Appendix:Proto-Khasian reconstructions
Appearance
The following lists of 912 reconstructed Proto-Khasian and 154 reconstructed Proto-Pnar-Khasi-Lyngngam forms are from Sidwell (2018).
Lists
[edit]Proto-Khasian
[edit]No. | Gloss | Proto-Khasian |
---|---|---|
1. | and/with | *ba (?) |
2. | instrumental marker | *da |
3. | locative marker | *ha |
4. | she | *ka |
5. | I/me (topic/oblique) | *ŋa |
6. | you (fem.) | *pʰa |
7. | oblique marker | *ta |
8. | not | *ta |
9. | to touch | *-baː |
10. | shoulder blade | *blaː |
11. | to hear | *bnaː |
12. | cooked rice | *ʤaː |
13. | to swim | *ʤmpaː |
14. | paddy rice | *kbaː |
15. | fish | *kʰaː |
16. | tiger | *kʰlaː |
17. | earthenware jar | *kʰraː |
18. | flying fox | *knlaː |
19. | to change (into) | *krlaː |
20. | paddy field | *lakʰaː |
21. | tail | *lantʰaː |
22. | sesame | *lŋaː |
23. | uncle | *maː |
24. | buffalo | *mntʰnaː |
25. | aunt | *ɲaː |
26. | father | *paː |
27. | to confess | *pʰlaː |
28. | plain | *pntʰaː |
29. | to fall to pieces | *praː |
30. | child-in-law | *prsaː |
31. | to feed | *psaː |
32. | to wash | *ptaː |
33. | worn out | *raː |
34. | charcoal | *rŋaː |
35. | to eat | *saː |
36. | leaf | *slaː |
37. | smell bad | *smaː |
38. | handspan | *tdaː |
39. | grandfather | *tʰaː |
40. | war | *tʰmaː |
41. | shoulder | *tmpʰaː |
42. | to make, build | *ʧnaː |
43. | before | *ʧwaː |
44. | drunk | *buː-ʔaːc |
45. | entirely at once | *kʰaːc |
46. | waterfall | *kʧaːc |
47. | to wash | *saːc |
48. | fat, stout | *sŋaːc |
49. | warm, hot | *sɁaːc |
50. | to splash | *ʧaːc |
51. | distant | *ʤŋaːj |
52. | many | *-haːj |
53. | to pluck out | *kʰaːj |
54. | ditch, trench | *kʰaraːj |
55. | rat, mouse | *kʰnaːj |
56. | kidney | *kʰnlaːj |
57. | to cut, sever | *kʰraːj |
58. | to spread | *kraːj |
59. | millet | *kraːj |
60. | to auger | *krtʰaːj |
61. | thread, string | *ksaːj |
62. | to go | *la:j~*la:c |
63. | three | *laːj |
64. | wasp | *lwaːj |
65. | to send | *ptʰa:j |
66. | bean | *rmbaːj |
67. | seed | *smbaːj |
68. | waist | *sŋkaːj |
69. | clear, bright | *ʧaːj |
70. | new | *tʰmaːj |
71. | root | *traːj |
72. | rope, cord | *trraːj |
73. | to give | *ʔaːj |
74. | to eat | *baːm |
75. | to weep | *jaːm |
76. | to step | *kaːm |
77. | to bring | *laːm |
78. | fame | *naːm |
79. | clearing in jungle | *raːm |
80. | to distribute | *sa:m |
81. | to bore, pierce | *sam |
82. | husks | *skaːm |
83. | blood | *snaːm |
84. | crab | *tʰaːm |
85. | to boil | *tʰnam |
86. | jawbone | *tŋʔaːm |
87. | duck | *ha(ː)n |
88. | jackfruit | *pʰaːn |
89. | to weave | *tʰaːɲ |
90. | to die | *ja:p |
91. | crow, raven | *kʔa:p |
92. | cheek | *ŋaːp |
93. | to rise early | *-ŋaːp |
94. | to kill | *pnja:p |
95. | husk | *ska:p |
96. | to hit, slap | *tʰaːp |
97. | honey | *ʔum-ŋa:p |
98. | to spread | *-daːr |
99. | to extend, be wide | *jaːr |
100. | fox | *ksaːr |
101. | iron | *na:r |
102. | green | *ŋaːr |
103. | to crawl | *paːr |
104. | completely, entirely | *pʰaːr |
105. | forest | *-waːr |
106. | two | *ʔaːr |
107. | twenty | *ʔaːr-pʰəw |
108. | to hold, catch | *ba:t |
109. | with, while | *kaːt |
110. | to ladle, shovel | *kʰaːt |
111. | to divide, depart | *kʰlaːt |
112. | cotton | *kmpaːt |
113. | master | *knraːt |
114. | to request | *krpa:t |
115. | to turn | *krwa:t |
116. | prawn | *ktaːt |
117. | to taste | *maːt |
118. | bedbug | *maːt |
119. | animal | *mraːt |
120. | to sweep | *paːt |
121. | cool, fresh | *pŋŋaːt |
122. | to scratch | *-ra:t |
123. | to comb | *saːt |
124. | comb | *snaːt |
125. | to swell, be swollen | *ʔa:t |
126. | drip, drop | *ʤa:w |
127. | to shout, howl | *ʤlaːw |
128. | grandmother | *-jaːw |
129. | to see | *-jaːw |
130. | bachelor, youth | *kʰnraːw |
131. | large | *kʰraːw |
132. | to remember | *knmaːw |
133. | mother | *maːw |
134. | wounded | *mnsaːw |
135. | pumpkin | *ptʰaːw |
136. | rice | *rkʰaːw |
137. | red | *saːw |
138. | four | *saːw |
139. | stone | *smaːw |
140. | make, create | *tʰaːw |
141. | spouse | *ʧkaːw |
142. | to pick | *kʰac |
143. | to twist | *kʰrwac |
144. | to paddle with hands | *kʰwac |
145. | to jerk | *knʤrac |
146. | to escape | *lac |
147. | to cut, to clear | *mac |
148. | mosquito | *mac |
149. | to enter | *ŋac |
150. | to believe | *ŋac |
151. | to break, crack | *pac |
152. | to slip, miss | *pʰlac |
153. | to join | *pndac |
154. | to set free | *pnlac |
155. | strainer | *snac |
156. | to sever, snap | *tʰac |
157. | machete, large knife | *wac |
158. | stomach | *wac |
159. | that (distal) | *ka-taj |
160. | those (distal) | *ki-taj |
161. | woman, wife | *kntʰaj |
162. | many scattered things (descriptive) | *praj |
163. | thin, lean | *raj |
164. | barking deer | *skaj |
165. | that (distal, visible) | *taj |
166. | upward, north | *-taj |
167. | to lend | *waj |
168. | green | *ʤrŋam |
169. | negator | *ham |
170. | work | *kam |
171. | cold | *kʤam |
172. | arrow | *kʰam |
173. | cholera, plague | *kʰlam |
174. | to submerge, dive | *ŋam |
175. | cold | *-ŋam |
176. | debt, loan | *ram |
177. | more (than) | *tam |
178. | to wither | *tram |
179. | preposition | *ʔam |
180. | near, almost | *ʤan |
181. | bamboo rat | *dkʰan |
182. | difficult, hard | *ksan |
183. | stoutly | *lpan |
184. | to become | *man |
185. | thing tied around | *pan |
186. | to obstruct | *pdan |
187. | to shrink, shrivel | *ran |
188. | five | *san |
189. | to come | *wan |
190. | to return | *la:j/c -wan |
191. | spotted | *braɲ |
192. | strong | *kʰlaɲ |
193. | twisting | *knraɲ |
194. | indirect(ly) | *laɲ |
195. | cement | *paɲ |
196. | to cook | *saɲ |
197. | star (< fire) | *smaɲ |
198. | to go round | *təwaɲ |
199. | beard, moustache | *tmaɲ |
200. | tasty | *baŋ |
201. | still; progressive aspect | *daŋ |
202. | stalk, stem | *ʤntaŋ |
203. | to jump, go over | *kaŋ |
204. | to throw, hurl | *kawaŋ |
205. | to close, block | *kʰaŋ |
206. | insect, worm | *kʰɲaŋ |
207. | height | *knʤaŋ |
208. | bile, gall | *ksaŋ |
209. | bitter | *ktʰaŋ |
210. | male (animal) | *kwaŋ |
211. | together; to collect | *laŋ |
212. | plank | *lntaŋ |
213. | to be able | *naŋ |
214. | crack | *pdaŋ |
215. | to reflect, glitter | *pʰalaŋ |
216. | direction | *pʰaŋ |
217. | grass | *pʰlaŋ |
218. | front, forward | *pʰraŋ |
219. | fine (weather) | *raŋ |
220. | hole | *-raŋ |
221. | neck | *rdaŋ |
222. | taboo, sin | *saŋ |
223. | thin | *staŋ |
224. | to roast | *sʔaŋ |
225. | conjunction | *taŋ |
226. | tube, pipe | *taŋ |
227. | to bark | *ʧaŋ |
228. | to burn | *tʰaŋ |
229. | to thirst | *tʰraŋ |
230. | hearth | *tmpaŋ |
231. | forehead | *ʧnlaŋ |
232. | male | *ʧnraŋ |
233. | to open | *ʔaŋ |
234. | full | *dap |
235. | to help each other | *jaʔ-rap |
236. | to bite | *kap |
237. | to meet, join | *kap |
238. | prong | *kap |
239. | to fasten | *kʰap |
240. | to insert | *kʰap |
241. | to cut | *kʰap |
242. | tongs | *kʰnap |
243. | honeybee | *ŋap |
244. | to fill | *pndap |
245. | to mix with, insert | *psap |
246. | more | *rap |
247. | rain | *slap |
248. | fold, layer | *srtap |
249. | pebble, seed | *stap |
250. | to wait for | *tʰap |
251. | to weight | *ʔap |
252. | to wait | *ʔap |
253. | to tear | *tar |
254. | to hit, beat | *dat |
255. | at same time or place | *ʤndat |
256. | to bite, snap off | *kʰat |
257. | herb | *knbat |
258. | to insert | *knsat |
259. | eye | *-mat |
260. | to exceed | *palat |
261. | to fall | *pat |
262. | to break through | *prat |
263. | to think | *prkʰat |
264. | to thunder | *prtʰat |
265. | to break, snap | *ptʰat |
266. | to uproot | *rat |
267. | dried up | *rŋat |
268. | pungent | *sat |
269. | active, fast | *smat |
270. | to beat, whip | *smpat |
271. | to scrape | *ʧrat |
272. | sour | *ʤaw |
273. | market | *jaw |
274. | dog | *ksaw |
275. | banana | *ldaw |
276. | ashes; bake in ashes | *psaw |
277. | dry | *raw |
278. | charcoal | *rŋaw |
279. | to pay | *saw |
280. | knee | *-saw |
281. | scabies | *səraw |
282. | to sit | *skaw |
283. | to carry on back | *baʔ |
284. | sticky | *ʤnaʔ |
285. | sibling | *-jaʔ |
286. | phlegm | *kʰaʔ |
287. | child | *kʰnnaʔ |
288. | to sting, sear with heat | *kntʰaʔ |
289. | to want | *kwaʔ |
290. | to come | *laʔ |
291. | termite | *raʔ |
292. | to carry | *raʔ |
293. | to hit | *saʔ |
294. | to stay, dwell | *saʔ |
295. | hundred | *spaʔ |
296. | to hiccough | *sʔaʔ |
297. | to touch | *taʔ |
298. | to cut | *taʔ |
299. | snail | *taʔ |
300. | to hinder | *ʧaʔ |
301. | ice | *tʰaʔ |
302. | blind | *tʰlaʔ |
303. | to hang | *waʔ |
304. | river | *waʔ |
305. | calf of leg | *-waʔ |
306. | to flow out | *hɔc |
307. | enough, complete | *kɔc |
308. | corner | *knhɔc |
309. | to detach, untie | *lɔc |
310. | penis | *pʰlɔc |
311. | throat | *kɔː |
312. | what? | *mɔː |
313. | how | *-mnɔː |
314. | dream | *-pʰɔː |
315. | I (unmarked) | *ʔɔ |
316. | frog | *ʤkɔːc |
317. | early, ready | *klɔ:j |
318. | to call, shout | *knhɔ:j |
319. | soft | *bɔːɲ |
320. | spotted | *brɔːɲ |
321. | entirely | *pʰɔːɲ |
322. | slip off, come loose | *pʰlɔːr |
323. | deaf | *k-lɔ:t |
324. | to scratch | *trɔ:t |
325. | plentiful | *bɔj |
326. | to swing | *dɔj |
327. | to cradle, lull | *knʔɔːj |
328. | mild, lacking action | *lɔj |
329. | to arrive | *pɔj |
330. | to crush and sprinkle | *pʰrɔj |
331. | to grow, increase | *rɔj |
332. | to get thin | *snkɔj |
333. | to beat (drum) | *bɔm |
334. | in a small group | *lŋrɔm |
335. | to tell, narrate | *parɔm |
336. | pain, trouble | *ʧtɔm |
337. | to be (?) | *dɔn |
338. | child | *kʰɔn |
339. | nephew, niece | *kʰmɔn |
340. | earthen wall | *kntɔn |
341. | to fall | *krlɔn |
342. | guava-like fruit | *mɔn |
343. | will(ing) | *mɔn |
344. | tree, plant | *dɔŋ |
345. | corner, angle | *dɔŋ |
346. | pipe, tube | *-dɔŋ |
347. | to possess | *ʤɔŋ |
348. | long, tall | *ʤrɔŋ |
349. | black | *jɔŋ |
350. | to clutch, to claw | *kbɔŋ |
351. | nose | *kɔŋ |
352. | corner, angle | *kdɔŋ |
353. | angle | *kʰɔŋ |
354. | floor timbers | *kʰnɔŋ |
355. | bottle gourd | *klɔŋ |
356. | heart | *klɔŋ-snaːm |
357. | large | *knlɔŋ |
358. | to lift, prop up | *knrɔŋ |
359. | bull, ox | *krtɔŋ |
360. | thigh | *lbɔŋ |
361. | caterpillar, chrysalis | *lɔŋ |
362. | to hurt (tr.) | *mɔŋ |
363. | to expect, wait | *mrɔŋ |
364. | bed | *palɔŋ |
365. | bulge | *pɔŋ |
366. | hole | *pɔŋ |
367. | to pack, wrap | *sɔŋ |
368. | mongoose, weasel | *-sɔŋ |
369. | turban | *spɔŋ |
370. | to draw, scoop | *tɔŋ |
371. | tail | *tdɔŋ |
372. | mortar | *tʰlɔŋ |
373. | waist, back | *tmpɔŋ |
374. | village | *ʧnɔŋ |
375. | to say, tell | *ʔɔŋ |
376. | elder sibling | *kɔŋ |
377. | to win, succeed | *ʤɔp |
378. | to sink, wilt | *-lɔp |
379. | cover | *sɔp |
380. | cover | *skɔp |
381. | force, power | *-bɔr |
382. | to curve | *dɔr |
383. | lips | *lmɔ(ː)r |
384. | time | *pɔr |
385. | lungs | *tɔr |
386. | field, valley | *-tʰɔr~*-tʰaːr |
387. | piece, part | *-kʰɔt |
388. | to pull off | *knʤrɔt |
389. | flute | *-lɔt |
390. | fat, grease | *lɁɔt |
391. | to cut, cutting | *pʰɔt |
392. | to scratch, scrape | *ʧbɔt |
393. | porcupine | *ʧkɔt |
394. | weak | *tlɔt |
395. | to cut, saw | *ʔɔt~*ʔo:t |
396. | all, every | *barɔɁ |
397. | to hook | *bɔʔ |
398. | to kiss | *dɔʔ |
399. | meat | *dɔʔ |
400. | to bind, adhere | *-dɔʔ |
401. | to cough | *-hɔʔ |
402. | to get | *jɔʔ |
403. | to scratch, scrape | *kbɔʔ |
404. | hornbill | *kɔʔ-kraŋ |
405. | basket (conical) | *kʰɔʔ |
406. | to claw | *kʰwɔʔ |
407. | to insert (hand in hole) | *klɔʔ |
408. | wall | *knrɔʔ |
409. | belly, stomach | *kpɔʔ |
410. | joint (of body) | *krɔʔ |
411. | to hold | *ksɔʔ |
412. | dark, night | *lŋɔʔ |
413. | cloud | *lʔɔʔ |
414. | to cover | *mɔʔ |
415. | to cast, throw | *nɔʔ |
416. | in | *pɔɁ |
417. | to spill, splash | *pʰalɔʔ |
418. | to cram in | *pʰrɔʔ |
419. | frog | *-rɔʔ |
420. | fertilizer | *sbɔʔ |
421. | fruit, flesh | *sɔʔ |
422. | correct; must | *tɔʔ |
423. | to hit | *ʧɔʔ |
424. | to cut, mark | *tʰɔʔ |
425. | penis | *tʰlɔʔ |
426. | to limp | *tkɔʔ |
427. | chin | *tmɔʔ |
428. | inside | *ʧpɔɁ |
429. | to hook | *wɔʔ |
430. | to cough | *kʔɔʔ |
431. | you (masc.) | *me |
432. | that (mesioproximal) | *te |
433. | then | *te |
434. | egg | *pnlǝ(ː)ŋ |
435. | god | *bleː |
436. | also | *de |
437. | to hide | *reːʔ |
438. | correct | *tneː |
439. | to sell | *dǝː |
440. | down there, south | *tʰə: |
441. | to ask | *tʰəː |
442. | oily, greasy | *lŋəːc |
443. | woodworm | *rəːc |
444. | tongue | *tʰnləːc |
445. | to love, pity | *ʔəːc |
446. | moon, month | *bnəːj |
447. | betel, areca | *kwəːj |
448. | to sing | *rwəːj |
449. | fallow field | *srəːj |
450. | to lick lips | *ʤnləːm |
451. | bear | *-ŋəːm |
452. | to breathe | *riŋ-sə:m |
453. | spirit, soul | *-səːm |
454. | leech | *tʰləːm |
455. | many | *brhəːn |
456. | to prop; pillow | *snkʰəːn |
457. | bridge, ladder | *ʤŋkəːŋ |
458. | to clean, clean out | *kʰləːŋ |
459. | dry | *rkʰəːŋ |
460. | house | *ʔjəːŋ |
461. | intestines | *snəːr |
462. | to choose | *ʤe:t |
463. | porcupine | *dŋkʰəːt |
464. | night, dark | *məːt |
465. | to blow | *pə:t |
466. | to open, unfold | *pləːt |
467. | to buy | *tʰəːt |
468. | vein, tendon, root | *tʰəːt |
469. | head | *kʰleːʔ |
470. | to snatch | *kneːʔ |
471. | earth, mud | *kteːʔ |
472. | white | *leːʔ |
473. | to fry | *sdeːʔ |
474. | skin, bark of tree | *sneːʔ |
475. | shield | *ste:ʔ |
476. | thorn | *ʧe:ʔ |
477. | to split | *tʰle:ʔ |
478. | monkey | *ʧreːʔ |
479. | earthworm | *weːʔ |
480. | to scoop, dig | *pǝ:ʔ |
481. | to have/be correct | *dǝj |
482. | ashes | *tpǝj |
483. | to open | *wǝj |
484. | to rise/wake | *kʰəj |
485. | liver | *ktʰǝm |
486. | to incubate | *-dəm |
487. | firm (grasp) | *skʰəm |
488. | to take | *tʰəm |
489. | not | *ʔəm |
490. | tooth | *lmǝɲ |
491. | hill, peak | *pdɛŋ |
492. | fin, spine | *ʧrǝŋ |
493. | hole | *krəŋ |
494. | horn | *rəŋ |
495. | half | *təŋ |
496. | to stand | *ʔjəŋ |
497. | time, occasion | *kʰəp |
498. | rind, bark | *snəp |
499. | to bury | *tʰəp |
500. | rattan species | *ŋər |
501. | to rotate | *wər |
502. | flying white ant | *kpə/ɛr |
503. | to strike, knock | *teːt |
504. | younger sibling | *bəw |
505. | to indicate | *kdəw |
506. | earth, mud | *kʰndəw |
507. | ten | *pʰəw |
508. | smell, stink | *ʔəw |
509. | to measure | *tʰəw/uː |
510. | lizard | *ʧeʔ |
511. | that (distal.non-vis.) | *tɛ |
512. | straight | *bɛc |
513. | to spatter, scatter | *brɛc |
514. | to weed, reap | *kwɛc |
515. | to see | *pɛc |
516. | sparrow | *pʰrɛc |
517. | excrement | *ʔɛc |
518. | penis | *kʰlɛː |
519. | to scatter | *krɛː |
520. | mother | *mɛː |
521. | middle | *pʔɛː |
522. | laugh | *rkʰɛː |
523. | pestle | *snrɛː |
524. | to escape | *-trɛː |
525. | angry | *ʧrɛː |
526. | male | *trmɛː |
527. | similar | *srɛːm |
528. | king | *sʔɛːm |
529. | tracks | *dɛːn |
530. | hawk, eagle | *kʰlɛːŋ |
531. | wasp, hornet | *kʔɛːŋ |
532. | boat | *lɛːŋ |
533. | rainbow | *pnlɛːŋ |
534. | to wear lower garment | *slɛːŋ |
535. | afraid, to fear | *tɛːŋ |
536. | bone | *ʧʔɛːŋ |
537. | trap | *ʔɛːŋ |
538. | tomorrow | *mnstɛ:p |
539. | morning | *stɛ:p |
540. | to lie | *ʤlɛːr |
541. | to fly | *hɛːr |
542. | to shake off | *kntʰɛːr |
543. | garden | *kpɛːr |
544. | to grow, sprout | *mɛːr |
545. | feather | *snɛːr |
546. | wing | *tʰap-nɛːr |
547. | to slip | *tʰlɛːr |
548. | startled | *tʰrɛ:t |
549. | fish poison | *kʰarɛːw |
550. | big | *hɛːʔ |
551. | to do | *lɛːʔ |
552. | to lie down, bend down | *dɛm |
553. | to soak, ferment | *-dɛm |
554. | soft | *ʤɛm |
555. | bruised | *ʤŋɛm |
556. | to squeeze | *kʰɛm |
557. | to fall down | *kʰnlɛm |
558. | cave | *krɛm |
559. | to fart | *ksɛm |
560. | cloud | *lnpɛm |
561. | spring season | *prʔɛm |
562. | to defeat, lose | *rɛm |
563. | year | *snɛm |
564. | closed mouth (holding/biting something) | *tbɛm |
565. | smoke | *tdɛm |
566. | chest | *ʧdɛm |
567. | to beat | *tɛm |
568. | hammer | *trnɛm |
569. | happy | *kmɛn |
570. | to speak | *krɛn |
571. | smooth, dull | *lɛn |
572. | alone | *mɛn |
573. | elder | *mɛn |
574. | thick | *rbɛn |
575. | to dam | *sdɛn |
576. | python | *tʰlɛn |
577. | old | *tnmɛn |
578. | body louse | *ʤnrɛɲ |
579. | fat, fatty | *kʰlɛɲ |
580. | snake | *psɛɲ |
581. | fire | *smɛɲ |
582. | star | *kʰloːr-smɛɲ |
583. | abdomen | *ʤnlɛŋ |
584. | pillar | *ʤrɛŋ |
585. | everywhere | *knlɛŋ |
586. | drum | *ksɛŋ |
587. | above | *nɛŋ |
588. | very full | *sbɛŋ |
589. | to cook | *tɛŋ |
590. | to remove | *wɛŋ |
591. | happy | *ʔɛŋ |
592. | to finish | *dɛp |
593. | sharp | *nɛp |
594. | to soak | *pʰnɛp |
595. | to bury, plant | *tɛp |
596. | to bury, | *tlɛp |
597. | hut, shelter | *trɛp |
598. | dew | *ʤɛr |
599. | spinning wheel | *ʤntɛr |
600. | to protrude | *-lɛr |
601. | to float | *pɛr |
602. | to spear | *ʧɛr |
603. | yellow | *tŋɛr |
604. | to sow, reap | *bɛt |
605. | to grate, creak | *kʰrɛt |
606. | mistake | *klɛt |
607. | to run, flee | *pʰɛt |
608. | to shut, block | *sɛt |
609. | to wave, fan | *kawɛʔ |
610. | to mix | *kʰlɛʔ |
611. | to prepare | *kʰrɛʔ |
612. | ground rice, flour | *kndɛʔ |
613. | pine | *ksɛʔ |
614. | bend head back | *lnŋɛʔ |
615. | to remain | *nɛʔ |
616. | to winnow/fan | *pɛ(:)ʔ |
617. | to stop | *sŋɛʔ |
618. | spike | *spɛʔ |
619. | to tie, bind | *tɛʔ |
620. | to pour, spill | *tʰɛʔ |
621. | buffalo, cattle | *ʧnrɛʔ |
622. | difficult, hard | *ʔɛʔ |
623. | they | *ki |
624. | to go (modal form) | *li |
625. | this (proximal) | *ni |
626. | you (plural) | *pʰi |
627. | we | *ʔi |
628. | he/she/it (inanimate~diminutive) | *ʔi |
629. | cucumber | *kʰia |
630. | heavy | *kʰia |
631. | to split into pieces | *pʰaria |
632. | hail | *pʰria |
633. | needle | *tʰrnia |
634. | tasty | *ŋiam |
635. | to clasp, embrace | *piam |
636. | finger | *-riam |
637. | ripe, cooked | *sian |
638. | short, low | *tbian |
639. | enough | *biaŋ |
640. | left (hand) | *diaŋ |
641. | screen, cover | *-diaŋ |
642. | cavity | *-hiaŋ |
643. | ring, coil, to wind | *kʰwiaŋ |
644. | to lend, exchange | *krliaŋ |
645. | excrement | *ksiaŋ |
646. | seed | *liaŋ |
647. | side (of body) | *liaŋ |
648. | shoulder | *-liaŋ |
649. | cheek, jaw | *miaŋ |
650. | fox | *mrsiaŋ |
651. | mustard plant | *niaŋ |
652. | wing | *-niaŋ |
653. | oil, oil seed | *pʰniaŋ |
654. | to spread | *pʰriaŋ |
655. | crosswise | *pnkiaŋ |
656. | slope, slanting | *psiaŋ |
657. | angry, severe | *riaŋ |
658. | in a row, in order | *riaŋ |
659. | edge | *rmiaŋ |
660. | to spread, cover | *siaŋ |
661. | rock | *smaːw-siaŋ |
662. | pig | *sniaŋ |
663. | ginger | *sɁiaŋ |
664. | to stretch out | *tiaŋ |
665. | name | *krtiaŋ |
666. | branch | *ʧiaŋ |
667. | bent, crooked | *ʧaliaŋ |
668. | potsherd | *trwiaŋ |
669. | to lick, lap | *liap |
670. | to insert | *siap |
671. | sand | *ʧʔiap |
672. | spread wide | *diar |
673. | to drain off | *ʤiar |
674. | gold | *ksiar |
675. | centipede | *ktiar |
676. | to fly | *piar |
677. | to excrete, expell | *pnhiar |
678. | to stretch, extend | *pʔiar |
679. | chicken | *sʔiar |
680. | to go round | *tǝwiar |
681. | to tear, rip | *ʧiar |
682. | to disappear | *wiar |
683. | to nibble, eat | *biat |
684. | tooth, tusk | *bniat |
685. | to beat | *kawiat |
686. | deer species | *kʰiat |
687. | itch, scabies | *-kʰiat |
688. | few, little | *kʰndiat |
689. | cold | *kʰriat |
690. | to slip through | *liat |
691. | good, beautiful | *miat |
692. | to push | *ŋiat |
693. | to shoot | *siat |
694. | to grind | *trliat |
695. | to draw (bow) | *wiat |
696. | to jingle | *kuriaw |
697. | to tickle, fondle | *-liaw |
698. | cat | *miaw |
699. | to whisper | *pasiaw |
700. | multitude | *riaw |
701. | to lick | *ʤliaʔ |
702. | to break, snap | *kdiaʔ |
703. | sieve basket | *kriaʔ |
704. | bend head back | *lŋiaʔ |
705. | tired | *ŋiaɁ |
706. | to split | *pʰiaʔ |
707. | to sparkle | *pʰliaʔ |
708. | broken, cleaved | *piaʔ |
709. | to pluck | *riaʔ |
710. | to cut | *siaʔ |
711. | to lean back | *ʧaniaʔ |
712. | to sleep | *tʰiaʔ |
713. | chisel | *ʧniaʔ |
714. | sky, rain | *briː |
715. | forest, wild | *briː |
716. | middle, center | *di: |
717. | to swim | *ʤŋiː |
718. | banyan | *ʤriː |
719. | creeper | *ʤrmiː |
720. | this (fem.proximal) | *ka-ni |
721. | to shave | *kʰiː |
722. | vulture | *-kniː |
723. | sibling-in-law | *knsiː |
724. | louse (head) | *ksiː |
725. | hand, arm | *ktiː |
726. | dirty | *laː liː |
727. | one | *miː |
728. | east, sunrise | *miʔ-sŋiː |
729. | noisy | *-ri: |
730. | behind, following | *rnkiː |
731. | west | *sɛp-sŋiː |
732. | small bamboo | *snliː |
733. | sun/day | *sŋiː |
734. | house | *sniː |
735. | one set | *ʧiː |
736. | solid | *tnliː |
737. | one | *wiː |
738. | to see | *Ɂjiː |
739. | cow | *masi:/u: |
740. | uncle | *-ɲiː/uː |
741. | to drink | *di:ʔ/c |
742. | to forget | *bliːŋ |
743. | light (weight) | *sti:ŋ |
744. | to suck up | *kʤiːt |
745. | to crow | *kaʔiːʔ |
746. | to hide | *riːʔ |
747. | to dig | *ti:ʔ |
748. | narrow | *kʰim |
749. | old (thing) | *rim |
750. | bird | *sim |
751. | fingernail | *trsim |
752. | to live | *ʔim |
753. | to stir | *kiŋ |
754. | black | *priŋ |
755. | to pull, drag | *riŋ |
756. | side | *-riŋ |
757. | slope | *ʧariŋ |
758. | to extinguish | *lip |
759. | to whisper | *sip-sip |
760. | fish trap | *ʧrip |
761. | to long for | *hiːr |
762. | blue | *lir |
763. | to go astray | *wiːr |
764. | to stick | *bit |
765. | small, few | *-dit |
766. | to beat | *kʰrwit |
767. | to carry | *kit |
768. | round, turn | *krwit |
769. | pepper | *mrit |
770. | dark | *ŋit |
771. | to avoid | *pnklit |
772. | small | *rit |
773. | mushroom | *tit |
774. | turmeric | *ʧrmit |
775. | to pinch | *ʧʔit |
776. | to lack, avoid (?) | *ʔit |
777. | poison | *biʔ |
778. | to go | *diʔ |
779. | smooth | *ʤliʔ |
780. | to do | *kʰiʔ |
781. | to jump | *kʰntiʔ |
782. | to sieve, winnow | *knriʔ |
783. | otter | *ksiʔ |
784. | lightning | *-leːʔ/-liʔ |
785. | elbow | *bo:c |
786. | to itch | *boːc |
787. | clean, pure | *kʰoːc |
788. | to slip out | *-loːc |
789. | loose, free | *-loːc |
790. | to swallow | *ŋoːc |
791. | many, much | *boːn |
792. | bridge | *poːn |
793. | many, much | *ʧboːn |
794. | spotted | *broːɲ |
795. | sharp pointed | *loːɲ |
796. | red | *rhoːɲ |
797. | flower | *kʰloːr |
798. | youngster, virgin | *loːt |
799. | liver, heart | *noːt |
800. | to rub | *srpoːt |
801. | to whine, murmur | *ʔoːt |
802. | to call | *kʰo:/ut |
803. | early, previous | *doːʔ |
804. | to lose | *doːʔ |
805. | to bloom | *pʰoːʔ |
806. | cubit, armspan | *pro:ʔ |
807. | which | *nu |
808. | that (mesiodistal) | *tu |
809. | he | *ʔu |
810. | ear | *ʧku/ɔr |
811. | guest, stranger | *ʧmuː(j) |
812. | hot | *kʰluc |
813. | pus | *ksuc |
814. | to bud, bloom | *-lu(ː)c |
815. | to pour | *s(ʔ)uc |
816. | to ignite | *tʰuc |
817. | dust | *puj |
818. | to emit smoke | *tʰuj |
819. | to suck in | *kʤuk |
820. | closed mouth | *-bum |
821. | dark blue | *ʤŋum |
822. | dark | *dum |
823. | wet | *ʤum |
824. | to gather up | *lum |
825. | many | *parum |
826. | under | *rum |
827. | rubbish, debris | *snrum |
828. | to bathe | *sum |
829. | water | *ʔum |
830. | to winnow | *ʔum |
831. | to bend | *kʰun |
832. | to swallow | *klun |
833. | tadpole | *lun |
834. | right (hand) | *-mun |
835. | bowed head | *ŋun |
836. | round | *prlun |
837. | maternal grandparent | *pun |
838. | pregnant | *pun |
839. | termite | *kruɲ |
840. | to revolve | *sʔuɲ |
841. | to stab | *duŋ |
842. | to urinate | *ʤuŋ |
843. | ribs | *kruŋ |
844. | young, tender | *luŋ |
845. | to sprout | *-luŋ |
846. | winnowing basket | *pduŋ |
847. | lake, pool | *puŋ |
848. | rice mash | *-spuŋ |
849. | to plant | *tʰuŋ |
850. | to hold, embrace | *kdup |
851. | to seize | *knrup |
852. | rain shield | *knup |
853. | to wrap | *kup |
854. | to cover | *-lup |
855. | descent | *ʤur |
856. | to rake, scrape | *kʰur |
857. | dove | *-kʰur |
858. | loose fitting | *kntʰur |
859. | clan | *kur |
860. | mouth, lips | *ʧntur |
861. | warm | *ʔur |
862. | sick, pain | *kʤut |
863. | nose | *kʰmut |
864. | to rub | *krʧʰut |
865. | to bind/surround | *kut |
866. | to end | *kut |
867. | to pierce through | *-lut |
868. | wind(y) | *prhut |
869. | bellows | *prsut |
870. | to blow (instrument) | *put |
871. | cloud | *-put |
872. | rotten | *pʔut |
873. | down | *sut |
874. | revenge | *tput |
875. | to leak, drip | *ʧuːt |
876. | to sharpen | *ʧut |
877. | thigh | *blu: |
878. | man, person | *bruː |
879. | to suckle | *buː |
880. | breast | *-buː |
881. | ant | *dkʰuː |
882. | deep | *ʤruː |
883. | grandchild | *ksuː |
884. | to climb, ascend | *kuː |
885. | corn | *sɔʔ-ruː |
886. | tasty | *sŋuː |
887. | hole | *tʰluː |
888. | six | *tʰruː |
889. | to spit | *-tʰu: |
890. | taro, arum | *ʧruː |
891. | ghost, spirit | *ksuːc |
892. | lake | *suːŋ |
893. | to swell/bulge | *-toːŋ |
894. | to cover | *-duːp |
895. | to crawl, creep | *puːr |
896. | line, seam | *snuːr |
897. | to scrape | *kʰruːt |
898. | to scrape | *kʰuːt |
899. | dust | *ʤlpʰuʔ |
900. | walking (stick) | *duʔ |
901. | same | *ʤuʔ |
902. | nuisance | *jnruʔ |
903. | to tread | *juʔ |
904. | to shake | *knruʔ |
905. | salt | *mluʔ |
906. | to bow, submit | *ŋuʔ |
907. | to beat/strike | *pduʔ |
908. | hair | *suɁ |
909. | to seek | *tʰuʔ |
910. | ribs | *ʧruʔ |
911. | to steal | *tuʔ |
912. | dream | *-muʔ/*-me:ʔ |
Proto-Pnar-Khasi-Lyngngam
[edit]No. | Gloss | Proto-Pnar-Khasi-Lyngngam |
---|---|---|
1. | accusative marker | *ja |
2. | if | *lada |
3. | oblique marker | *na |
4. | toward (allative) | *ʧa |
5. | to warn, defend | *da: |
6. | through, across | *lŋbaː |
7. | eight | *pʰraː |
8. | dark | *sɲaː |
9. | to play | *kaːj |
10. | nine | *kʰndaːj |
11. | sugarcane | *paːj |
12. | to turn | *pʰa:j |
13. | to go work | *ʤaːm |
14. | to ask for | *paːn |
15. | to pull | *ta:n |
16. | mosquito | *-kaːɲ |
17. | to fall | *ha:p |
18. | spleen | *kʰlaːp |
19. | to drop (tr.) | *pnha:p |
20. | slope | *ranaːp |
21. | to cover | *ta:p |
22. | to come | *laːr |
23. | liquor | *kjaːt |
24. | equal | *rŋkaːt |
25. | to dance | *ʧaːt |
26. | forest | *kʰlaːw |
27. | to bite (by animal) | *dac |
28. | banana | *kac |
29. | chaff, husk | *stac |
30. | quick, healthy | *ʧac |
31. | to vomit | *praj |
32. | handful | *kʰam |
33. | to grow | *san |
34. | hungry | *tʰŋan |
35. | to cut | *daɲ |
36. | cloth | *ʤaɲ |
37. | to break | *kʰaɲ |
38. | focus marker (?) | *kʰnaŋ |
39. | fern | *trkʰaŋ |
40. | to hear | *sŋap |
41. | to pick up, gather | *kʰar |
42. | foot, leg | *kʤat |
43. | big | *baʔ |
44. | to disappear | *ʤaʔ |
45. | to send | *pʰaʔ |
46. | winnowing basket | *praʔ |
47. | to enter | *saɁ |
48. | flea | *tʰnlaʔ |
49. | to cut | *ʔaʔ |
50. | ripe | *Ɂɔc |
51. | hill | *dɔm |
52. | rough | *ɲɔm |
53. | waist | *-dɔŋ |
54. | agentive nomimalizer | *nɔŋ |
55. | to sit | *ʧɔŋ |
56. | price, value | *dɔr |
57. | short | *kɔt |
58. | below, within | *həpɔɁ |
59. | to peel | *kʰɔʔ |
60. | to surprise | *lŋɔʔ |
61. | wet, viscous | *ʧbɔʔ |
62. | mother | *beː |
63. | to work | *tre: |
64. | foolish | *be:c |
65. | table | *meːc |
66. | bamboo | *səːc |
67. | behind | *-deːn |
68. | to count, reckon | *kʰeːɲ |
69. | mouth/word | *ktəːɲ |
70. | deer sambhur | *sə:r |
71. | to look upward | *kʰmeːt |
72. | to call, cry out | *keːʔ |
73. | bow | *rnteːʔ |
74. | to float, drift | *kəj |
75. | to open | *pləj |
76. | up(stream) | *təj |
77. | to suffer | *beɲ |
78. | after | *mǝn |
79. | sky | *bneŋ |
80. | middle, center | *pdǝŋ |
81. | seven | *hnɲəw |
82. | skinny | *kʰrəw |
83. | to count | *ɲəw |
84. | night | *snɲəw/aː |
85. | to abandon | *ʔeʔ |
86. | axe | *sdɛː |
87. | to overflow | *ʧlɛː |
88. | tree | *dɛːŋ |
89. | to surround, go around | *kɛːr |
90. | different | *pʰɛ:r |
91. | to seize | *kɛm |
92. | to squeeze | *kʰɛm |
93. | flesh | *mɛm |
94. | moist, wet | *sŋɛm |
95. | yellow | *stɛm |
96. | to meet | *ʧɛm |
97. | without | *kʰlɛm |
98. | shoulder | *trpɛŋ |
99. | rotten | *ʤlɛp |
100. | hearth | *-pɛp |
101. | wind | *lɁɛr |
102. | body | *mɛt |
103. | corpse | *mɛt |
104. | navel | *-pɛt |
105. | to cook | *ʧɛt |
106. | to wash (hands) | *tʰɛt |
107. | to leak | *pɛʔ |
108. | to run | *marɛ(ː)ʔ |
109. | small | *kʰian |
110. | clever | *sian |
111. | sweet | *tʰiaŋ |
112. | eel | *triaŋ |
113. | to fold, wrap | *kʰnliap |
114. | to descend | *hiar |
115. | to bark | *wiar |
116. | to wipe | *ɲiat |
117. | nauseated | *sgiaw |
118. | to whistle | *siaw |
119. | to hear | *sɲiaw |
120. | smooth | *pliaʔ |
121. | mat | *ʧnliaʔ |
122. | nine | *ham-ʧʔiː |
123. | to roll up | *kliː |
124. | to ask | *krliː |
125. | to curse | *tim |
126. | to take | *ʧim |
127. | fire | *dɨɲ |
128. | to burn | *ʔɨɲ |
129. | handle of tool | *ʧpiŋ |
130. | nominalizer | *ʤɨŋ |
131. | to know | *tip |
132. | warm | *ʧit |
133. | to squeeze | *ksiʔ |
134. | bad | *siɁ |
135. | ripe, cooked | *ʔiʔ |
136. | to rise | *miʔ |
137. | to draw/cut into | *ro:c |
138. | to tie, bind | *kʰoːm |
139. | hill | *loːm |
140. | to spear | *soːm |
141. | roof | *tnoːm |
142. | to follow | *boːt |
143. | to imitate | *pnboːt |
144. | to keep, put | *bo:ʔ |
145. | to fall down | *ʔor |
146. | skill | *buc |
147. | dust | *pum-pum |
148. | nest | *skum |
149. | limestone | *ʧun |
150. | finished, spent | *lut |
151. | person (cl.) | *ŋut |
152. | to blow (person, wind) | *slu: |
153. | flower | *sntuː |
154. | to flow | *tuːc |
References
[edit]- Sidwell, Paul. 2018. The Khasian Languages: Classification, Reconstruction, and Comparative Lexicon. München: Lincom Europa.