Appendix:ǃXóõ Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in ǃXóõ, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| No. | English | ǃXóõ ǃxóɲa ǂàã |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | n̄, n̄ʻn̄, n̄ dē |
| you (singular) | āh, āhʻā | |
| 3 | he | ãh, ãhʻã, èh, èhʻè |
| 4 | we | īh, īhʻī, īsî, ǂnáĩ (dual) |
| 5 | you (plural) | ūh, ūhʻū, ǂnûmʻū (dual) |
| 6 | they | ùh, ùhʻù |
| 7 | this | tVʻV, tVʻVV, tVVʻVV, ʻVV |
| 8 | that | tVʻV BVʻV, tVʻV BV kV, tVjà kV, tVʻVV-sà kV, tVʻVVjà, tàʻa BV kV |
| 9 | here | táʻã |
| 10 | there | têʻàã, ǀèʻẽ sà, ǀʻéẽ, ǀáʻn-sà, ʻńn, ʻáu-jà, tVʻV-sà, tV-jà, tVʻVV-jà, tVʻVV-sà kV, téʻe-jà, téʻe-sà, ǃâõ, gǃxàã (that side), ǃnâʻm (the other side) |
| 11 | who | èh |
| 12 | what | èh |
| 13 | where | āhʻã, tâ |
| 14 | when | kí dào tí āhʻã kì |
| 15 | how | āhʻāu ʻàhn-sà, āhʻā |
| 16 | not | ǁqhúa, ǁʻàa (to not be) |
| 17 | all | kōo kàʻã |
| 18 | many | ǁáli, ǃxaV (singular), !xaBV (plural) |
| 19 | some | |
| 20 | few | ǀʻûi |
| 21 | other | tVʻV |
| 22 | one | ǂʻûã |
| 23 | two | ǂnûm |
| 24 | three | ǁâe |
| 25 | four | |
| 26 | five | |
| 27 | big | ǃxaV, ǁáli |
| 28 | long | ǃʻám |
| 29 | wide | tshào, ǀgáhʻla |
| 30 | thick | ǂúnu |
| 31 | heavy | ǁnáu |
| 32 | small | ǀʻûi |
| 33 | short | ǂʻāba |
| 34 | narrow | ʘqhúʻu (narrowly spaced) |
| 35 | thin | dza̰i |
| 36 | woman | tâa qáe |
| 37 | man (adult male) | tâa a̰a |
| 38 | man (human being) | tâa (specifically a Bushman) |
| 39 | child | ʘqa̰a (alienable), ʘàa (inalienable) |
| 40 | wife | ʻǀnàn, tâa qáe |
| 41 | husband | ʻǀnàn, tâa a̰a |
| 42 | mother | qáe |
| 43 | father | a̰a |
| 44 | animal | ʘàje ʘʻâni (plural, collective) |
| 45 | fish | |
| 46 | bird | ǀgūhʻu |
| 47 | dog | ǂqhài (domestic), gǂxūi (hunting) |
| 48 | louse | ʘnó̰õ (large), gǁkxʻóni (small) |
| 49 | snake | síʻi-sà |
| 50 | worm | ǃɢṵã |
| 51 | tree | ʻʘnàje |
| 52 | forest | |
| 53 | stick | ǁnáa |
| 54 | fruit | ǀnàn |
| 55 | seed | sâʻã |
| 56 | leaf | ǀgāna |
| 57 | root | gǀkxʻābu |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | gúle (dry), tsāhbi (wet) |
| 59 | flower | ɢ!qhùm |
| 60 | grass | ǁkxʻâã |
| 61 | rope | |
| 62 | skin | tṵm |
| 63 | meat | ʘàje |
| 64 | blood | ǃna̰a (alienable), !na̰m (inalienable) |
| 65 | bone | ǂàã |
| 66 | fat (noun) | sa̰ã |
| 67 | egg | ǂgúã |
| 68 | horn | ǁāẽ |
| 69 | tail | ǀàũ |
| 70 | feather | gǀqhūã |
| 71 | hair | gǀqhùã, ǀqhùã |
| 72 | head | ǀnàn |
| 73 | ear | ǂnùhã |
| 74 | eye | ǃʻûĩ |
| 75 | nose | ǀnùhɲa |
| 76 | mouth | ǂûe |
| 77 | tooth | ǁqhàã |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | ʻǀna̰n |
| 79 | fingernail | ǁgàʻm, ǁqûle |
| 80 | foot | ǂnùũ |
| 81 | leg | ǂqhàla |
| 82 | knee | gǁxúũ ǀnàn |
| 83 | hand | ǀkxʻàa |
| 84 | wing | ǁɢa̰hma |
| 85 | belly | ǁnàm sàʻã (higher part), !hūma (lower part) |
| 86 | guts | ǀōhã, ǁkxʻân, ǁnàm sàʻã, ǀgūhʻũ |
| 87 | neck | ǂkxʻàõ |
| 88 | back | ǂhái |
| 89 | breast | gǂqhèẽ |
| 90 | heart | ǀqʻàn |
| 91 | liver | ǁnàm |
| 92 | to drink | kxʻāhã |
| 93 | to eat | ʻâã |
| 94 | to bite | síʻi |
| 95 | to suck | ǁʻûbe |
| 96 | to spit | ǁqa̰bi |
| 97 | to vomit | qhóla |
| 98 | to blow | dzáʻu |
| 99 | to breathe | ǁqhôʻã |
| 100 | to laugh | kxʻái |
| 101 | to see | ǀnâã |
| 102 | to hear | ta̰ã |
| 103 | to know | ǀgûmã |
| 104 | to think | ǂʻán-sí, !nòho |
| 105 | to smell | ǀnúm (intransitive) |
| 106 | to fear | ʻǃnûhi |
| 107 | to sleep | ʘân |
| 108 | to live | ǃnúm |
| 109 | to die | ǀʻâa |
| 110 | to kill | qâi |
| 111 | to fight | gǃqhái |
| 112 | to hunt | ǃqāhe |
| 113 | to hit | ǁkxʻūm |
| 114 | to cut | ǃào |
| 115 | to split | ǂqhále |
| 116 | to stab | ʻǁnūhm |
| 117 | to scratch | ǃnāhu |
| 118 | to dig | qàla |
| 119 | to swim | |
| 120 | to fly | dza̰hĩ |
| 121 | to walk | ǃnàã |
| 122 | to come | sīi, sîi |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | tûu |
| 124 | to sit | tshûu |
| 125 | to stand | ǁhûũ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | ǃqʻâle |
| 127 | to fall | ǃqhúu |
| 128 | to give | ǃqháa̰ |
| 129 | to hold | ǀùa |
| 130 | to squeeze | ǂgūu, ǁgūu |
| 131 | to rub | ǀqàa |
| 132 | to wash | tṵhle |
| 133 | to wipe | ǀna̰m |
| 134 | to pull | ǁa̰ha |
| 135 | to push | ṵhm |
| 136 | to throw | ǃgàhm |
| 137 | to tie | ʻǁnāhã |
| 138 | to sew | ǀûa |
| 139 | to count | |
| 140 | to say | téʻẽ, tám |
| 141 | to sing | ǁnāe |
| 142 | to play | ǀnāhm |
| 143 | to float | |
| 144 | to flow | ǃnò̰ni, ǃsṵni |
| 145 | to freeze | |
| 146 | to swell | ǁúhʻbu |
| 147 | sun | ǁʻân |
| 148 | moon | ǃqhàn |
| 149 | star | ǁōna |
| 150 | water | ǃqhàa |
| 151 | rain | ǃkxʻôe |
| 152 | river | ǃnáu ʻǀnṵm |
| 153 | lake | |
| 154 | sea | |
| 155 | salt | qáʻna |
| 156 | stone | ǀnūle |
| 157 | sand | ǂkxʻûm |
| 158 | dust | ǂqhóʻli |
| 159 | earth | ǂkxʻûm |
| 160 | cloud | ǃqhàa gǀqhūã |
| 161 | fog | ǀnōhũ kâ ǀòho kú, ʻǃnōhʻli |
| 162 | sky | kùu ǂèe |
| 163 | wind | ǂqhùe |
| 164 | snow | |
| 165 | ice | ǁqa̰ã |
| 166 | smoke | ǁʻûbe, ʻâā |
| 167 | fire | ǀʻàã |
| 168 | ash | ǂgòa |
| 169 | to burn | ǁnāha |
| 170 | road | dào |
| 171 | mountain | |
| 172 | red | ǀāhɲa |
| 173 | green | ǀga̰hi |
| 174 | yellow | gǂqhúi |
| 175 | white | ǃnúɲa |
| 176 | black | ǂáʻɲa |
| 177 | night | ǀnṵe |
| 178 | day | ǁʻân |
| 179 | year | kúli |
| 180 | warm | kûbi |
| 181 | cold | |
| 182 | full | ǃgùhm |
| 183 | new | ǁqṵV |
| 184 | old | ǃhúũ |
| 185 | good | |
| 186 | bad | ǂxóĩ-sì |
| 187 | rotten | gǂkxʻōã |
| 188 | dirty | ǁqʻâa |
| 189 | straight | ǃāã |
| 190 | round | ʻǂnúʻm ǀʻêẽ, ʻǃnáʻõ ǀʻêẽ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | ǃqáũ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | |
| 193 | smooth | nôli |
| 194 | wet | tsʻkxʻàni, ǃqhàa |
| 195 | dry | ǁqáa (area), ǂgàm (tree or bush) |
| 196 | correct | |
| 197 | near | ǁgâʻle |
| 198 | far | ta̰i |
| 199 | right | ǂnà̰ū |
| 200 | left | ǃgàhm |
| 201 | at | ǀnàa |
| 202 | in | tshôe |
| 203 | with | ǂʻá, ʻàhn |
| 204 | and | ǂʻá, ʻàhn, ǁnâi (and then) |
| 205 | if | ǀîi |
| 206 | because | BV |
| 207 | name | ǀàũ |
External links
[edit]
References
[edit]- Traill, Anthony (1994) Rainer Voßen, editor, A ǃXóõ Dictionary (Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung/Research in Khoisan Studies; 9), Köln/Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, →ISBN