Appendix:Low Saxon Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Low German, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Low Saxon
Plattdütsch, Platt
1 I ik (ick)
2 you (singular) du
3 he, she, it he
4 we wi
5 you (plural) ji
6 they se
7 this düsse, düt
8 that de, dat
9 here hier
10 there dor
11 who wokeen
12 what wat
13 where woneem, wo
14 when wannehr, wann
15 how wo, woans
16 not nich
17 all all
18 many veel, männich
19 some enige, somige
20 few wenig
21 other anner
22 one een
23 two twee
24 three dree
25 four veer
26 five fief
27 big groot
28 long lang
29 wide breet, wiet
30 thick dick
31 heavy swoor
32 small lütt, kleen
33 short kort
34 narrow small, nau
35 thin dünn
36 woman Fro
37 man (adult male) Mann
38 man (human being) Minsch
39 child Kind
40 wife Fro, Ehfro
41 husband Mann, Ehmann
42 mother Moder
43 father Vader
44 animal Deert
45 fish Fisch
46 bird Vagel
47 dog Hund
48 louse Luus
49 snake Slang, Snaak
50 worm Worm
51 tree Boom
52 forest Woold
53 stick Stock
54 fruit Frucht, Aavt
55 seed Saat
56 leaf Blatt
57 root Wortel
58 bark (of a tree) Bork, Bünn
59 flower Bloom
60 grass Gras
61 rope Reep, Seel
62 skin Huut
63 meat Fleesch
64 blood Bloot
65 bone Knaken, Been
66 fat (noun) Fett
67 egg Ei
68 horn Hoorn
69 tail Steert
70 feather Fedder
71 hair Hoor
72 head Kopp, Hööft
73 ear Ohr
74 eye Oog
75 nose Nees
76 mouth Mund
77 tooth Tähn
78 tongue (organ) Tung
79 fingernail Nagel, Fingernagel
80 foot Foot
81 leg Been
82 knee Knee
83 hand Hand
84 wing Flögel, Flücht
85 belly Buuk
86 guts Gedärm, Darm
87 neck Hals, Nack
88 back Rüch, Back
89 breast Bost
90 heart Hart
91 liver Lever
92 to drink drinken
93 to eat eten
94 to bite bieten
95 to suck sugen
96 to spit spütten
97 to vomit övergeven, breken
98 to blow blasen, weihen
99 to breathe aten
100 to laugh lachen
101 to see sehn
102 to hear hören
103 to know weten
104 to think denken
105 to smell rüken
106 to fear früchten
107 to sleep slapen
108 to live leven
109 to die dootblieven, starven
110 to kill dootmaken, dootslaan
111 to fight fechten
112 to hunt jagen
113 to hit slaan
114 to cut snieden
115 to split splieten, klöven
116 to stab steken
117 to scratch kleien
118 to dig graven, buddeln
119 to swim swemmen
120 to fly flegen
121 to walk lopen, wanneln
122 to come kamen
123 to lie (as in a bed) liggen, leggen
124 to sit sitten
125 to stand stahn
126 to turn (intransitive) dreihen
127 to fall fallen
128 to give geven
129 to hold holen
130 to squeeze drücken, quettern
131 to rub rieven, wrieven
132 to wash waschen
133 to wipe wischen
134 to pull trecken, tehn
135 to push drücken
136 to throw smieten
137 to tie binnen
138 to sew neihen
139 to count tellen
140 to say seggen
141 to sing singen
142 to play spelen
143 to float sweven, swemmen
144 to flow fleten, strömen
145 to freeze freren, fresen
146 to swell swellen
147 sun Sünn
148 moon Maan
149 star Steern
150 water Water
151 rain Regen
152 river Stroom
153 lake See, Meer
154 sea See
155 salt Solt
156 stone Steen
157 sand Sand
158 dust Stoff, Dust
159 earth Eerd, Bodden
160 cloud Wulk
161 fog Nevel, Mist
162 sky Lucht, Himmel
163 wind Wind
164 snow Snee
165 ice Ies
166 smoke Rook, Smook
167 fire Füer
168 ash Asch
169 to burn brennen
170 road Straat, Weg
171 mountain Barg
172 red root
173 green gröön
174 yellow geel
175 white witt
176 black swatt
177 night Nacht
178 day Dag
179 year Johr
180 warm warm
181 cold koolt
182 full vull
183 new nee
184 old oolt
185 good goot
186 bad slecht
187 rotten rott
188 dirty fuul, smuddelig
189 straight graad, jüst
190 round rund
191 sharp (as a knife) scharp
192 dull (as a knife) stuuf, stump
193 smooth glatt, even
194 wet natt
195 dry dröög
196 correct richtig
197 near dichtbi
198 far wiet, feern
199 right rechts
200 left links
201 at bi
202 in in
203 with mit
204 and un
205 if wenn, as
206 because wielt, wieldat
207 name Naam

See also

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Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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