Appendix:Marathi Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Marathi, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Marathi मराठी (marāṭhī) edit (207) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | मी (mī), आम्ही (āmhī) (royal we, grammatically plural) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | तू (tū) (familiar), तुम्ही (tumhī) (casual, grammatically plural), आपण (āpaṇ) (polite, grammatically plural) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | ह्यो ( hyō), हा ( hā ), ही ( hī), हे ( hē) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | आम्ही (āmhī) (exclusive), आपण (āpaṇ) (inclusive) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | तुम्ही (tumhī) (casual), आपण (āpaṇ) (polite) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | हे (he) (proximal masculine), ह्या (hyā) (proximal feminine), ते (te) (distal masculine), त्या (tyā) (distal feminine) |
| 7 | this | हा (hā) (masculine), ही (hī) (feminine), हे (he) (neuter) |
| 8 | that | तो (to) (masculine), ती (tī) (feminine), ते (te) (neuter) |
| 9 | here | इथे (ithe), इकडे (ikḍe) |
| 10 | there | तिथे (tithe), तिकडे (tikḍe) |
| 11 | who | कोण (koṇ) |
| 12 | what | काय (kāy) |
| 13 | where | कुठे (kuṭhe) |
| 14 | when | केव्हा (kevhā), कधी (kadhī) |
| 15 | how | कशे (kaśe) |
| 16 | not | नाही (nāhī) |
| 17 | all | सगळे (sagḷe) |
| 18 | many | पुष्कळ (puṣkaḷ), बरेच (bareċ), खूप (khūp), लई ( laī) |
| 19 | some | काही (kāhī) |
| 20 | few | थोडे (thoḍe), कमी (kamī) |
| 21 | other | इतर (itar), दुसरे (dusre) |
| 22 | one | एक ( ēka) |
| 23 | two | दोन (don) |
| 24 | three | तीन (tīn) |
| 25 | four | चार (cār) |
| 26 | five | पाच (pāċ) |
| 27 | big | मोठे (moṭhe) |
| 28 | long | लाम्ब (lāmba) |
| 29 | wide | रुन्द (runda) |
| 30 | thick | जाड (j̈āḍ) |
| 31 | heavy | जड (j̈aḍ) |
| 32 | small | लहान (lahān), छोटे (choṭe) |
| 33 | short | बुटके (buṭke) |
| 34 | narrow | निरुन्द (nirunda), अरुन्द (arunda) |
| 35 | thin | पातळ (pātaḷ), बारीक (bārīk) |
| 36 | woman | बाई (bāī) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | पुरुष (puruṣ) |
| 38 | man (human being) | माणूस (māṇūs) |
| 39 | child | पिल्लू (pillū) |
| 40 | wife | बायको (bāyko) |
| 41 | husband | नवरा (navrā) |
| 42 | mother | आई (āī) |
| 43 | father | वडील (vaḍīl), बाप (bāp), बाबा (bābā) |
| 44 | animal | प्राणी (prāṇī) |
| 45 | fish | मासा (māsā) |
| 46 | bird | पक्षी (pakṣī), पाखरू (pākhrū) |
| 47 | dog | कुत्रा (kutrā) |
| 48 | louse | ऊ (ū) |
| 49 | snake | साप (sāp) |
| 50 | worm | अळी (aḷī) |
| 51 | tree | झाड (j̈hāḍ) |
| 52 | forest | वन (van) |
| 53 | stick | काठी (kāṭhī) |
| 54 | fruit | फळ (phaḷ) |
| 55 | seed | बी (bī) |
| 56 | leaf | पान (pān) |
| 57 | root | मूळ (mūḷ) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | (झाडाची) साल ((j̈hāḍācī) sāl) |
| 59 | flower | फूल (phūl) |
| 60 | grass | गवत (gavat) |
| 61 | rope | दोरी (dorī), रस्सी (rassī) |
| 62 | skin | त्वचा (tvacā) |
| 63 | meat | मास (mās) |
| 64 | blood | रक्त (rakta) |
| 65 | bone | हाड (hāḍ) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | चरबी (carbī) |
| 67 | egg | अंडे (aṇḍe) |
| 68 | horn | शिंग (śiṅga) |
| 69 | tail | शेपूट (śepūṭ) |
| 70 | feather | पीस (pīs) |
| 71 | hair | केस (kes) |
| 72 | head | डोके (ḍoke) |
| 73 | ear | कान (kān) |
| 74 | eye | डोळा (ḍoḷā) |
| 75 | nose | नाक (nāk) |
| 76 | mouth | तोण्ड (toṇḍa) |
| 77 | tooth | दात (dāt) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | जीभ (jībh) |
| 79 | fingernail | नख (nakh) |
| 80 | foot | पाऊल (pāūl) |
| 81 | leg | पाय (pāy) |
| 82 | knee | गुडघा (guḍghā) |
| 83 | hand | हात (hāt) |
| 84 | wing | पंख (paṅkha) |
| 85 | belly | पोट (poṭ) |
| 86 | guts | आतडे (ātḍe) |
| 87 | neck | गळा (gaḷā) |
| 88 | back | पाठ (pāṭh) |
| 89 | breast | छाती (chātī), स्तन (stan) |
| 90 | heart | हृदय (hŕday) |
| 91 | liver | यकृत (yakŕt), काळीज (kāḷīj) |
| 92 | to drink | पिणे (piṇe) |
| 93 | to eat | खाणे (khāṇe) |
| 94 | to bite | चावणे (ċāvṇe) |
| 95 | to suck | चोखणे (ċokhṇe) |
| 96 | to spit | थुंकणे (thuṅkṇe) |
| 97 | to vomit | ओकणे (okṇe) |
| 98 | to blow | फुंकणे (phuṅkṇe) |
| 99 | to breathe | श्वास घेणे (śvās gheṇe) |
| 100 | to laugh | हसणे (hasṇe) |
| 101 | to see | दिसणे (disṇe) (intransitive), पाहणे (pāhṇe), बघणे (baghṇe) |
| 102 | to hear | ऐकणे (aikṇe) |
| 103 | to know | माहीत असणे (māhīt asṇe), जाणणे (j̈āṇṇe), ओळखणे (oḷakhṇe) (for people) |
| 104 | to think | विचार करणे (vicār karṇe) |
| 105 | to smell | वास घेणे (vās gheṇe), हुंगणे (huṅgṇe) |
| 106 | to fear | घाबरणे (ghābarṇe), भिणे (bhiṇe) |
| 107 | to sleep | झोपणे (j̈hopṇe), निजणे (nij̈ṇe) |
| 108 | to live | जगणे (j̈agṇe) |
| 109 | to die | मरणे (marṇe) |
| 110 | to kill | मारणे (mārṇe) |
| 111 | to fight | लढणे (laḍhṇe) |
| 112 | to hunt | शिकार करणे (śikār karṇe) |
| 113 | to hit | मारणे (mārṇe) |
| 114 | to cut | कापणे (kāpṇe) |
| 115 | to split | वाटणे (vāṭṇe) (to distribute), चिरणे (cirṇe) (to slice) |
| 116 | to stab | भोसकणे (bhosakṇe) |
| 117 | to scratch | खाजवणे (khāj̈avṇe) |
| 118 | to dig | खोदणे (khodṇe), खणणे (khaṇṇe) |
| 119 | to swim | पोहणे (pohṇe) |
| 120 | to fly | उडणे (uḍṇe) |
| 121 | to walk | चालणे (ċālṇe) |
| 122 | to come | येणे (yeṇe) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | आडवे होणे (āḍve hoṇe) |
| 124 | to sit | बसणे (basṇe) |
| 125 | to stand | उभे राहणे (ubhe rāhṇe) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | वळणे (vaḷṇe) |
| 127 | to fall | पडणे (paḍṇe) |
| 128 | to give | देणे (deṇe) |
| 129 | to hold | धरणे (dharṇe) |
| 130 | to squeeze | पिळणे (piḷṇe), चेपणे (cepṇe), दाबणे (dābṇe) |
| 131 | to rub | घासणे (ghāsṇe) (abrasive), चोळणे (ċolṇe) |
| 132 | to wash | धुणे (dhuṇe) |
| 133 | to wipe | पुसणे (pusṇe) |
| 134 | to pull | खेचणे (kheċṇe), ओढणे (oḍhṇe) |
| 135 | to push | ढकलणे (ḍhakalṇe) |
| 136 | to throw | फेकणे (phekṇe), टाकणे (ṭākṇe) |
| 137 | to tie | बांधणे (bāndhṇe) |
| 138 | to sew | शिवणे (śivṇe) |
| 139 | to count | मोजणे (moj̈ṇe) |
| 140 | to say | बोलणे (bolṇe) (intransitive), म्हणणे (mhaṇṇe) |
| 141 | to sing | गाणे (gāṇe) |
| 142 | to play | खेळणे (kheḷṇe) |
| 143 | to float | तरंगणे (taraṅgṇe) |
| 144 | to flow | वाहणे (vāhṇe) |
| 145 | to freeze | गोठणे (goṭhṇe) |
| 146 | to swell | फुगणे (phugṇe) (to be inflated), सुजणे (suj̈ṇe) |
| 147 | sun | सूर्य (sūrya) |
| 148 | moon | चंद्र (candra) |
| 149 | star | तारा (tārā) |
| 150 | water | पाणी (pāṇī) |
| 151 | rain | पाऊस (pāūs) |
| 152 | river | नदी (nadī) |
| 153 | lake | सरोवर (sarovar) |
| 154 | sea | समुद्र (samudra) |
| 155 | salt | मीठ (mīṭh) |
| 156 | stone | दगड (dagaḍ) |
| 157 | sand | वाळू (vāḷū) |
| 158 | dust | धूळ (dhūḷ) |
| 159 | earth | पृथ्वी (pŕthvī) |
| 160 | cloud | ढग (ḍhag) |
| 161 | fog | धुके (dhuke) |
| 162 | sky | आकाश (ākāś) |
| 163 | wind | वारा (vārā) |
| 164 | snow | बर्फ (barpha) |
| 165 | ice | बर्फ (barpha) |
| 166 | smoke | धूर (dhūr) |
| 167 | fire | आग (āg) |
| 168 | ash | राख (rākh) |
| 169 | to burn | जळणे (j̈aḷṇe) |
| 170 | road | रस्ता (rastā) |
| 171 | mountain | डोंगर (ḍoṅgar) |
| 172 | red | लाल (lāl) |
| 173 | green | हिरवे (hirve) |
| 174 | yellow | पिवळे (pivḷe) |
| 175 | white | पांढरे (pāṇḍhre) |
| 176 | black | काळे (kāḷe) |
| 177 | night | रात्र (rātra) |
| 178 | day | दिवस (divas) |
| 179 | year | वर्ष (varṣa) |
| 180 | warm | गरम (garam), उबदार (ubdār) |
| 181 | cold | गार (gār), थंड (thaṇḍa) |
| 182 | full | संपूर्ण (sampūrṇa) |
| 183 | new | नवे (nave), नवीन (navīn) |
| 184 | old | जुने (j̈une) |
| 185 | good | चांगले (cāṅgle) |
| 186 | bad | वाईट (vāīṭ) |
| 187 | rotten | कुजके (kuj̈ke) |
| 188 | dirty | घाण (ghāṇ) |
| 189 | straight | सरळ (saraḷ) |
| 190 | round | गोल (gol) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | तीक्ष्ण (tīkṣṇa) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | बोथट (bothaṭ) |
| 193 | smooth | गुळगुळीत (guḷguḷīt) |
| 194 | wet | ओले (ole) |
| 195 | dry | कोरडे (korḍe), सुके (suke) |
| 196 | correct | बरोबर (barobar) |
| 197 | near | जवळ (j̈avaḷ) |
| 198 | far | दूर (dūr), लांब (lāmba) |
| 199 | right | उजवे (uj̈ve) |
| 200 | left | डावे (ḍāve) |
| 201 | at | locative and dative cases, ʻinʼ, deictic pronouns, कडे (kaḍe) |
| 202 | in | मध्ये (madhye), आत (āt) |
| 203 | with | बरोबर (barobar), सह (sah) |
| 204 | and | आणि (āṇi) |
| 205 | if | जर (j̈ar) |
| 206 | because | कारण (की) (kāraṇ (kī)) (conjunction) |
| 207 | name | नाव (nāv) |