पुरुष

See also: परुष

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit पुरुष (puruṣa).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /pʊ.ɾʊʂ/, [pʊ.ɾʊʃ]

Noun

पुरुष • (puruṣ) m (Urdu spelling پرش)

1. man, male

   Synonyms: मर्द (mard), आदमी (ādmī)

   Antonym: स्त्री (strī)

   यह स्नानघर केवल पुरुषों के लिए है।

   yah snānghar keval puruṣõ ke lie hai.

   This bathroom is for men only.

   पुरुष की तरह लड़ो! ― puruṣ kī tarah laṛo! ― Fight like a man!

2. person

   Synonyms: मर्द (mard), आदमी (ādmī); see also Thesaurus:मनुष्य

   अनेक पुरुष भवन के बाहर हैं।

   anek puruṣ bhavan ke bāhar ha͠i.

   Many people are outside the building.

Declension

Declension of पुरुष (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	पुरुष puruṣ	पुरुष puruṣ
oblique	पुरुष puruṣ	पुरुषों puruṣõ
vocative	पुरुष puruṣ	पुरुषो puruṣo

Related terms

• तत्पुरुष (tatpuruṣ)

Further reading

• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “पुरुष”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press

Marathi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit पुरुष (púruṣa). Compare Old Marathi 𑘢𑘳𑘨𑘳𑘏 (purukha), 𑘢𑘳𑘨𑘳𑘬 (puruṣa).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pu.ɾuʂ/, [pu.ɾuːʂ]

Noun

पुरुष • (puruṣ) m

1. man, male
2. person

Further reading

• Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “पुरुष”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
• Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “पुरुष”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
• दाते, यशवंत रामकृष्ण [Date, Yashwant Ramkrishna] (1932-1950) “पुरुष”, in महाराष्ट्र शब्दकोश (mahārāṣṭra śabdakoś) (in Marathi), पुणे [Pune]: महाराष्ट्र कोशमंडळ (mahārāṣṭra kośmaṇḍaḷ).

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

• पूरुष (pū́ruṣa)

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• পুৰুষ (Assamese script)
• ᬧᬸᬭᬸᬱ (Balinese script)
• পুরুষ (Bengali script)
• 𑰢𑰲𑰨𑰲𑰬 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀧𑀼𑀭𑀼𑀱 (Brahmi script)
• ပုရုၑ (Burmese script)
• પુરુષ (Gujarati script)
• ਪੁਰੁਸ਼ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌪𑍁𑌰𑍁𑌷 (Grantha script)
• ꦥꦸꦫꦸꦰ (Javanese script)
• 𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂳𑂭 (Kaithi script)
• ಪುರುಷ (Kannada script)
• បុរុឞ (Khmer script)
• ປຸຣຸຩ (Lao script)
• പുരുഷ (Malayalam script)
• ᢒᡠᡵᡠᢢᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘢𑘳𑘨𑘳𑘬 (Modi script)
• ᢒᠤᠷᠤᢔᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧂𑧔𑧈𑧔𑧌 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐥𑐸𑐬𑐸𑐲 (Newa script)
• ପୁରୁଷ (Odia script)
• ꢦꢸꢬꢸꢰ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆥𑆶𑆫𑆶𑆰 (Sharada script)
• 𑖢𑖲𑖨𑖲𑖬 (Siddham script)
• පුරුෂ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩰𑩒𑩼𑩒𑪀 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚞𑚰𑚤𑚰 (Takri script)
• புருஷ (Tamil script)
• పురుష (Telugu script)
• ปุรุษ (Thai script)
• པུ་རུ་ཥ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒣𑒳𑒩𑒳𑒭 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨞𑨃𑨫𑨃𑨯 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

An alteration of *pū́rṣa (by analogy with mánuṣa), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *pŕ̥Hṣas (“man”); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *perh₃- (“to produce, beget”). Cognate with Pali purisa, Ashokan Prakrit 𑀧𑀼𑀮𑀺𑀲 (pulisa, “man”), Magadhi Prakrit 𑀧𑀼𑀮𑀺𑀰 (puliśa). Further related to Latin pariō (“to spawn, to beget”).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /pú.ɾu.ʂɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈpu.ɾu.ʂɐ/

Noun

पुरुष • (púruṣa) stem, m

1. man, male, human being
   • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.165.3:

     हे॒तिः प॒क्षिणी॒ न द॑भात्य॒स्माना॒ष्ट्र्यां प॒दं कृ॑णुते अग्नि॒धाने॑।
     शं नो॒ गोभ्य॑श्च॒ पुरु॑षेभ्यश्चास्तु॒ मा नो॑ हिंसीदि॒ह दे॑वाः क॒पोत॑:॥

     hetíḥ pakṣíṇī ná dabhātyasmā́nāṣṭryā́ṃ padáṃ kṛṇute agnidhā́ne.
     śáṃ no góbhyaśca púruṣebhyaścāstu mā́ no hiṃsīdihá devāḥ kapóta:.

     Let not the winged Arrow distract us: beside the fire-place, on the hearth it settles.
     May, it bring welfare to our men and cattle: here let the Dove, ye Gods, forbear to harm us.

2. person, officer, functionary, attendant, servant
3. (Vedic religion) Purusha, the divine being from whom the universe is said to be originated
   • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.90.1:

     स॒हस्र॑शीर्षा॒ पुरु॑षः सहस्रा॒क्षः स॒हस्र॑पात्।
     स भूमिं॑ वि॒श्वतो॑ वृ॒त्वात्य॑तिष्ठद्दशाङ्गु॒लम्॥

     sahásraśīrṣā púruṣaḥ sahasrākṣáḥ sahásrapāt.
     sá bhū́miṃ viśváto vṛtvā́tyatiṣṭhaddaśāṅgulám.

     Puruṣa, who has a thousand heads, a thousand eyes, a thousand feet, investing the earth in all directions, exceeds (it by a space) measuring ten fingers.

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of पुरुष (púruṣa)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	पुरुषः púruṣaḥ	पुरुषौ / पुरुषा¹ púruṣau / púruṣā¹	पुरुषाः / पुरुषासः¹ púruṣāḥ / púruṣāsaḥ¹
Vocative	पुरुष púruṣa	पुरुषौ / पुरुषा¹ púruṣau / púruṣā¹	पुरुषाः / पुरुषासः¹ púruṣāḥ / púruṣāsaḥ¹
Accusative	पुरुषम् púruṣam	पुरुषौ / पुरुषा¹ púruṣau / púruṣā¹	पुरुषान् púruṣān
Instrumental	पुरुषेण púruṣeṇa	पुरुषाभ्याम् púruṣābhyām	पुरुषैः / पुरुषेभिः¹ púruṣaiḥ / púruṣebhiḥ¹
Dative	पुरुषाय púruṣāya	पुरुषाभ्याम् púruṣābhyām	पुरुषेभ्यः púruṣebhyaḥ
Ablative	पुरुषात् púruṣāt	पुरुषाभ्याम् púruṣābhyām	पुरुषेभ्यः púruṣebhyaḥ
Genitive	पुरुषस्य púruṣasya	पुरुषयोः púruṣayoḥ	पुरुषाणाम् púruṣāṇām
Locative	पुरुषे púruṣe	पुरुषयोः púruṣayoḥ	पुरुषेषु púruṣeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

• Dardic:
  • Kalasha:
    • Arabic script: پوُروُشؕ
    • Latin script: púruṣ
• Hindustani:
  • Hindi: पुरुख (purukh)
  • Urdu: پُرُکھ (purukh)
• Punjabi:
  • Gurmukhi script: ਪੁਰਖ (purakh), ਪੁਰਸ਼ (puraś)
  • Shahmukhi script: پُرَکھ (purakh), پُرَش (puraś)
• → Assamese: পুৰুষ (purux)
• → Bengali: পুরুষ (puruś)
• → Gujarati: પુરુષ (puruṣ)
• → Hindi: पुरुष (puruṣ)
• → Urdu: پرش (puruś)
• → Kannada: ಪುರುಷ (puruṣa)
• → Khmer: ប្រុស (proh)
• → Lao: ບຸຣຸດ (bu rut)
• → Old Marathi:

  Devanagari script: पुरुख (purukha), पुरुष (puruṣa)

  Modi script: 𑘢𑘳𑘨𑘳𑘏 (purukha), 𑘢𑘳𑘨𑘳𑘬 (puruṣa)

  • → Marathi: पुरुष (puruṣ)
• → Tamil: புருஷன் (puruṣaṉ, “husband, man, manhood, life, people”)
• → Telugu: పురుషుడు (puruṣuḍu)
• → Thai: บุรุษ (bù-rùt)
• → Sinhalese: පුරුෂ (puruṣa)

Further reading

• “पु॑रुष” in Carl Cappeller, A Sanskrit–English Dictionary: Based upon the St. Petersburg Lexicons, Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, 1891, →OCLC, page 321, column 1.