From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
This is a Swadesh list of words in Aghwan English .
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list .American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
β
English Caucasian Albanian
1
I (1SG)π΅ππ‘ ( zu )
2
you (2SG)πππ‘π ( vun )
3
he (3SG)π ( o )
4
we (1PL)π·π°π ( ΕΎan )
5
you (2PL)ππ½π°π ( vΛan )
6
they (3PL)πΝπ ( Γ₯Νr )
7
this
8
that
9
here π΄ππ΄ ( eme )
10
there π΄ππ΄ ( eΕ‘e ) , π΄ππ΄ ( eαΉe )
11
who
12
what
13
where
14
when
15
how
16
not ππ°- ( ma- )
17
all π π΄π ( cex )
18
many π°ππ΄πΎ ( avel )
19
some
20
few ππ°πΎ ( mal )
21
other
22
one ππ° ( sa )
23
two ππ ( αΉΓ₯ ) , ππ½π° ( αΉΛa )
24
three ππΌπ± ( xib )
25
four π±πΌπ ( biαΉ )
26
five ππ ( xΜ£o )
27
big
28
long
29
wide
30
thick
31
heavy
32
small
33
short
34
narrow ππ°π ( qΜaΔΜ£ )
35
thin
36
woman ππΌπ±ππ‘π ( ΔibuxΜ£ )
37
man πΌπππ‘ ( iΕ‘u )
38
human
39
child
40
wife ππΌπ±ππ‘π ( ΔibuxΜ£ ) , ππΌπ½ππ‘ ( xiΛu )
41
husband πΌπππ‘ ( iΕ‘u ) , ππ‘ππ±π ( usbo )
42
mother ππ΄ ( ne )
43
father π³π΄ ( de )
44
animal
45
fish πππ‘ ( Ε‘u )
46
bird
47
dog
48
louse
49
snake π±ππ ( bΓ₯xΜ£ )
50
worm
51
tree
52
forest
53
stick ππ°πππΌπ ( Ε‘aαΉriΔ‘ )
54
fruit
55
seed πππ‘π ( ruΔ‘ )
56
leaf
57
root πππ‘π ( ruΔ‘ )
58
bark
59
flower ππΌππΌπ ( cΜ£icΜ£iαΈ³ )
60
grass π ( o )
61
rope
62
skin πππΎ ( αΉol )
63
meat
64
blood ππΌ ( αΉi )
65
bone πππ‘ππ΄π ( hΓΌwqΜen )
66
fat
67
egg
68
horn
69
tail
70
feather
71
hair πΌπ£ππ‘ ( ikΓΌw )
72
head π±ππ‘πΎ ( bul )
73
ear π½πΌ ( Λi ) , pl. π½πΌπππ‘π ( Λimux )
74
eye π’ππ‘πΎ ( pul ) , pl. π’ππ‘πΎπππ‘π ( pulmux )
75
nose
76
mouth πππ‘πππ‘π ( ΚΜumuxΜ£ )
77
tooth
78
tongue πππ‘π΅ ( muz )
79
fingernail
80
foot
81
leg πΈππ‘π ( tur )
82
knee
83
hand π£ππ‘πΎ ( kul )
84
wing
85
belly
86
guts
87
neck
88
back
89
breast
90
heart πππ‘π ( hΓΌwαΈ³ )
91
liver
92
to drink
93
to eat ππ‘π£π΄πππ‘π ( ukesun )
94
to bite
95
to suck
96
to spit πππ‘ ( Δu ) , πππ‘π’π΄πππ‘π ( Δupesun )
97
to vomit
98
to blow
99
to breathe
100
to laugh
101
to see π°ππ΄πππ‘π ( aαΈ³esun )
102
to hear πΌππ΄πππ‘π ( ihesun )
103
to know
104
to think
105
to smell
106
to fear
107
to sleep ππ΄π ( neαΉ ) , ππ΄ππ°ππ΄πππ‘π ( neαΉaxesun )
108
to live
109
to die
110
to kill ππ‘π ( uαΉ ) , ππ‘ππ΄πππ‘π ( uαΉesun )
111
to fight π½π°π ( Λax ) , π½π°πππ°ππ‘π ( Λaxnaun )
112
to hunt
113
to hit
114
to cut
115
to split
116
to stab
117
to scratch
118
to dig
119
to swim π½ππ π ( ΛocαΈ³ )
120
to fly
121
to walk πΌππ΄πππ‘π ( iΔ‘esun )
122
to come ππ΄ππ΄πππ‘π ( heΔ‘esun )
123
to lie
124
to sit
125
to stand ππ΄πππ‘π ( Δ‘esun )
126
to turn π±π°πΈπ£π΄πππ‘π ( batkesun )
127
to fall
128
to give
129
to hold
130
to squeeze
131
to rub
132
to wash
133
to wipe
134
to pull
135
to push
136
to throw
137
to tie
138
to sew
139
to count
140
to say π’π΄πππ‘π ( pesun )
141
to sing
142
to play
143
to do π±πΌπΊπ΄πππ‘π ( biyesun )
144
to flow
145
to freeze
146
to swell
147
sun π±π½π΄π ( bΛeΔ‘ )
148
moon ππ°ππΌπ ( xaΕ‘in )
149
star ππ°π
ππ‘π ( xal'um )
150
water ππ΄ ( xe )
151
rain
152
river πππ‘π ( αΉur )
153
lake
154
sea ππ° ( cΜ£a )
155
salt π΄πΎ ( el )
156
stone π»π΄ ( ΕΊe )
157
sand
158
dust
159
earth
160
cloud
161
fog
162
sky πππ‘π³ππ‘ ( Δudu )
163
wind πππ‘π ( muΕ‘ )
164
snow
165
ice
166
smoke
167
fire ππ΄ ( cΜ£e )
168
ash
169
to burn π±πππππ΄πππ‘π ( boαΈ³oαΈ³esun )
170
road π
π°π ( l'aqΜ )
171
mountain π±ππ‘ ( bu )
172
red ππππ° ( ΔΜ£oΔΜ£a )
173
green π³π°πΌ ( dai )
174
yellow
175
white πππ‘πΝπ ( mucΜ£'Νr )
176
black
177
night πππ‘ ( Ε‘u )
178
day ππΌ ( Δ‘i )
179
year ππ‘ππ΄π ( usen )
180
warm
181
cold ππΌπΌ ( mii )
182
full π±π°πΌ ( bai )
183
new π΄πΏπΌ ( en'i )
184
old
185
good π΄πΊ ( ey ) , ππ΄πΎ ( Ε‘el )
186
bad π£π΄ππ΄ ( kefe )
187
rotten
188
dirty
189
straight
190
round
191
sharp
192
dull
193
smooth
194
wet
195
dry ππ°ππΌ ( qΜari )
196
correct
197
near
198
far π½π°ππΌ ( Λaxi )
199
right
200
left
201
at
202
in
203
with
204
and ππ‘π ( un )
205
if
206
because
207
name
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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