Appendix:Sumerian Swadesh list
Appearance
This is a Swadesh list of words in Sumerian, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, read the article: Swadesh list
The Swadesh word list, developed by the linguist w:Morris Swadesh, is used as a tool to study the evolution of languages. It contains a set of basic words which can be found in every language. Various versions have been created, in particular:
- a complete 207 words version, in which some of the words are not found in every environment (it contains for instance snake and snow)
- a reduced 100 words version.
This word list should not be considered as an elementary lexicon to communicate with speakers of a given language; for such a purpose, the numerous existing Wikivoyage lexicons are more useful. Its only objective is to give a rough idea of the language, by showing its lexical and, when possible, phonetics basis.
List
[edit]No. | English | Sumerian 𒅴𒂠 (EME.ĜIR15) |
---|---|---|
1 | I | ĝae, ĝe |
2 | you (singular) | zae, ze |
3 | he, she, it | ane, ene |
4 | we | menden |
5 | you (plural) | menzen, zaemenzen, zaenzen |
6 | they | anene, enene |
7 | this | nen, ne |
8 | that | re |
9 | here | gu'e |
10 | there | gure |
11 | who | aba |
12 | what | ana, ta |
13 | where | mea, me, ma |
14 | when | menam |
15 | how | anagin, tagin |
16 | not | nu |
17 | all | du |
18 | many | i'iz |
19 | some | |
20 | few | |
21 | other | balare |
22 | one | aš, diš, did |
23 | two | min |
24 | three | eš, peš |
25 | four | limmu |
26 | five | ya |
27 | big | gal |
28 | long | sud4, gíd[BU] |
29 | wide | peš, dangal |
30 | thick | kul |
31 | heavy | dugud, kul |
32 | small | gi17, tur |
33 | short | gud8 |
34 | narrow | sig |
35 | thin | gi17 |
36 | woman | mu10, munus, géme |
37 | man (adult male) | na, lú |
38 | man (human being) | erim, lú |
39 | child | dumu, tur |
40 | wife | dam |
41 | husband | dam, ngitlam |
42 | mother | ama |
43 | father | ada, pab |
44 | animal | ning-úr-limmu (quadruped) |
45 | fish | ku6 |
46 | bird | mušen, hu |
47 | dog | ur |
48 | louse | uh3 |
49 | snake | muš, ušum |
50 | worm | mar |
51 | tree | ngiš |
52 | forest | tir |
53 | stick | ngiš |
54 | fruit | gurun |
55 | seed | a |
56 | leaf | (ngiš)pa |
57 | root | (ngiš) i-ri9-na |
58 | bark (of a tree) | |
59 | flower | ul, gi-rin |
60 | grass | ú |
61 | rope | éše |
62 | skin | su |
63 | meat | uzu, su |
64 | blood | úš, múd, ùri |
65 | bone | (ngiš)gag |
66 | fat (noun) | ìa |
67 | egg | nuz |
68 | horn | si |
69 | tail | kun |
70 | feather | (ngiš)pa |
71 | hair | siki |
72 | head | sang, ugu |
73 | ear | ngeštug |
74 | eye | igi |
75 | nose | kiri3,4 |
76 | mouth | ka |
77 | tooth | zu |
78 | tongue (organ) | eme |
79 | fingernail | umbin |
80 | foot | ngìri |
81 | leg | pah[LUL], úr |
82 | knee | (ngiš)gag |
83 | hand | buzur, šu |
84 | wing | (ngiš)pa |
85 | belly | |
86 | guts | šag4 |
87 | neck | gú |
88 | back | háš |
89 | breast | gaba |
90 | heart | ur5HAR, šà, lipiš |
91 | liver | bà, ur5HAR |
92 | to drink | nang |
93 | to eat | gu7 |
94 | to bite | zú-gub |
95 | to suck | sub |
96 | to spit | zug4 |
97 | to vomit | buru8 |
98 | to blow | ru |
99 | to breathe | zi |
100 | to laugh | išiš2,3 |
101 | to see | igi |
102 | to hear | ngeštug |
103 | to know | zu |
104 | to think | ngeštug |
105 | to smell | hab2, ir10 |
106 | to fear | ní |
107 | to sleep | ù |
108 | to live | sig7 |
109 | to die | ug4,5,7,8 |
110 | to kill | ug4,5,7,8 |
111 | to fight | du14 |
112 | to hunt | taka |
113 | to hit | ra |
114 | to cut | kud, tar, ša5 |
115 | to split | dar |
116 | to stab | ra |
117 | to scratch | hur |
118 | to dig | bal |
119 | to swim | |
120 | to fly | dal |
121 | to walk | du |
122 | to come | du |
123 | to lie (as in a bed) | ku, nud |
124 | to sit | suš |
125 | to stand | gub |
126 | to turn (intransitive) | gur |
127 | to fall | šub |
128 | to give | ba, ru |
129 | to hold | da |
130 | to squeeze | hir[KEŠDA] |
131 | to rub | sub |
132 | to wash | tu5,17 |
133 | to wipe | sub |
134 | to pull | rig |
135 | to push | taka |
136 | to throw | ri |
137 | to tie | dab2,4,5 |
138 | to sew | |
139 | to count | šita5 |
140 | to say | ég, bi |
141 | to sing | mud6, tuš |
142 | to play | ešemen2,3 |
143 | to float | dirig |
144 | to flow | zal |
145 | to freeze | halba2,3 |
146 | to swell | mah |
147 | sun | ud |
148 | moon | iti, itud |
149 | star | ul, mul |
150 | water | a |
151 | rain | im |
152 | river | id, ída |
153 | lake | ab, aba |
154 | sea | ab, aba, nab |
155 | salt | mun |
156 | stone | na4 |
157 | sand | sahar |
158 | dust | ukum |
159 | earth | ki |
160 | cloud | imi, muru9, dugud |
161 | fog | muru9 |
162 | sky | an |
163 | wind | líl |
164 | snow | šeg,8,9 |
165 | ice | šeg8,9 |
166 | smoke | i-bí |
167 | fire | izi |
168 | ash | dé |
169 | to burn | tab, bil |
170 | road | a-rá, sila3 |
171 | mountain | kur, iši |
172 | red | sa-sa |
173 | green | sig7 |
174 | yellow | sig7 |
175 | white | kug |
176 | black | gíg |
177 | night | ngi6 |
178 | day | u4 |
179 | year | mu |
180 | warm | kúm |
181 | cold | ten |
182 | full | éšša |
183 | new | gibil |
184 | old | ul, libir |
185 | good | dùg |
186 | bad | hul |
187 | rotten | hab2, sungin |
188 | dirty | pe-el-lá |
189 | straight | |
190 | round | ninda |
191 | sharp (as a knife) | |
192 | dull (as a knife) | |
193 | smooth | |
194 | wet | lah |
195 | dry | háda |
196 | correct | gi-na |
197 | near | da |
198 | far | ta, sud |
199 | right | zi-da |
200 | left | gùb-bu |
201 | at | da |
202 | in | a |
203 | with | |
204 | and | ga |
205 | if | |
206 | because | mu |
207 | name | mu |
See also
[edit]- Appendix:Sumerian basic vocabulary from Kassian (2014)
- Sumerian on Wikipedia
Bibliography
[edit]- Sumerian Lexicon by John A. O'Halloran