Appendix:Jizhao Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Jizhao, compared with that of English and Chinese. The list below is from Li & Wu (2017: 95-97).
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| No. | English gloss | Chinese gloss | Jizhao |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | 我 | ŋau³¹; ŋo³³ |
| 2 | you (singular) | 你 | mi²¹ |
| 3 | he | 他 | man³¹ |
| 4 | we | 我们 | ŋau³¹leˀ³³; ŋo³³leˀ³³ |
| 5 | you (plural) | 你们 | mo³³leˀ³³ |
| 6 | they | 他们 | man³¹leˀ³³ |
| 7 | this | 这 | ni³³ |
| 8 | that | 那 | nun³³ |
| 9 | here | 这里 | ɬan²¹ni³³ |
| 10 | there | 那里 | ɬan²¹nun³³ |
| 11 | who | 谁 | tʰo²¹ly³¹ |
| 12 | what | 什么 | mak⁵⁵kou³³; mat⁵⁵jøŋ³³ |
| 13 | where | 哪里 | a⁵⁵ʦʰy²¹ |
| 14 | when | 何时 | ki⁵⁵ɬi³¹ |
| 15 | how | 如何 | ky⁵⁵ly³¹ |
| 16 | not | 不 | mi⁵⁵ |
| 16(b) | not yet | 未 | leŋ³¹ |
| 17 | all | 所有 | tsʰyn²¹ɓu³¹ |
| 18 | many | 多 | laːi²¹ |
| 19 | some | 一些 | ɗik⁵⁵ke²¹ |
| 20 | few | 少 | ɬiu⁵⁵ |
| 21 | other | 其他 | kʰi³³tʰa²¹ |
| 22 | one | 一 | jat⁵⁵; ka³³ |
| 23 | two | 二 | ȵi³³; man⁵⁵ |
| 24 | three | 三 | ɬaːm²¹ |
| 25 | four | 四 | ɬi⁵⁵ |
| 26 | five | 五 | ŋa⁵⁵; ŋo³¹ |
| 27 | big | 大 | ȵou⁵⁵ |
| 28 | long | 长 | lui²¹ |
| 29 | wide | 宽 | vut³³ |
| 30 | thick | 厚 | na²¹ |
| 31 | heavy | 重 | kʰoŋ²¹; kon²¹ |
| 32 | small | 小 | nak⁵⁵ |
| 32(b) | juvenile | 幼 | un⁵⁵ |
| 33 | short | 短 | ɗan⁵⁵ |
| 34 | narrow | 窄 | ʦaˀ³³ |
| 35 | thin | 薄 | ɓøŋ²¹ |
| 36 | woman | 女 | mai³³pʰa²¹lou³¹vun²¹ |
| 37 | man (adult male) | 男 | ja³¹lou³¹vun²¹ |
| 38 | man (human being) | 人 | lou³¹vun²¹; ja³¹ |
| 39 | child | 孩 | ki⁵⁵ke²¹ |
| 40 | wife | 妻 | mai³³pʰa²¹ |
| 41 | husband | 夫 | lou³³oŋ²¹ |
| 42 | mother | 母 | am⁵⁵ma⁵⁵ |
| 43 | father | 父 | kuŋ⁵⁵ma⁵⁵ |
| 44 | animal | 动物 | - |
| 45 | fish | 鱼 | ɓa²¹ |
| 46 | bird | 鸟 | nok⁵⁵ |
| 47 | dog | 狗 | ma²¹ |
| 48 | louse | 虱 | mat²¹ |
| 49 | snake | 蛇 | ȵø²¹ |
| 50 | worm | 虫 | miŋ³¹ |
| 51 | tree | 树 | mai³³ |
| 52 | forest | 林 | pʰeŋ²¹; lam²¹ |
| 53 | stick | 棍 | kuan³³; kuŋ³³ |
| 54 | fruit | 果 | maˀ²¹ |
| 55 | seed | 种子 | ɓoŋ⁵⁵ |
| 56 | leaf | 叶 | ɓou³¹ |
| 57 | root | 根 | koŋ²¹ |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | 树皮 | mai³³naŋ²¹ |
| 59 | flower | 花 | va²¹ |
| 60 | grass | 草 | ɓat⁵⁵ |
| 60(b) | straw | 稻草 | muŋ³³ |
| 61 | rope | 绳 | ȵaŋ²¹ |
| 62 | skin | 肤 | naŋ²¹ |
| 63 | meat | 肉 | me³³ |
| 64 | blood | 血 | vit³¹ |
| 65 | bone | 骨 | lek⁵⁵ |
| 66 | fat (noun) | 脂 | - |
| 67 | egg | 蛋 | ȵum²¹ |
| 68 | horn | 角 | kaˀ⁵⁵ |
| 69 | tail | 尾 | ɓaːi²¹ |
| 70 | feather | 羽毛 | vun³¹ |
| 71 | hair | 头发 | ɬou⁵⁵ |
| 72 | head | 头 | laːu³³ |
| 73 | ear | 耳 | la³¹ |
| 74 | eye | 眼 | ɗa²¹ |
| 75 | nose | 鼻 | lou³³naŋ²¹ |
| 76 | mouth | 口 | ɓaˀ³³ |
| 77 | tooth | 牙 | tsan³³ |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | 舌 | li³³ |
| 79 | fingernail | 指甲 | maːu³¹kaːp⁵⁵ |
| 80 | foot | 脚 | koˀ⁵⁵ |
| 81 | leg | 腿 | koˀ⁵⁵va³¹ |
| 82 | knee | 膝 | koˀ⁵⁵laːu³³tʰu²¹ |
| 83 | hand | 手 | maːu³¹ |
| 84 | wing | 翅 | ɓik⁵⁵ |
| 85 | belly | 腹 | tʰoŋ³³ |
| 86 | guts | 肠 | li³³ |
| 87 | neck | 颈 | liŋ²¹ko³¹ |
| 88 | back | 背 | ɓui⁵⁵ |
| 89 | breast | 乳 | nen³³ |
| 90 | heart | 心 | ɬum²¹ |
| 91 | liver | 肝 | ɗap⁵⁵ |
| 92 | to drink | 喝 | haˀ⁵⁵ |
| 93 | to eat | 吃 | ky²¹ |
| 94 | to bite | 咬 | kap²¹ |
| 95 | to suck | 吸 | lan⁵⁵ |
| 96 | to spit | 吐 | pʰei⁵⁵ |
| 96(b) | to spit out | 吐奶 | lok³³ |
| 97 | to vomit | 呕 | tʰou³³; tʰo⁵⁵ |
| 98 | to blow | 吹 | tsʰui²¹ |
| 99 | to breathe | 呼吸 | hu³³kʰap⁵⁵ |
| 100 | to laugh | 笑 | liu³¹ |
| 101 | to see | 看 | haːn⁵⁵ |
| 102 | to hear | 听 | tʰiŋ⁵⁵ |
| 103 | to know | 知 | tʰiu³³hou³³; ʦak³¹ |
| 104 | to think | 想 | ɬøŋ³³ |
| 105 | to smell | 嗅 | ȵiŋ⁵⁵ |
| 106 | to fear | 怕 | kiŋ²¹ |
| 107 | to sleep | 睡 | ŋaːp²¹ |
| 108 | to live | 活 | naːi²¹ |
| 109 | to die | 死 | ɗaːi²¹ |
| 110 | to kill | 杀 | ka⁵⁵ |
| 111 | to fight | 斗 | tʰy³¹ |
| 112 | to hunt | 猎 | lit³³ |
| 113 | to hit | 击 | tʰy³¹ |
| 114 | to cut | 切 | ʦʰit³³ |
| 115 | to split | 分 | van²¹ |
| 116 | to stab | 刺 | kiˀ⁵⁵ |
| 117 | to scratch | 挠 | ȵaːu²¹ |
| 118 | to dig | 挖 | kʰok²¹ |
| 119 | to swim | 游 | ju²¹ |
| 120 | to fly | 飞 | moŋ²¹ |
| 121 | to walk | 走 | ɓaːi²¹ |
| 122 | to come | 来 | ma²¹ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | 躺 | ŋaːp²¹ |
| 124 | to sit | 坐 | naŋ³³ |
| 125 | to stand | 站 | jan⁵⁵ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | 转 | tsyn⁵⁵ |
| 127 | to fall | 落 | ɗoˀ⁵⁵ |
| 128 | to give | 给 | van²¹ |
| 129 | to hold | 拿 | ou²¹; ŋop⁵⁵ |
| 130 | to squeeze | 挤 | ɗe³¹ |
| 131 | to rub | 磨 | ɓan²¹ |
| 132 | to wash | 洗 | ʦuk⁵⁵ |
| 133 | to wipe | 擦 | ʦʰaˀ⁵⁵ |
| 134 | to pull | 拉 | tʰa²¹; ɓeŋ²¹ |
| 135 | to push | 推 | tʰoi²¹ |
| 136 | to throw | 扔 | tʰap²¹ |
| 137 | to tie | 系 | kat²¹ |
| 138 | to sew | 缝 | ʦam²¹ |
| 139 | to count | 计 | ɬyn⁵⁵ |
| 140 | to say | 说 | lum²¹ |
| 141 | to sing | 唱 | ʦʰøŋ⁵⁵ |
| 142 | to play | 玩 | van³³ |
| 143 | to float | 浮 | vou³¹ |
| 144 | to flow | 流 | lu²¹ |
| 145 | frozen | 冻 | ɗoˀ⁵⁵ |
| 146 | to swell | 肿 | ɓoŋ³¹ |
| 147 | sun | 日 | lou³³vun²¹ |
| 148 | moon | 月 | ʦaːi²¹ɗe⁵⁵ |
| 149 | star | 星 | ɬiŋ²¹ |
| 150 | water | 水 | nam³³ |
| 151 | rain | 雨 | ŋoŋ²¹ |
| 152 | river | 河 | mai³³nam³³ |
| 153 | lake | 湖 | - |
| 154 | sea | 海 | koŋ⁵⁵ |
| 155 | salt | 盐 | ȵiu⁵⁵ |
| 156 | stone | 石 | lin³¹ |
| 157 | sand | 沙 | tsaːŋ³¹ |
| 158 | dust | 尘 | tsʰaŋ²¹ |
| 159 | earth | 地 | mat²¹ |
| 160 | cloud | 云 | van²¹va⁵⁵ |
| 161 | fog | 雾 | mo⁵⁵ |
| 162 | sky | 天 | tʰin²¹ |
| 163 | wind | 风 | tsan³³ |
| 164 | snow | 雪 | ɬyt⁵⁵ |
| 165 | ice | 冰 | ɓiŋ²¹ |
| 166 | smoke | 烟 | in²¹ |
| 167 | fire | 火 | vi³¹ |
| 168 | ash | 灰 | lou³³ |
| 169 | to burn | 烧 | ʦou²¹ |
| 170 | road | 路 | ɬan²¹ |
| 171 | mountain | 山 | tsaŋ²¹ |
| 172 | red | 红 | hoŋ²¹ |
| 173 | green | 绿 | lo²¹ |
| 174 | yellow | 黄 | laːŋ²¹ |
| 175 | white | 白 | pʰøk³³ |
| 176 | black | 黑 | lam²¹ |
| 177 | night | 夜 | kʰyn²¹ |
| 178 | day | 白天 | pʰøk³³van²¹ |
| 179 | year | 年 | vui²¹ |
| 180 | warm | 暖 | nyn³¹ |
| 181 | cold | 冷 | ɗoˀ⁵⁵ |
| 182 | full | 满 | ɗik⁵⁵ |
| 183 | new | 新 | tsoŋ²¹ |
| 184 | old | 旧 | kau⁵⁵ |
| 185 | good | 好 | hou⁵⁵ |
| 186 | bad | 坏 | vaːi³³ |
| 187 | rotten | 腐烂 | laːi³¹ |
| 188 | dirty | 脏 | ŋan³³ |
| 189 | straight | 直 | lak²¹ |
| 190 | round | 圆 | vin³¹ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | 尖 | tsim⁵⁵ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | 钝 | lyt⁵⁵ |
| 193 | smooth | 滑 | vaːt³³; va³³ |
| 194 | wet | 湿 | ʦat²¹ |
| 195 | dry | 干 | løŋ⁵⁵ |
| 196 | correct | 对 | ɗoi⁵⁵ |
| 197 | near | 近 | lau⁵⁵ |
| 198 | far | 远 | lui²¹ |
| 199 | right | 右 | ju²¹ |
| 200 | left | 左 | tso⁵⁵ |
| 201 | at | 在 | u⁵⁵ |
| 202 | in | 里 | lau²¹ |
| 203 | with | 与 | kʰuŋ³³ |
| 204 | and | 和 | kʰuŋ³³ |
| 205 | if | 若 | ȵi²¹ko⁵⁵ |
| 206 | because | 因为 | - |
| 207 | name | 名 | na⁵⁵naːi²¹ |
References
[edit]- Li Jinfang [李锦芳]; Wu Yan [吴艳]. 2017. "Guangdong Wuchuan Jizhaohua gaikuang" [广东吴川吉兆话概况]. In Minzu Yuwen [民族语文] 2017:4.