Appendix:Proto-Khmuic reconstructions

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This list of Proto-Khmuic reconstructions is from Sidwell (2013).[1]

List

[edit]
No. English gloss Proto-Khmuic
1 firewood *(s)ʔeʔ
2 chicken *(s)ʔiər
3 steamer *(s)ʔo/ɔh
4 thick *-ba₁l
5 you, honorific *baː
6 carry (on shoulder) *baː₁k
7 two *baːr
8 light, bright *bah
9 to ride *bak
10 rice, paddy *baʔ
11 dove *-bɔːl
12 ashes *bɔh
13 hearth, stove *-bɔh
14 to chop *-bɔk
15 to swell *bɔŋ
16 carry child (in sling) *bɔʔ
17 hump of ox *bɔʔ
18 to get, be able *bəːn
19 lip; talk *bəːr
20 to bind, fasten *bək
21 snake *bəs
22 goat *bɛʔ
23 fathom (span) *biəs
24 put out (fire), extinguish *biːt
25 sated, full *biʔ
26 coconut *blaːw
27 shoulder *blaʔ
28 to swallow *bləːt
29 insipid *blɛh
30 betel *bluː
31 thigh, leg *bluʔ
32 to chop, hack *bok
33 to suck *boːc
34 machete *braː
35 cloth *braːj
36 man, person *-brɔʔ
37 to scatter *brəːj
38 forest *briʔ
39 sky, rain *briʔ
40 wolf *-bru(ə)k
41 pangolin, anteater *-bu(ə)r
42 bird species resembles small pigeon *buk
43 swollen, puffy *buː
44 alcohol *buːc
45 to chew *buːm
46 pool, puddle *buːŋ
47 suckle, nipple *buʔ
48 leaf, bark *c(-)lɔʔ
49 bitter *c₁aŋ
50 sour, astringent *c₁at
51 astringent *c₁iːk
52 grass *c₁it
53 to want, desire *c₁uʔ
54 sick, pain *c₁uʔ
55 to eat *caː
56 confluence *-caːp
57 palm civet *caːr
58 to husk, to mill *caj
59 to touch *cak
60 body, torso *cak
61 to hide *cɔːr
62 dog *cɔʔ
63 to stab, to plant in ground *cəc
64 to tear, cut off *cɛːk
65 wall *cər
66 louse *ceʔ
67 cooked *ci(ə)n
68 to raise (pigs) *ciəm
69 pig *ciəŋ
70 sleep *cih
71 bird *ciːm
72 fist *cnam
73 to measure length. *cndaʔ
74 sun *cŋi/eʔ
75 sun *cŋi/eʔ
76 to hoe *coh
77 gold *criːl
78 medicine *crna₁m
79 rafter *crʔɔʔ
80 tree, wood *cʔɔːŋ
81 water source *da(ːk)
82 water source *da(ːk)
83 thin object *daːm
84 low, short *daːp
85 forehead *-dah
86 mattress *-dam
87 to cover *dap
88 to run *dar
89 thin *-daʔ
90 stair, bridge *-dɔːŋ
91 tail *dɔːŋ
92 pot *dɔʔ
93 to take *dəːŋ
94 to stand up *dək
95 to stay overnight *dəm
96 stopper, cork *-dəp
97 general pronoun *deʔ
98 low *-deʔ
99 forest land *doːŋ
100 termite, white ant *druːɲ
101 to run away *duʔ
102 stretch out arm *g/kar
103 house *gaː₁ŋ
104 to turn, return *gaːj
105 to climb *gaːw
106 ten *gal
107 to carry *gɔːk
108 to boil, stew *gɔːŋ
109 land *gɔh
110 he, it *gəː
111 used to *gəːj
112 to tie, tighten *gɛːp
113 clever *gɛh
114 stick, club *-gəl
115 to hatch or brood eggs *gəm
116 to spit up, vomit *gəʔ
117 this (near the speaker) *giː
118 tripod for cooking *glaː₁ŋ
119 stone *glaː₁ŋ
120 small cup made of bamboo *glɔːk
121 hair *glə/iʔ
122 husband *gle₁ʔ
123 edible moss *gleː
124 to exchange ceremonially *gleː
125 to hatch out *glɛh
126 water leech (small) *gliw
127 to hatch or brood eggs *gnəm
128 to scratch, dig *gor
129 to catch *grəp
130 road *gruəŋ
131 mortar *gu(ə)l
132 to burn field *guːc
133 seven *guːl
134 finger *-guːl
135 to winnow *guːm
136 to enter *guːt
137 to wave, beckon *gwaːc/k
138 goose *haːn
139 to burn, ignite *haʔ
140 to suck, tobacco *hiːt
141 female [animal] *hjaːŋ
142 leaf *hlaʔ
143 (to go) out *hliən
144 bee *hmbɔːt
145 to hear, listen *hmɲɛŋ
146 pumpkin *hmpiːr
147 horse *hmraŋ
148 hat *hmuək
149 beetle *hmuk
150 rotten [wood] *hmuʔ
151 shallow *hndəːl
152 ripe *hnduːm
153 catch *hɲip
154 edge, blade *hnlaʔ
155 to (stumble and) fall over *hnrəp
156 tongue *hntaːk
157 tail *hntaʔ
158 hole *hntuʔ
159 yawn *hŋaːp
160 completed action *hoːc
161 to strip grain *hrɔːt
162 ricefield *hreʔ₁
163 to tie together *hriət
164 gibbon *hrjoːl
165 language *hrlɔʔ
166 to rest *hrluʔ
167 toad *hro(ː)k
168 spirit *hroːj
169 monkey *hwaʔ
170 to shrivel, shrink *hwuət
171 to smell pleasant *h-ʔər
172 to stink *hʔuʔ
173 to blink *j/ɲeːp
174 to cry, weep *ja/əːm
175 light (weight) *-ɟaːl
176 soak *ɟam
177 leak, drop *ɟar
178 grandmother *jaʔ
179 to help each other *ɟɔːj
180 to follow, accompany *ɟɔːm
181 foot *ɟə(ː)ŋ
182 to live; sit; stay *jəːm
183 to warm *ɟəːr
184 soft; unripe *ɟəm
185 grandchild *ɟeʔ
186 sew *ɟi(ː)ŋ
187 window *jiəm
188 we (excl.) *jiʔ
189 to plant, dibble *ɟmɔːl
190 rope, cord, creeper *ɟməʔ
191 horn (animal) *ɟnra₁ŋ
192 yellow, green *ɟŋaːr
193 heel *ɟol
194 tall *ɟoŋ
195 to comb *ɟriəs
196 thorn *ɟrlaː₁ʔ
197 deep *ɟruʔ
198 leg *ju(u)ŋ
199 to spit *ɟuh
200 kin group *ɟum
201 to descend *ɟuːr
202 bone *ɟʔaː₁ŋ
203 frog small species *ɟʔɛʔ
204 human *k(-)muʔ
205 support *k(-)nəːl
206 to laugh *k(-)raː₁s
207 to inhale *k(-)siːt
208 phlegm, hawk up and spit out *k(m)saːk
209 woman *ka₁n
210 sand *kaːc
211 nine *kaːj
212 in front, before *kaːl
213 duck *kaːp
214 chin *kaːp
215 to grill, roast *kaːr
216 to cut [hair] *kac
217 loosen, unfasten *kah
218 to fell *kal
219 arrow *kam
220 to block *-kaŋ
221 to cut (with knife) *kap
222 tongs, tweezers *-kap
223 fish *kaʔ
224 larynx; Adam's apple *kɔːk
225 neck *kɔːk
226 to cut, fell *kɔːl
227 child *kɔːn
228 to flow *kɔːr
229 to fall *kces
230 bend curled arm, make the arm to bend curled *kɔk
231 to wait for *kɔʔ
232 pot *kdɔŋ
233 plantain bud *kdɔʔ
234 bamboo species *kɗi(ə)ɲ
235 to cover *kdop
236 to grip with tongs *kɛːp
237 to bite *kɛːt
238 wild goat *keh
239 thunder *kər
240 oak, chestnut *khaʔ
241 cucumber *kiəl
242 elbow *kiəŋ
243 to scratch (oneself) *kih
244 hawk, vulture *klaːŋ
245 flying ant *klaːp
246 scrotum *klaːw
247 released *klah
248 white *klɔːk
249 snail *klɔʔ
250 to rotate *kləːŋ
251 to lick *klɛːt
252 fat, grease *kləɲ
253 to fall *klih
254 sugarcane *klme₁ʔ
255 seed *klo/ɔːŋ
256 middle, inside *klu(ə)ŋ
257 crow *klʔaːk
258 armpit *klʔɛk
259 rain *kmaʔ
260 poison *kmbuːl
261 woodmite *kmɔːt
262 sugarcane *kme₁ʔ
263 person *kmraʔ
264 nephew, niece *kmun
265 silver *kmuːl
266 rat, mouse *kneʔ₁
267 upside down *k-nr-uːp
268 charcoal *knsah
269 knee *knuːn
270 to cut *koh
271 bend, curve *koŋ
272 rice, paddy *-koʔ
273 squirrel *kraːs
274 hard *kraŋ
275 creek; brook; stream *krɔːŋ
276 bite, gnaw *krəc
277 to harvest; slash; cut *krəc
278 bailer *krsaːc
279 fern *krsuːɲ
280 circle; roll or spiral *krwɛl
281 to roll up (rope) *krwɛŋ
282 to bail *ksaːc
283 body hair *ksuːl
284 crab *ktaːm
285 heavy *ktam
286 valley *ktiːŋ
287 to cook *ktuʔ
288 to dig *kuəŋ
289 village *kuŋ
290 to bend *kuːn
291 younger brother, son *kuːn
292 to cover *kuːp
293 to turn upside down *-kuːp
294 scrape, shave *kuːt
295 tuber *kwaːj
296 to bark *kwaːl
297 make (small rope) *kwan
298 hair bun *kwaɲ
299 to roast *kwas
300 upper part, top *kwəːj
301 wrap around *kwiəl
302 wasp species *kʔaːɲ
303 centipede *kʔiːp
304 egg *kʔloŋ
305 floor *-laː₁ŋ
306 to disappear, be lost *laːc
307 split into thin pieces *-lah
308 to carry *-lam
309 to spit out *-laŋ
310 box (long or high shape) *-lap
311 lick *lat
312 tongue *lat
313 liver *lɔːm
314 pond *-lɔːŋ
315 log, long piece of wood *-lɔːŋ
316 to steal *ləːc
317 to lick, taste *-lɛːl
318 to swallow *-ləːt
319 near *leh
320 quick *lɛh
321 chaff, husk *-lək
322 good *liəm
323 short *liət
324 ox *lmboʔ
325 smooth *lmɛːt
326 sesame *lŋaʔ
327 all, finished, completed *lo/ɔːc
328 penis *lok
329 to skin, peel *luəc
330 young *-luŋ
331 shoot, grow *-luŋ
332 to swim *luːj
333 fig, banyan *lwaʔ
334 blood *maː₁m
335 soul, spirit *-maːl
336 to ask *maːɲ
337 snake *maːr
338 soot *-maŋ
339 eye *mat
340 mother *maʔ
341 younger sibling, nephew *-mɔːn
342 to perceive, hear *məc
343 you (masculine singular) *meː
344 mother *məːj
345 beak, snout *məːr
346 cat *mɛːw
347 name (to give name) *-məh
348 rolling *mel
349 new *-meʔ
350 to chew; mouth *miəŋ
351 who, where, why, how *-moh
352 one *moːj
353 dream *-mpoʔ
354 nose *mu/ɔh
355 pimple *muən
356 year *-na₁m
357 residue *-ɲah
358 to sow, plant *-nam
359 black, dark blue *ɲam
360 to close (eyes) *-ɲɔ(ː)p
361 they *nɔː
362 to obtain, win *-nɔh
363 to cry, weep *ɲəm
364 small *ɲɛʔ
365 to cry, weep *ɲiəm
366 that *niʔ
367 post, pillar *-nraŋ
368 brain *-ntaŋ
369 urine *nuːm
370 goose *ŋaːn
371 cold *ŋar
372 itch *ŋaʔ
373 to swallow *ŋɔːc
374 to fear *ŋɔʔ
375 rice (unhusked), paddy *-ŋɔʔ
376 shake one's head *ŋel
377 branch *ŋgaʔ
378 cold *ŋiər
379 rice (unhusked), paddy *-ŋoʔ
380 sparks *p(l)dɛh
381 to dip, scoop *pa(ː)t
382 to crack, split *paːk
383 to set fish trap *paːm
384 to open *paːŋ
385 to fly *paːr
386 to divide *-pah
387 to break *pak
388 to wrap *par
389 to burn, hot *pɔːk
390 bark (n.) *-pɔːk
391 cheek *pɔːm
392 to sweep *pɔʔ
393 throw away, waste *pəc
394 to shoot (gun) *pəɲ
395 sweep *pəs
396 extinguish *-pət
397 three *peʔ
398 sharpen a knife *-piːt
399 rice grain; husked rice *piʔ
400 flower *pkaʔ
401 thatch grass *plaːŋ
402 to escape *plah
403 calf *plɔːŋ
404 free *plɔh
405 leech *pləːm
406 fruit *pleʔ
407 hail *pliər
408 tube *ploːŋ
409 wing *pna₁r
410 fish trap *pnaːm
411 anthill *pnəm
412 shelf, rack *pnrɛːŋ
413 turban *-poŋ
414 head *-poŋ
415 bamboo shoot sprouts a knob *poːm
416 belly *poːŋ
417 squirrel *prɔːk
418 to rise; stand up; wake up *prəh
419 banana *priət
420 long time; old *priːm
421 pepper *priʔ
422 pepper *priʔ
423 rainbow *prjɔːŋ
424 morning star *prlaːŋ
425 ear of paddy *prleʔ
426 broom *prnɔʔ
427 son-in-law *prsaː
428 earth *pteʔ₁
429 smoke *ptoʔ
430 four *puən
431 barking deer *puəs
432 to launder, wash clothes *puh
433 to play, blow *puŋ
434 to take clothes off *puːc
435 skin *-puːr
436 shed the skin *-puːt
437 smell of fish *pʔiəl
438 fishing net *ra₁p
439 flower *raːŋ
440 to wash *raːw
441 sparrow *rac
442 to love *rak
443 dry *raɲ
444 reed *-raŋ
445 to catch *rap
446 dry *-ras
447 to brush *-ras
448 to snatch *raʔ
449 fly *rɔːj
450 surround; to gather, collect *rɔːm
451 to meet together *-rɔːm
452 surface; upper side *rɔːŋ
453 to peel off *-rɔh
454 fence *-rə(ː)k
455 strong *-rɛːŋ
456 choose *rɛh
457 to raise up, lift *rɛh
458 pestle *-reʔ
459 intestines *-riǝŋ
460 root *riəs
461 alive, green, raw *rih
462 to possess *rmaːŋ
463 burnt *rmʔaːŋ
464 coal *rŋəʔ
465 gully *-roŋ
466 hole, cavity *-roːŋ
467 growl, chirp, grunt *-roʔ
468 bamboo species *rsaːŋ
469 dirt *ruk
470 to fall *-ruk, *kruk
471 red *-rVɲ
472 tiger *rwaːj
473 die *saː₁n
474 thread *saːj
475 bee *-saːj
476 flesh; meat *sac
477 to harvest *sɔːt
478 younger sibling *sɛːm
479 five *səːŋ
480 end *sət
481 black *siəŋ
482 deaf *sluːt
483 spirit *sməːl
484 star *sməɲ
485 ant *smuːc
486 crossbow *snaʔ
487 rice bran *snkaːm
488 millet *snkɔːj
489 storm *snkuːr
490 woven bamboo tray *snpiər
491 comb *snrɛːt
492 small hole *sntuŋ
493 lungs *soh
494 tooth *sraː₁ŋ
495 to comb *srɛːt
496 really, truly *srməʔ
497 mind, heart *srɲuːm
498 taro *sroʔ
499 bear *suəl
500 to blow nose *-sur
501 wipe something away *sut
502 to sting *suːc
503 black wasp *suːt
504 to uproot *t(-)rəh
505 to pick, pluck *ta/əh
506 eight *taːm
507 to weave *taːɲ
508 to cut, tear *tac
509 to sell *tac
510 to burst, split open *-tah
511 shrimp, prawn *-tah
512 to prick, pierce *tap
513 grandfather *taʔ
514 grandfather *taʔ
515 bamboo shoot *tbaŋ
516 punch, chisel out *tɔh
517 to rub *-tɔh
518 to hit; pound *tɛh
519 tinder, match *tɛh
520 to hit; hammer; beat *tɛk
521 to throw *tər
522 fern *təwaʔ
523 south *tiəʔ
524 to put down *tiːk
525 mushroom *tis
526 hand; foreleg *tiʔ
527 eight *tiʔ
528 deer, sambar *tjaːk
529 bat, lemur *tjəːr
530 bamboo rat *tkan
531 cold *tkat
532 lizard *tkɔːj
533 bamboo species *tlaː
534 banana *tlɔːj
535 penis *tleʔ
536 male animal *tloh
537 broken *tlpak
538 flea *tmaʔ
539 people from another village *tmɔːj
540 snapping turtle *tmpaʔ
541 grasshopper *tmraːc
542 swamp *tnloʔ
543 claw, nail *tnmɔːŋ
544 mouth *tnoːs
545 tree stump *tŋaːl
546 tree stump *tŋkəl
547 tube *toŋ
548 to wrap, pack *toːp
549 buffalo *traːk
550 between *trdiʔ
551 even, level *trəm
552 gnat *t-rəɲ
553 to put on; cover oneself *trəp
554 monitor lizard *trkɔːt
555 cooking-pot *trlɔh
556 right (side, hand) *trsam
557 to crow *trʔoʔ
558 pointed tip; peak *tu(ə)l
559 harvested field, old field *tuh
560 to tie, bind *tuk
561 six *tVl
562 to return; come *wa₁l
563 aunt *waː
564 to scoop up paddy rice with both hands *waːc
565 to whip, to lash *-waːc
566 shoulder *waːk
567 intestinal worm *waːk
568 wide, long *waːŋ
569 sky *-waːŋ
570 sunlight, hot *waːr
571 surround, circle around *-waːr
572 wide, vast *wah
573 to push aside *-wah
574 to hook *-wak
575 bent *wan
576 to surround, enclose *-waŋ
577 roll (paper) to have pointed end *-war
578 to throw *wat
579 bent, curved *wɔːr
580 fence *wəːŋ
581 to turn *wer
582 to stir *wər
583 twist (to drain water) *wiət
584 surprised *wiːr
585 feel dizzy *wiːt
586 left side *wiʔ
587 cloudy *ʔa₁p
588 open, empty *ʔaːŋ
589 excrement *ʔac
590 meat *ʔah
591 don't *ʔam
592 to give *ʔan
593 I, me *ʔaɲ
594 swollen *ʔas
595 to sneeze *-ʔas
596 we (dual) *ʔaʔ
597 wasp *ʔɔːŋ
598 we (incl.) *ʔeː
599 this *ʔeːʔ
600 to make, do *ʔəh
601 to bathe *ʔəm
602 sound, noise *ʔəs
603 suppress or hold back *ʔət
604 defecate; excrement *ʔiək
605 medicine; tobacco *ʔjaː
606 you, thou *ʔmɔː
607 above *ʔnəŋ
608 water *ʔom
609 water (drinking) *ʔuək
610 to pour out *ʔuk
611 to bathe *ʔuːm
612 to keep *ʔuːn
613 wasp *-ʔuːr
614 arm *ʔiək
615 basket *buŋ
617 bile, gall *mət
618 blind *lək
621 body hair, fur *-soːk
625 coconut *braːw
627 cricket, cicada *-ler
628 dust *buk
629 ear *-toːr
631 eel *jiən
633 fig *ɟriʔ
635 fire *ʔoːs
638 flower *poh
639 fly *moːs
640 foothill *muːl
641 forest land *doːŋ
642 full *biŋ
643 grasp; hold in one's hand *kum
645 heel *dəːl
646 hill *muːl
647 hole (chiseled) *boːŋ
648 house *jiəŋ
651 lip *-dəp
652 long *loːŋ
654 moon *kiʔ
664 red *thuəɲ
668 rope, bow string *seʔ
670 shade *-muːl
676 stomach *pu(u)l
682 to bow (head) *ŋuk
684 to bury *ta₁p
686 to chop off *cit
687 to consume *bəʔ
692 to droop, sag down *jur
693 to explode *pduh
695 to fight *rup
696 to hold, embrace *kuːm
698 to lift, carry *juk
702 to put, place *ʔun
703 to rain, drip *ru(u)c
704 to receive *ɲən
709 to shake *ŋəl
712 to sow, plant *təːl
714 to throw, cast *poh
719 to wipe *ɟuət
721 underneath *ruːm
723 wagging *wət
724 where *-moh

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Sidwell, Paul. 2013. Proto Khmuic. Unpublished manuscript. Mon-Khmer Languages Database.
Vocabulary lists of Southeast Asian languages
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Kra-Dai

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