	nose	*nās	nasus, naris	nasu	nez	nas
76	mouth	*ōs	os	bucca	bouche	gură
77	tooth	*dents	dens	dente	dent	dinte
78	tongue (organ)	*denɣwā	lingua	limba	langue	limbă
79	fingernail	*ungus	unguis	ugna	ongle	unghie
80	foot	*peds	pes	pe’	pied	laba piciorului
81	leg	*krūs	crus	camba	jambe	picior
82	knee	*genū	genu	benuju	genou	genunchi
83	hand	*manus	manus	manu	main	mână
84	wing	*akslā	ala	ala	aile	aripă
85	belly	*wendtris	venter, abdomen	panza	ventre	burtă, vintre, foale, pântece
86	guts	*laktis	viscera, chorda	bolloros	entrailles, intestins	măruntaie
87	neck	*kʷolzom	collum, cervix, nucha*	collu	cou	gât
88	back	*dorsom	dorsum, tergum	ischina	dos	spate
89	breast	*pektos	pectus, mamma, sinus	pettus	sein, poitrine	piept
90	heart	*kord	cor	coro	cœur	inimă
91	liver	*jekʷor	iecur	fidigu	foie	ficat, mai
92	to drink	*pibō	bibo	biere	boire	a bea
93	to eat	*manðō	edo	pappare	manger	a mânca
94	to bite	*mordeō	mordeo	mordere	mordre	a mușca
95	to suck	*sowgō	sugo	suere	sucer	a suge
96	to spit	*spujō	spuo	istuppiare	cracher	a scuipa
97	to vomit	*wemō	vomo	istercorare	vomir	a borî, a vomita, a vărsa
98	to blow	*speizō	flo, sufflo, inflo	buffare	souffler	a sufla
99	to breathe	*flaō	respiro	respirare	respirer	a răsufla, a respira
100	to laugh	*reideō	rideo	riere	rire	a râde
101	to see	*widēō	video	vìdere	voir	a vedea
102	to hear	*awizdjō	audio	sentire	entendre	a auzi
103	to know	*skijō	scio	ischire	savoir	a ști
104	to think	*rēōr	cogito, puto, existimo	pensare	penser	a cugeta, a se gândi
105	to smell	*odō	olfacio	annajare	sentir	a mirosi
106	to fear	*werēōr	timeo	timere	craindre	a se teme
107	to sleep	*swepjō	dormio	dormire	dormir	a dormi
108	to live	*gʷīwō	vivo	vivere	vivre	a trăi
109	to die	*morjōr	morior	morrere	mourir	a muri
110	to kill	*nekō	neco, occido	occhiere, abbutzianare	tuer	a ucide, a omorî
111	to fight	*pugnō	luctor, pugno	cumbattere	se battre	a lupta
112	to hunt	*weynor	venor	catzare	chasser	a vâna
113	to hit	*ferjō	pello, pulso	colpare	frapper	a lovi
114	to cut	*kaidō, *skindō	seco, caedo	tagliare, mutzare	couper	a tăia
115	to split	*findō	divido, scindo	dividire, ispartzire	fendre	a despica, a spinteca
116	to stab	*pungō	pungo	pugnalare, istoccadare	poignarder	a înjunghia
117	to scratch	*skaβō	scabo, rado	iscarrafare	gratter	a zgâria
118	to dig	*fodjō	fodio	iscavare	creuser	a săpa, a excava
119	to swim	*snāō	no, nato	nadare	nager	a înota
120	to fly	*gʷelajō	volo	bolare	voler	a zbura
121	to walk	*kezdō, *eō	ambulo	caminare	marcher	a merge
122	to come	*gʷenjō	venio	bennere	venir	a veni
123	to lie (as in a bed)	*jakēō	cubo, iaceo	giacchire	s’étendre*	a zăcea
124	to sit	*sedēō	sedeo	sentare	s’asseoir*	a se așeza*, a ședea*
125	to stand	*staēō	sto	istare in cambas	se lever*	a se scula în picioare*, a sta*
126	to turn (intransitive)	*wertō	verto, gyro	boltare	tourner	a se întoarce
127	to fall	*kadō	cado	ruere	tomber	a cădea
128	to give	*didō	do	dare	donner	a da
129	to hold	*haβēō	teneo	tennere	tenir	a ține
130	to squeeze	*premō	primo, exprimo, stringo	ispremere	serrer	a strânge
131	to rub	*terō	frico, tero	frigare	frotter	a freca
132	to wash	*lawaō	lavo	illoddiare	laver	a spăla
133	to wipe	*tergēō	tergeo	assugare	essuyer	a șterge
134	to pull	*traɣō	traho	tirare	tirer	a trage
135	to push	*worgēō	pello	ispinghere	pousser	a împinge
136	to throw	*jakjō	iacio	frundire	jeter, lancer	a arunca
137	to tie	*leigāō	ligo	ligare	lier	a lega
138	to sew	*sūō	suo, consuo	cosire	coudre	a coase
139	to count	*nomezō	computo, numero	contare	compter	a număra
140	to say	*deikō	dicio	narrere	dire	a zice, a spune
141	to sing	*kanō	cano	cantare	chanter	a cânta
142	to play	*loidō	ludo	giogare	jouer	a juca
143	to float	*flowitō	fluctuo, fluito	gallizare	flotter	a pluti
144	to flow	*flūō	fluo	iscurrere	couler	a curge
145	to freeze	*frīgēō, *gelō	gelo	astragare	geler	a îngheța
146	to swell	*tumēō	augeo, tumeo	abburvuddare	gonfler	a se umfla
147	sun	*swōl	sol	sole	soleil	soare
148	moon	*louksnā	luna	luna	lune	lună
149	star	*stērolā	stella	isteddu	étoile	stea
150	water	*akʷā	aqua	abba	eau	apă
151	rain	*plowjā	pluvia	pioza	pluie	ploaie, udătură
152	river	*flowmən	flumen, fluvius, amnis	flumene	rivière	râu
153	lake	*lakus	lacus	lagu	lac	lac
154	sea	*mari	mare	mare	mer	mare
155	salt	*sāls	sal	sale	sel	sare
156	stone	*lapis	saxum, lapis, petra	pedra	pierre	piatră
157	sand	*sabolom	harena	rena	sable	nisip
158	dust	*polwis	pulvis	pruine	poussière	praf, pulbere
159	earth	*terzā	humus, terra, ager	terra	terre	pământ
160	cloud	*nouðetis	nubes, nebula	nue	nuage	nor
161	fog	*neβelā	caligo, nebula, tenebrae	neula	brouillard	ceață
162	sky	*kailom	caelum	chelu	ciel	cer
163	wind	*wentos	ventus	bentu	vent	vânt
164	snow	*sniks	nix	nie	neige	zăpadă, nea
165	ice	*gelus	glacies, gelu	ghiatzu, astragu	glace	gheață, sloi
166	smoke	*fūmos	fumus	fumu	fumée	fum
167	fire	*əngʷnis	ignis	fogu	feu	foc, jar
168	ash	*kenis	cinis	chisina	cendre	cenușă, scrum
169	to burn	*ouzō	uro, flammo	fogulare	brûler	a arde
170	road	*wijā	via, strata	istrada	route	drum, cale
171	mountain	*monts	mons	monte	montagne	munte
172	red	*ruðros	ruber, vermiculus, rufus	ruiu	rouge	roșu
173	green	*weyziðis	viridis	birde	vert	verde
174	yellow	*flāwos	croceus, flavus, galbinus	grogu, giallu	jaune	galben
175	white	*alβos	albus, candidus	arvu	blanc	alb
176	black	*niɣros	ater, niger	nieddu	noir	negru, lai
177	night	*noks	nox	notte	nuit	noapte
178	day	*djous	dies	die	jour	zi
179	year	*wetos	annus	annu	an, année	an
180	warm	*kaliðos	calidus	calidu	chaud	cald
181	cold	*frīgos	frigidus	frittu	froid	rece, frig
182	full	*plēnos	plenus	pienu	plein	plin
183	new	*nowos	novus	nou	nouveau, neuf	nou
184	old	*senos	vetus	betzu	vieux	vechi
185	good	*dwenos	bonus	bonu	bon	bun
186	bad	*malos	malus	malosu	mauvais	rău, prost
187	rotten	*pūtos	putridus	martzu	pourri	putred, cariat
188	dirty	*swerdiðos	sordidus, immundus	isporcu	sale	murdar, jegos
189	straight	*rektos	rectus	drittu	droit	drept
190	round	*rotontnos	rotundus	redundu	rond	rotund
191	sharp (as a knife)	*akowtos	acer, acutus	arrodadu	tranchant	ascuțit
192	dull (as a knife)	*heβes	hebes, retusus	atturussu	émoussé	tocit, bont
193	smooth	*lēnis	levis, suavis	liju	lisse	neted
194	wet	*wegmiðos	umidus, aqueus	bagnadu	mouillé	ud, umed
195	dry	*seikkos	siccus	siccu	sec	uscat
196	correct	*wēros	rectus, correctus	giustu	juste	drept
197	near	*prokʷe	propinquus, proximus, iuxta	affacca	près	lângă, apropiat, aproape
198	far	*prokol	procul, laxius, longus	addae	loin	departe
199	right	*deksteros	dexter	dresta	droite	drept
200	left	*laiwos	laevus, sinister	manca	gauche	stâng
201	at	*ad	in, ad*	a	à	la, în
202	in	*en	in	in	dans	în
203	with	*kom	cum, apud*	cun	avec	cu
204	and	*et	et, -que	e	et	și
205	if	*sei	si	si	si	dacă
206	because	*kʷod	quia, quoniam, quod	pro itte	parce que	deoarece, pentru că
207	name	*nomən	nomen	nomene	nom	nume

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Albanian Amdo Tibetan Amharic Antillean Creole Arabic Cypriot Arabic Egyptian Arabic Juba Arabic Moroccan Arabic South Levantine Arabic Tunisian Arabic Armenian Old Armenian Aromanian Assamese Asturian Avar Avestan Awadhi Fiji Hindi Azerbaijani Bangala Bashkir Basque Belarusian Bengali Berber Moroccan Amazigh Tashelhit Central Atlas Tamazight Kabyle Tarifit Bhojpuri Breton Bugis Bulgarian Burmese Burushaski Cantonese Cape Verdean Carpathian Rusyn Catalan Cebuano Central Bikol Chambeali Chavacano Chechen Cornish Crimean Tatar Czech Old Czech Dalmatian Danish Dhivehi Dutch Afrikaans Limburgish Zealandic Egyptian English Middle English Old English Elamite Estonian Etruscan Fanagalo Faroese Fijian Finnish Fongbe French Middle French Old French Frisian Friulian Galician Gallo Gan Garo Garhwali Gaulish Gelao Georgian German Gothic Greek Ancient Greek Mariupol Greek Mycenaean Greek Guaraní Guinea-Bissau Creole Gujarati Haitian Creole Hakka Hausa Hawaiian Hebrew Hindi Hindustani Hittite Hmong Hungarian Hunsrik Icelandic Ilocano Ingush Irish Old Irish Italian Jamaican Creole Japanese Old Japanese Classical Japanese Javanese Kannada Kapampangan Kashubian Kashmiri Kazakh Khmer Komi-Zyrian Konkani Jizhao Jaunsari Korean Jeju Middle Korean Kurdish Kurmanji Sorani Kurukh Kusunda Kyrgyz Latin Vulgar Latin Latvian Latgalian Ligurian Lingala Linngithigh Lithuanian Lombard Low Saxon Lower Sorbian Luwian Macedonian Maguindanao Maithili Makasar Malagasy Malay Betawi Indonesian Musi Malayalam Maltese Mandarin Mandaic Manx Māori Maranao Marathi Old Marathi Mauritian Creole Megleno-Romanian Meitei/Manipuri Middle Chinese Min Hokkien Eastern Min Mingrelian Mongolian Mokilese Muong Navajo Neapolitan Nepali Norwegian Bokmål Norwegian Nynorsk Northern Mansi Nihali Occitan Odia Ojibwe Okinawan Old Chinese Old Prussian Old Tupi Osing Ossetian Papiamento Pashto Persian Middle Persian Old Persian Phrygian Pirahã Polabian Polish Old Polish Portuguese Old Portuguese Prasun Punjabi Purepecha Quechua Romani Caló Romanian Russian Sangisari Sanskrit Saraiki Scottish Gaelic Serbo-Croatian Siberian Tatar Sicilian Silesian Sindhi Sinhala Slovak Slovene Somali Spanish Old Spanish Sranan Sumerian Sundanese Swahili Swedish Tagalog Tahitian Tajik Tamil Tatar Telugu Temiar Tetum Tigrinya Thai Tocharian A Tocharian B Tok Pisin Tooro Torwali Tswana Turkish Turkmen Tuvaluan Ukrainian Upper Sorbian Urdu Uyghur Uzbek Vietnamese Walloon Waray-Waray Welsh Wu Wutun Yiddish Zazaki Zulu Xiang ǃXóõ
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Afroasiatic Albanian Algonquian and Iroquoian Anatolian Arabic Armenian Austroasiatic Austronesian (Oceanic) Baltic Bantu Berber Celtic Brythonic Chumashan and Hokan Dené–Yeniseian Dravidian Formosan Frisian Germanic West Germanic Hellenic Hmong-Mien Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Middle Early New Dardic Pahari Rajasthani Sindhic Iranian Nuristani Italic Romance Romance (Italy) Japonic Kho-Bwa Kuki-Chin Kra–Dai Mayan Muskogean Niger–Congo Northeast Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Oto-Manguean Paleosiberian Pama-Nyungan Penutian Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Raji-Raute Tibeto-Burman Tibeto-Burman (Nepal) Tocharian Slavic Siouan and Pawnee South American Tungusic Tupian Turkic Uralic Finnic Uto-Aztecan
Constructed languages
Esperanto Ido Interlingua Lidepla Lojban Toki Pona
Reconstructed proto-languages
Proto-Afroasiatic Proto-Albanian Proto-Austroasiatic Proto-Austronesian Proto-Balto-Slavic Proto-Bantu Proto-Basque Proto-Celtic Proto-Germanic Proto-West Germanic Proto-Hellenic Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-Iranian Proto-Indo-Aryan Proto-Italic Proto-Japonic Proto-Mayan Proto-Nuristani Proto-Slavic Proto-Turkic Proto-Tai
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