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Appendix:Luwian Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Luwian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List (new)

[edit]
β„–EnglishLuwian
edit (39)		IPA
1I (1sg)𔐀 (Γ‘mu)
2you (2sg)π’‹Ύπ’„Ώ (/tΔ«/), π”‘£ (ti)
3he, she, it (3sg)
4we (1pl)𒀀𒀭𒍝 (/ānza/), π”—₯π”–ͺπ”—·
5you (2pl)
6they (3pl)
7this
8that
9here
10there
11whoπ’†ͺπ’…– (kuis)
12what
13where
14when
15how
16not
17all
18many
19some
20few
21other
22one
23two
24three
25four
26five
27big
28long
29wide
30thick
31heavyπ’‹—π’‰Ώπ’€€π’Š’π’‘ (/suwārus/), π’†ͺπ’‰Ώπ’€­π’ͺ𒍑 (/kuwanzus/)
32small
33short
34narrow
35thin
36womanπ’‰Ώπ’ˆΎπ’€œπ’‹Ύπ’…– (/wanattis/), π’‰Ώπ’‰Ώπ’ˆΎπ’€Έ (/wānas/)
37man (adult male)𒍣𒋾𒅖 (/zitis/), 𒇽𒅖
38man (human being)𒍣𒋾𒅖 (/zitis/), 𒇽𒅖
39child
40wife
41husband𒍣𒋾𒅖 (/zitis/), 𒇽𒅖
42motherπ’€€π’€­π’‰Œπ’…– (/ānnis/)
43fatherπ’‹«π’€€π’‹Ύπ’…– (/tātis/)
44animalπ’„·π’Œ‹π’„Ώπ’‹»π’Š­ (αΈ«u-u-i-tar-Ε‘a) (wild animal)/αΈ«uitarsa/
45fish
46bird
47dog𔑬𔗡𔗬 (CANISzΓΊ-wa)/zΓΊ-wa/in(i)-/
48louse
49snake
50worm
51tree
52forest
53stick
54fruitπ’€€π’†·π’€œπ’‹»π’Š­ (/alattarsa/)
55seed
56leaf
57root
58bark (of a tree)
59flower
60grass
61rope
62skin
63meat
64blood
65boneπ’„©π’€€π’€Έπ’Š­ (/ḫāssa/)
66fat (noun)
67egg
68horn
69tail
70feather
71hairπ’‹°π’‰Ίπ’€€π’‰Œπ’…– (/tappānis/)
72head
73earπ’Œˆπ’ˆ π’€€π’€­ (/tummān/)
74eyeπ’•π’€€π’Œ‹π’„Ώπ’…– (da-a-u-i-iΕ‘)
75nose
76mouthπ’€€π’€€π’€Έπ’Š­ (a-a-aΕ‘-Ε‘a)
77tooth
78tongue (organ)
79fingernail
80footπ’‰Ίπ’‹«π’€€π’€Έ (/patās/)
81leg
82knee
83handπ’„Ώπ’…–π’Š­π’Š‘π’…– (i-iΕ‘-Ε‘a-ri-iΕ‘)
84wing
85belly
86guts
87neck
88back
89breast
90heartπ’π’€€π’…ˆπ’ (UZUzārza), π”–ͺπ”–±π”–ͺ (za-ra/i-za)/zārza/
91liver
92to drink
93to eatπ’€€π’Ίπ’ˆΎ (a-du-na), ad-
94to bite
95to suck
96to spit
97to vomit
98to blow
99to breathe
100to laugh
101to seeπ’ˆ π’ˆΎπ’€€π’‹Ύ (ma-na-a-ti) (3rd sg. present)
102to hear
103to know
104to think
105to smell
106to fear
107to sleep
108to live
109to die
110to kill
111to fight
112to hunt
113to hitπ’Ίπ’Œ‘π’‰π’‹Ύ (/dΕ«piti/)
114to cutπ’†ͺπ’Œ‘π’Š’π’ˆΎ (/kΕ«runa/)
115to split
116to stab
117to scratch
118to dig
119to swim
120to fly
121to walk
122to comeπ’€€π’ƒΎπ’‹Ύ (/awΔ«ti/) (3rd sg. present)
123to lie (as in a bed)
124to sit
125to stand
126to turn (intransitive)
127to fall
128to give
129to hold
130to squeeze
131to rub
132to wash
133to wipe
134to pull
135to push
136to throw
137to tie
138to sew
139to count
140to say
141to sing
142to play
143to float
144to flow
145to freeze
146to swell
147sunπ’‹Ύπ’‰Ώπ’Š (/tiwaz/)
148moon
149star
150waterπ’‰Ώπ’€€π’…ˆπ’Š­ (wa-a-ar-sa)/wārsa/
151rain
152river𒄩𒀀𒁉𒅖 (αΈ«a-a-pi-is)
153lake
154seaπ’€€π’†·π’€Έπ’Š­π’„ π’ˆͺπ’…– (/alassammis/)
155salt
156stone
157sand
158dust
159earthπ’‹Ύπ’„Ώπ’€€π’„ π’ˆͺπ’…– (/tiyammis/), π”“€ (/takam/)
160cloud
161fog
162skyπ’‹«π’€Šπ’‰Ίπ’€Έπ’Š­ (ta-ab-pa-aΕ‘-Ε‘a)/tappassa/
163wind
164snow
165ice
166smoke
167fireπ’‰Ίπ’€€π’„·π’Œ‹π’Œ¨ (pa-a-αΈ«u-u-ur)/pāhΕ«r/
168ash
169to burn
170road
171mountainπ’„―π’Š•
172red
173green
174yellow
175white
176black
177night
178day
179year
180warm
181cold
182full
183newπ’ˆΎπ’€€π’Œ‘π’‰Ώπ’‹Ύ (na-a-uβ‚‚-wa-ti) (ablative-instrumental)/nāúwati/
184old
185good𒉿𒀀𒋗𒍑 (wa-a-Ε‘u-uΕ‘)/wāsus/
186badπ’€€π’€œπ’Ίπ’‰Ώπ’€€π’‡·π’…– (/ādduwāliΕ‘/)
187rotten
188dirty
189straight
190round
191sharp (as a knife)
192dull (as a knife)
193smooth
194wet
195dry
196correct
197near
198far
199right
200left
201at
202in
203with
204and
205ifπ’ˆ π’€€π’€­ (ma-a-an)
206because
207name

List (old)

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[script needed]

No. English Luwian
1 I (a)mu
2 you (singular) tΔ«
3 he, she, it -as, apās
4 we -
5 you (plural) -
6 they -ata, apinzi
7 this zās
8 that apās
9 here zāwi(n)
10 there -
11 who kuis
12 what kuΔ«
13 where kuwar(i) (?)
14 when kuwati
15 how -
16 not nāwa
17 all pΕ«natinzi, tanimminzi
18 many -
19 some -
20 few -
21 other -
22 one in
23 two an
24 three tarris
25 four māwinzi
26 five -
27 big urazzas
28 long ārrāyis
29 wide -
30 thick -
31 heavy π’‹—π’‰Ώπ’€€π’Š’π’‘ (suwārus), π’†ͺπ’‰Ώπ’€­π’ͺ𒍑 (kuwanzus)
32 small -
33 short mannakunas
34 narrow -
35 thin -
36 woman π’‰Ώπ’ˆΎπ’€œπ’‹Ύπ’…– (wanattis), π’‰Ώπ’‰Ώπ’ˆΎπ’€Έ (wānas)
37 man (adult male) 𒍣𒋾𒅖 (zΔ«tis)
38 man (human being) 𒍣𒋾𒅖 (zΔ«tis)
39 child nimuwizas
40 wife -
41 husband 𒍣𒋾𒅖 (zΔ«tis)
42 mother π’€€π’€­π’‰Œπ’…– (ānnis)
43 father π’‹«π’€€π’‹Ύπ’…– (tātis)
44 animal π’„·π’Œ‹π’„Ώπ’‹»π’Š­ (huitarsa)
45 fish -
46 bird -
47 dog zuwanis
48 louse -
49 snake -
50 worm -
51 tree -
52 forest -
53 stick winal
54 fruit π’€€π’†·π’€œπ’‹»π’Š­ (alattarsa)
55 seed warwalan
56 leaf -
57 root -
58 bark (of a tree) -
59 flower -
60 grass zuhri
61 rope -
62 skin -
63 meat -
64 blood āsharsa
65 bone π’„©π’€€π’€Έπ’Š­ (hāssa)
66 fat (noun) -
67 egg -
68 horn zurni
69 tail -
70 feather -
71 hair π’‹°π’‰Ίπ’€€π’‰Œπ’…– (tappānis)
72 head harmahis
73 ear π’Œˆπ’ˆ π’€€π’€­ (tummān)
74 eye tāwīs
75 nose -
76 mouth π’€€π’€€π’€Έπ’Š­ (āssa)
77 tooth -
78 tongue (organ) lālis
79 fingernail -
80 foot π’‰Ίπ’‹«π’€€π’€Έ (patās)
81 leg pārtas (?)
82 knee -
83 hand π’„Ώπ’…–π’Š­π’Š‘π’…– (Δ«ssaris)
84 wing aruti
85 belly -
86 guts -
87 neck -
88 back -
89 breast tΔ«tan
90 heart π’π’€€π’…ˆπ’ (zārza)
91 liver -
92 to drink Ε«tti
93 to eat azti
94 to bite -
95 to suck -
96 to spit tappāti
97 to vomit -
98 to blow -
99 to breathe -
100 to laugh -
101 to see manāti
102 to hear tΕ«mmantitti
103 to know un(a)i-
104 to think maliti
105 to smell -
106 to fear kuwaya-
107 to sleep -
108 to live -
109 to die *walati
110 to kill -
111 to fight -
112 to hunt -
113 to hit dΕ«piti
114 to cut kuwarti, karsti
115 to split -
116 to stab -
117 to scratch -
118 to dig -
119 to swim -
120 to fly -
121 to walk -
122 to come awΔ«ti
123 to lie (as in a bed) zΔ«yari
124 to sit asti
125 to stand tāi
126 to turn (intransitive) kuwalΔ«ti (?)
127 to fall -
128 to give piyai
129 to hold -
130 to squeeze wisiti
131 to rub kūsāti
132 to wash īlhāti, lāhunti
133 to wipe ammassiti
134 to pull -
135 to push -
136 to throw -
137 to tie hishiti, hāpiti
138 to sew -
139 to count -
140 to say āssatti (?)
141 to sing -
142 to play -
143 to float -
144 to flow ārsi(ya)-
145 to freeze -
146 to swell -
147 sun π’‹Ύπ’‰Ώπ’Š (tiwaz)
148 moon *armas
149 star -
150 water π’‰Ώπ’€€π’…ˆπ’Š­ (wārsa)
151 rain -
152 river 𒄩𒀀𒁉𒅖 (hāpis)
153 lake -
154 sea π’€€π’†·π’€Έπ’Š­π’„ π’ˆͺπ’…– (alasammis)
155 salt -
156 stone -
157 sand -
158 dust pasΕ«riyas (?)
159 earth π’‹Ύπ’„Ώπ’€€π’„ π’ˆͺπ’…– (tiyammis)
160 cloud -
161 fog -
162 sky π’‹«π’€Šπ’‰Ίπ’€Έπ’Š­ (tappassa)
163 wind -
164 snow -
165 ice -
166 smoke -
167 fire π’‰Ίπ’€€π’„·π’Œ‹π’Œ¨ (pāhΕ«r)
168 ash -
169 to burn -
170 road harwas
171 mountain *ariyattis
172 red -
173 green hahhaluwantis
174 yellow hahhaluwantis
175 white -
176 black dakkuīs, marwāy-
177 night -
178 day halli
179 year ussis
180 warm -
181 cold -
182 full -
183 new nāwis
184 old -
185 good wāsus
186 bad ādduwālis
187 rotten -
188 dirty -
189 straight -
190 round -
191 sharp (as a knife) -
192 dull (as a knife) -
193 smooth -
194 wet -
195 dry -
196 correct -
197 near -
198 far -
199 right isarwilis
200 left ipalis
201 at -
202 in ānta
203 with -
204 and -ha
205 if mān
206 because kuiza
207 name atamanza (?)
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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