Appendix:Proto-Karenic reconstructions

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search

This list of Proto-Karenic (Proto-Karen) reconstructions is from Luangthongkum (2019).

Classification

[edit]

Luangthongkum (2019) recognizes three branches of Proto-Karen, namely Northern, Central, and Southern, but is agnostic about how the three branches fit together.

Karenic
  • Northern
    • Northern Pa-O
    • Southern Pa-O
  • Central
    • Kayan
    • Kayah
    • Western Bwe (Blimaw, Geba)
    • Kayaw
  • Southern
    • Northern Sgaw
    • Southern Sgaw
    • Northern Pwo
    • Southern Pwo

Note: Western Bwe Karen (Blimaw, Geba) preserves the implosives or preglottalised obstruents ɓ/ʔb and ɗ/ʔd, as well as voiceless sonorants such as hn, hl, and so forth.

Data sources

[edit]

With the exception of Western Bwe, which is drawn from Henderson (1997),[1] all of the Karen data was collected by Luangthongkum from field locations in Thailand.

Language Branch Location
Northern Pa-O Northern Karen Huai Khan village, Mok Champae sub-district, Mueang district, Mae Hong Son province
Southern Pa-O Northern Karen Wat Thaiwatthanaram, Mae Sot district, Tak province
Kayan Central Karen Huai Suea Thao village, Pha Bong sub-district, Mueang district, Mae Hong Son province
Kayah Central Karen Huai Suea Thao village, Pha Bong sub-district, Mueang district, Mae Hong Son province
Western Bwe Central Karen [Henderson’s Bwe Karen dictionary: with texts and English-Karen word list (1997)]
Kayaw Central Karen Huai Suea Thao village, Pha Bong sub-district, Mueang district, Mae Hong Son province
Northern Sgaw Southern Karen Huai Khom village, Mae Yao sub-district, Mueang district, Chiangrai province
Southern Sgaw Southern Karen Pa La-U village, Huai Sat Yai sub-district, Hua Hin district, Prachuap Khiri Khan province
Northern Pwo Southern Karen Dong Dam village, Dong Dam sub-district, Li district, Lamphun province
Southern Pwo Southern Karen Chao Wat Yang Daeng village, Kaen Magrut sub-district, Mueang district, Uthai Thani province

Phonology

[edit]

The phonology of Proto-Karen is as follows:

Onsets

[edit]
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Category I (High series): *voiceless aspirated stops *ph *th *ch *kh
*voiceless nasals *hm (m̥) *hn (n̥) *hɲ (ɲ̥) *hŋ (ŋ̥)
*voiceless fricatives *s *h
*voiceless approximants *hw(w̥) *hl (l̥)
*voiceless rhotic *hr (r̥)
Category II (Mid series): *voiceless unaspirated stop *p *t *c *k
*glottal and glottalised stops *ʔb (ɓ) *ʔd (ɗ) *ʔ
*glottalised nasal *ʔn
*glottalised approximants *ʔw *ʔl *ʔj
Category III (Low series): *voiced stops *b *d *Ɉ *g
*voiced nasals *m *n *ɲ *ŋ
*voiced approximants *w *l *j
*voiced rhotic *r

Consonant clusters

[edit]
*Cw-
*phw *thw *chw *khw
*pw *cw *kw
*dw *gw
*ʔbw *ʔdw
*sw
*mw *ŋw
*hnw *hrw
*ʔnw
*Cl-
*phl *khl
*pl *kl
*bl *gl
*ʔbl
*ml
*sl
*Cr-
*phr *thr *chr *khr
*pr *tr
*br *gr
*sr
*Crw-
  • *khrw
*Cj-
*pj *chj *kj
*ŋj
*rj

Rimes

[edit]
*-C
  • *-K, (*-p), *-t, *-k, *-ʔ
  • *-N, *-m, *-n, *-ŋ
  • *-j, *-w
Type I
*-V
*-i *-ɨ *-u
*-e *-ə *-o
*-ɛ *-ɔ
*-a
Type II
*-VN
*-im *-in *-iŋ
*-eŋ *-eN
*-ɛm *-ɛn *-ɛŋ *-ɛN
*-ɨm *-ɨn *-ɨŋ *-ɨN
*-əm *-əŋ *-əN
*-am *-aŋ *-aN
*-un *-uŋ *-uN
*-om *-oŋ
*-ɔŋ *-ɔN
Type III
*-V(j/w)
*-ej *-ɛj *-aj
*-aw *-ow
Type IV
*-VC
*-iʔ *-it *-ik
*-eʔ *-ek
*-ɛʔ
*-əʔ
*-aʔ *-at
*-uʔ *uk
*-oʔ *-ot *-ok
*-ɔʔ *-ɔt

Tones

[edit]

Tones A (modal), B, and D (checked) can be reconstructed for Proto-Karen.

The Proto-Karen tone box template is:

A B D
1 A1 B1 D1
2 A2 B2 D2
3 A3 B3 D3

Proto-Tibeto-Burman reflexes

[edit]

Proto-Karen reconstructions that have reflexes in Proto-Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff 2003).

Proto-Tibeto-Burman Proto-Karenic gloss
*a *a
*g/m/b-la-y *ʔblaᴮ ‘arrow’
*g-pwa, *r-pwa, *r-wa *hwaᴮ ‘bamboo’
*ka *khaᴮ ‘bitter’
*s-ka ⪤ *m-ka-y *kaᴮ ‘chin, jaw’
*ra *braᴬ ‘person, people’
*ma-t *maᴮ ‘lost, disappear’
*r/g-na, *s-na *naᴮ ‘ear’
*r-gya *g-rjaᴬ ‘hundred’
*pwa, *wa *gwaᴬ ‘husband’
*tsa-t, *tsa *chaᴬ ‘ill’
*m-twa *thaᴬ ‘handspan’
*r/g-na *hnaᴮ ‘listen to’
*pa * phaᴬ ‘male, father’
*s/g-la *ʔlaᴬ ‘moon, month’
*tsa *saᴮ ‘salt’
*b-wa *ʔbwaᴬ ‘white’
*ŋya *hɲaᴮ ‘flesh, meat’
*m-twa, *twa *thaᴬ ‘handspan’
*-N *-N
*d-wam *thamᴬ ‘bear (animal)’
*ʔam *ʔamᴮ ‘drink’
*r/s-maŋ *maŋᴮ ‘dream’
*r-kaŋ *khaŋᴮ ‘leg’
*kaŋ *gaŋᴬ ‘spider’
*g-laŋ *hlaŋᴬ/ᴮ ‘hawk, vulture’
*m-sin *swɨnᴮ ‘liver’
*s-luŋ *hloŋᴮ ‘maggot’
*mi:n *minᴬ ‘name’
*s-min *hminᴬ ‘ripe, cooked’
*dzyim *chɨmᴬ ‘salty, sweet’
*m-nam *(h)nɨmᴬ ‘smell’
*r-luŋ *loŋᴮ ‘stone, rock’
*s-toŋ *g-thɔNᴬ ‘thousand’
*g-sum *səmᴬ ‘three’
*s-ni(:)ŋ *hneŋᴮ ‘year’
*vd. C- *Vl. C-/ *glottalised C-
*d-wam *tham ‘bear (animal)’
*dow *thoᴮ ‘bird’
*mi *hmɨᴮ ‘female, woman’
*mey *hmeᴮ ‘fire’
*ba:r *phɔᴬ ‘flower’
*lap *hlaᴮ ‘leaf’
*r-na *hnaᴮ ‘listen to’
*r-wa *hwaᴮ ‘bamboo’
*dwəy *ʔdejᴮ ‘egg’
*d-yuk *t-khroʔᴰ ‘sambhar deer’
*dzyim *chimᴬ ‘salty, sweet’
*b-wa *ʔbwaᴬ ‘white’
*ga:p *khaʔᴰ ‘shoot (v.)’
*gwa-n *chwɛŋᴬ ‘wear (shoulder bag)’
*dzo:p *cwiKᴰ ‘suck’
*g-nis *k-hnejᴬ ‘two’
*g-laŋ *hlaŋᴬ/ᴮ ‘hawk’
*d-ləy *klejᴮ ‘crossbow’
*s-Vd. Sonorant *vl. sonorant
*s-min *hminᴬ ‘ripe, cooked’
*s-ley *hliᴮ ‘squirrel’
*s-ni(:)ŋ *hneŋᴮ ‘year’
*s-luŋ *hloŋᴮ ‘maggot’
*s-mwəy *hmejᴬ ‘sleep’
*s-lay *hlajᴮ ‘lick’
*vl. unasp. Stop *vl. asp. Stop
*tak *thaᴮ ‘weave (cloth)’
*r-kaŋ *khaŋᴮ ‘leg’
*pa *phaᴬ ‘male, father’
*s-kew *khwiᴬ ‘nine’
*d-kruk *khrowᴬ ‘six’
*kroy *khloᴮ ‘snail’
*s-toŋ *g-thɔNᴬ ‘thousand’
*krəw-t *chrowᴮ ‘wash (clothes)’
*pwa:y *pheᴬ ‘bran, chaff’
*-r *-∅
*s(y)ar *graᴮ ‘insect’
*swa:r *chjaᴮ ‘sour’
*s-kar *chaᴮ ‘star’
*-s *-t
*was *kwatᴰ ‘bee (Apis cerana)’
*rus *khrwitᴰ ‘bone’
*s-nis *ʔnwetᴰ ‘seven’
*-stop *-stop or *-ʔ
*nuk *nokᴰ ‘brain’
*b-r-gyat ⪤ *b-g-ryat *khr/grɔtᴰ ‘eight’
*smik ⪤ *s-myak *mɛʔᴰ ‘eye, face’
*l-tsyak *thaʔᴰ ‘iron, needle’
*m-sak *saʔᴰ ‘itchy’
*k-r-pwat *s-waʔᴰ ‘land leech’
*ʔap ⪤ *ga:p *khaʔᴰ ‘shoot (v.)’
*ma:k *maʔᴰ ‘son-in-law’
*dzo:p *cwiKᴰ ‘suck’
*dyuk *t-khroʔᴰ ‘sambha deer’
*u *o (vowel lowering)
*nuk *nokᴰ ‘brain’
*d-yuk *t-khroʔᴰ ‘sambhar deer’
*ruŋ *noŋᴬ ‘horn’
*s-luŋ *hloŋᴮ ‘maggot’
*d-kruk *khrowᴬ ‘six’
*b-ru:l *rowᴮ ‘snake’
*r-luŋ *loŋᴮ ‘stone’
*b-yuw *jowᴮ ‘mouse, rat’
*iy *i
*s-hwiy *swiᴮ ‘blood’
*kwiy *thwiᴮ ‘dog’
*s/g-liy *kliᴬ ‘flea’
*r-miy *rwiᴮ ‘root’
*bwiy *wiᴬ ‘bamboo rat’
*ey *e
*b-rey *breᴬ ‘buy’
*mey *hmeᴮ ‘fire’
*r-ney-t *neᴮ ‘get, obtain’
*rey *reᴮ ‘rattan’
*d-key *kheᴬ ‘tiger’
*ay *e
*pwa:y *pheᴬ ‘bran, chaff’
*r-may *meᴮ ‘tail’
*s/m-lay *bleᴬ ‘tongue’
*əy *ej
*d-ləy *klejᴮ ‘crossbow’
*mləy *khlejᴬ ‘boat’
*twəy ⪤ *dwəy *ʔdejᴮ ‘egg’
*nəy *nejᴬ ‘sun, day’
*b-ləy *lejᴬ ‘grandchild’
*r/s-mwəy *hmejᴬ ‘lie down, sleep’
*d-kəy *d-khejᴬ ‘barking deer’

List

[edit]
No. Gloss Proto-Karenic (Luangthongkum 2019) Proto-Karenic (Burling 1969) Northern Pa-O Southern Pa-O Kayan Kayah Western Bwe Kayaw Northern Sgaw Southern Sgaw Northern Pwo Southern Pwo Page Notes
1 all, all gone, whole *loɁᴰ loɁ⁴⁵ luɁ⁴⁵ lɔɁ³³ lɔ³³ - lə³³ (khɛ³³)ləɁ²¹ lɔu¹¹ lauɁ²¹ lɔuɁ⁴⁵ xvi
2 ant *dəŋᴮ təŋ⁵³ təŋ⁵⁵ tə¹¹ tɔ¹¹ do³³ (aw) tə¹¹ tə¹¹ ̈ tə³¹ thã¹¹ ̈ thə̃ɨ̯³³ xvi
3 arrive *təᴮ *thy³ tə⁵⁵ tə³³ təɨ̯¹¹ to¹¹ do³³ tə¹¹ tɨ³³ tɨ⁴⁵’ thɔ³³ tho³¹ ̈ xvi N.Sgaw and S.Pwo have tone A instead of tone B. The two varieties of Pwo have irregular vowels.
4 arrow, dart *blaᴮ *phla¹ pla⁵⁵ pla³³ pla¹¹ pla¹¹ blɛ³³ ple¹¹ pla¹¹ ̈ pla³¹ pla¹¹ ̈ phla³³ xvi Irregular vowels in Kayah (KH) and Kayaw (KW), i.e. they should be /e/ and /a/ in KH and KW, respectively. S.Karen (SK) tones suggest *bl-, while those in N.Karen (NK) indicate *pl-.
5 ascend, go up, rise *thaŋᴮ *thaŋ² thaŋ⁵⁵ thaŋ³³ thaŋ¹¹ thɛ¹¹ tha³³ hɔ¹¹ thɔ³¹῀ thɔ⁴⁵’ thɛ̃³³ thɔ̃⁵⁵ xvi
6 ashes, fireplace *phaᴮ pha⁵⁵ pha³³ pha¹¹ phe¹¹ - pha¹¹ pha³¹῀ pha⁴⁵’ - - xvi In some N.Sgaw varieties phla¹¹ ̈~pha¹¹ ̈ means ‘fireplace’.
7 astringent *kjaɁᴰ *khiɁ¹ khjaɁ²¹ - khiɁ⁴⁵ khja⁵⁵ - - kiɁ⁴⁵ kaiɁ²¹ kaiɁ⁴⁵ kaiɁ³¹ xvi
8 bamboo *hwaᴮ *wa² wa⁵⁵ wa³³ hwa¹¹~hau¹¹ we¹¹ hʊ³³ - wa³¹῀ wa⁴⁵’ wa³³ wa⁵⁵ xvii
9 bamboo rat *(jowᴮ)khanᴬ (ju⁵⁵)khan³¹ ̈ - ɟu¹¹khaŋ⁵³ - khɛ⁵⁵ (ju¹¹)khɔ⁵⁵ khɔ³³ khɔ⁵⁵ khɛ̃³⁵ khɔ̃⁵³ xvii
10 bamboo strip *sraᴬ sa³¹ ̈ sa³¹ ̈ θa⁵³ se³³ θrɛ⁵⁵~θə⁵⁵rɛ⁵⁵ sa⁵⁵ ɕɣa³³ ɕɣa⁵⁵ sja³⁵ θa⁵³ xvii
11 bamboo shoot *Ɂbaŋᴮ baŋ⁵⁵ baŋ³³ baŋ¹¹ bɛ¹¹ ɓa³³ bɔ¹¹ bɔ³¹῀ bɔ⁴⁵’ bɛ̃³³ bɔ̃⁵⁵ xvii
12 bark (n.), leather, skin *pheɁᴰ *phiɁ² pheɁ²¹ - - pha⁵⁵ phe³³ phe³³ phiɁ⁴⁵ phaiɁ²¹ phaiɁ⁴⁵ phaiɁ³¹ xvii
13 bat *plaᴬ/ᴮ pla³¹ ̈ pla³¹ ̈ bla¹¹ ple¹¹ plɛ¹¹ pla¹¹ bla³³ bla⁵⁵ phla³³ phla⁵⁵ xvii Pa-O and Sgaw have tone A while C.Karen (CK) languages and Pwo have tone B. *pl- has become bl- in Sgaw.
14 bathe *hlowᴮ lu⁵⁵ lu³³ - lo¹¹ - lu¹¹ lɨ¹¹ ̈~lu¹¹ ̈ lɨ⁴⁵’ lou³³ (Ɂɔ̃⁵⁵)lou⁵⁵ xvii N.Sgaw has the B3 tone while S. Sgaw has the B1 tone as in Pwo and Pa-O.
15 bear (animal) *thamᴬ *tham⁴ tham³¹ ̈ tham³¹ ̈ thaŋ⁵³ the³³ thɛ⁵⁵ thɔ⁵⁵ - - (phɨ¹¹ ̈) thɔ̃³⁵ (phou⁵³)thɔ̃⁵³ xvii
16 bedbug *gramᴬ sam³³~ɕam³³ sam⁵³~saŋ⁵³ caŋ³³ khrɛ¹¹ - cɔ³³ xɔ³³ xɔ³³ - - xvii
17 bee (Apis cerana) *kwatᴰ wat²¹ wat²¹ hwɛɁ⁴⁵ wɛ⁵⁵ wɛ³³~θə⁵⁵kwɛ⁵⁵ hwɛ³³~khwɛ³³ kwɛɁ⁴⁵ kwɛ⁵⁵ kwɛ⁵⁵ kwɛ³¹ xvii This etymon has irregular tone change, i.e. *D has become tone A in S.Sgaw and Pwo. Perhaps, the final *-t had been dropped much earlier, then the *D tone became the *A tone.
18 bee (Apis dorsata) *k-hneᴬ ne³¹ ̈ ne³¹ ̈ nai⁵³ ni³³ (gə) nɪ³³ ni⁵⁵ kə¹¹nɛ³³ nɛ⁵⁵ ni³⁵ ni⁵³ xvii
19 believe *jɨmᴮ jum⁵³ jəm⁵⁵~jən⁵⁵ ɟɨ¹¹ ji¹¹ - jɨ¹¹ - - - - xvii
20 below, under, underneath *~laɁᴰ (ka³³) laɁ⁴⁵ laɁ⁴⁵ laɁ⁴⁵ le³³ gɔ¹¹lɛ¹¹, -lɛ¹¹ lɔ³³ phɔ³³laɁ²¹ ka¹¹la¹¹ ̈ chaɁ⁴⁵laɁ²¹ phɔ⁵³laɁ⁴⁵ xviii
21 big, large *Ɂdoᴮ *do² - - dau¹¹ du¹¹ do³³ du¹¹ do³¹῀ du⁴⁵’ du³³ du⁵⁵ xviii
22 bird *thoᴮ *tho² - - thau¹¹ thu¹¹ tho³³ thu¹¹ tho³¹῀ thu⁴⁵’ thu³³ thu⁵⁵ xviii The words meaning ‘bird’ in N.PO and S.PO are wa⁵³(B3) and wa⁵⁵(B3), respectively.
23 bite (v.) *ɁɛNᴮ *Ɂɛŋ² Ɂɛŋ⁵⁵ Ɂɛm³³~Ɂɛn³³ Ɂi¹¹ Ɂa¹¹ - - Ɂe³¹῀ Ɂi⁴⁵’ Ɂãi³³ Ɂãi⁵⁵ xviii
24 bitter *khaᴮ *kha² kha⁵⁵ kha³³ kha¹¹ khe¹¹ khe³³ kha¹¹ kha³¹῀ kha⁴⁵’ kha³³ kha⁵⁵ xviii
25 blood *swiᴮ *swi² swi⁵⁵ swi³³ θwi¹¹ swi¹¹ θwi³³, θu³³ su¹¹ (ta¹¹)swi³¹῀ swi⁴⁵’ swi³³ θwi⁵⁵ xviii
26 blow (a fire) *Ɂuᴬ *Ɂu⁴ Ɂu³¹ ̈ Ɂu³¹ ̈ Ɂu⁵³ Ɂu³³ u³³ Ɂu⁵⁵ Ɂu³³ Ɂu⁵⁵ Ɂu⁵⁵ Ɂu³¹ ̈ xviii
27 boar (wild ~) *thɔɁᴰmiᴬ thɔɁ²¹mi³³ thɔɁ²¹mi⁵³ thauɁ⁴⁵mi³³ thɛ⁵⁵mi¹¹ - tho³³mi³³ thɔɁ⁴⁵mi³³ thɔɁ²¹mi³³ thoɁ⁴⁵mei⁵⁵ thuɁ²¹mei³¹ ̈ xviii
28 boat *klejᴬ *khli⁴ phri³¹ ̈ pli³¹ ̈ - klə³³ khli³³ kli⁵⁵ khli³³ khli⁵⁵ khlei³⁵ khlei⁵³ xviii *kl- has become phr- and pl- in N.Pa-O and S.Pa-O. respectively.
29 body dirt *khrejᴮ *xi² khri⁵⁵ khri³³ - khrə¹¹ - ci¹¹ xi³¹῀ xi⁴⁵’ kei³³ kei⁵⁵ xviii
30 boil (v.) *phrɔᴬ - - phɔ⁵³ pho³³ a⁵⁵phrɔ³³ pho⁵⁵ khlɔ³³ phɔ⁵⁵ phɔ³⁵ pho⁵³ xviii
31 bone *khrwitᴰ *xwi⁴ chut²¹ chə̯ut²¹ chwiɁ⁴⁵ khrwi⁵⁵ -khwi³³ chu³³ xi³³ (ta¹¹)xi⁵⁵ (ɁaɁ²¹) xei³³ xwi⁵⁵ xviii This etymon has irregular tone changes in SK, i.e. tone A in Sgaw and tone B in Pwo, while it is still tone D in NK and CK. The final *-t might have been dropped very early; consequently, the tones in Sgaw and Pwo have developed differently.
32 braid *srejᴮ *si² si⁵⁵ si³³ - sə¹¹ θre³³ si¹¹ si³¹῀ - sei³³ θei⁵⁵ xix
33 brain *nokᴰ *kho²nuɁ¹ (Ɂu⁵⁵)nok⁴⁵ (ɁaɁ²¹)nuɁ⁴⁵ nɔɁ²¹ (ku¹¹)nɔ³³ -no¹¹ (kə³³)nə³³ (kho³¹῀)nuɁ²¹ (khu⁴⁵’)nɔ¹¹ ̈ (khu³³)nauɁ²¹ (khu⁵⁵) nɔuɁ⁴⁵ xix
34 bran, chaff *pheᴬ *phe⁴ phe³¹ ̈ phe³¹ ̈ phai⁵³ phi³³ - phi⁵⁵ phe³³ phe⁵⁵ phi³⁵ phi⁵³ xix
35 breasts *nuᴮ *ny¹ - - nu¹¹ (Ɂi¹¹)nu¹¹ nu³³ nu¹¹ nu¹¹ ̈ nu³¹ nə̯u¹¹ ̈ nu³³ xix
36 broken, split, separate *paɁᴰ *phaɁ² paɁ²¹ paɁ²¹ phaɁ⁴⁵ phe⁵⁵ pha³³ phɔ³³ phaɁ⁴⁵ phaɁ²¹ phaɁ⁴⁵ phaɁ²¹ xix
37 buffalo *p/b-naᴮ *pəɁ²na¹ paɁ²¹na⁵³ paɁ²¹na⁵⁵ buɁ⁴⁵na¹¹ pe⁵⁵ne¹¹ bə³³ne³³ pa³³na¹¹ pə³³na¹¹ ̈ pə¹¹na³¹ paɁ²¹nɛ¹¹ ̈ pəɁ²¹na³³ xix
38 buy *breᴬ *phɣe³ phre³³ phre⁵³ prai³³ phri¹¹ a⁵⁵bwɪ³³ pri³³ pə¹¹ɣe³³~pɣe³³ pɣe³³ - - xix
39 caress *phruNᴬ phrɨ⁵⁵ pwəm³³ phwaŋ⁵³ phɨ³³ - phu⁵⁵ phɣu³³ phu⁵⁵ phã³⁵ phõ⁵⁵ xix It is noticeable that NK has tone B while CK and SK have tone A.
40 carry (on the back) *pɨᴮ *phy² - - - - phu³³ phɨ¹¹ - phɨ⁴⁵’ pə̯ɨ³³ pɨ⁵⁵ xix
41 caterpillar *siɁᴰ seɁ²¹ siɁ²¹ θɨɁ⁴⁵ si⁵⁵ θa³³ si³³ siɁ⁴⁵ saiɁ²¹ sɨ³⁵ θaiɁ²¹, θeiɁ²¹ xix N.Pwo has tone A which is irregular.
42 catfish *~kuᴬ/ᴮ khu³¹ ̈ khu³¹ ̈ ku⁵³ ku¹¹ - ku¹¹ - ku⁴⁵’ - ku⁵⁵ xix NK and Kayan (CK) have tone A while the rest have tone B.
43 carapace, shell *kɨᴬ - - ko⁵³ Ɂa¹¹kɔ³³ ko⁵⁵ Ɂa¹¹kɨ⁵⁵ kɨɁ⁴⁵ kɨ⁵⁵ Ɂa¹¹ko̯u⁵⁵ ku³¹ ̈ xix Kayan has an irregular vowel, /o/ instead of /ɨ/. N.Sgaw also has an irregular tone, tone D.
44 centipede *t/daɁᴰɁbaŋᴬ *daɁ²baŋ³ taɁ⁴⁵baŋ³¹ ̈ taɁ⁴⁵baŋ³¹ ̈ ta¹¹baŋ⁵³ - - - daɁ⁴⁵bɔ³³ da¹¹bɔ⁵⁵ - daɁ⁴⁵bɔ̃³¹ ̈ xx
45 chameleon *kwiᴮ kwi⁵⁵ kwi³³ khwi¹¹ khwi¹¹ khwi³³ khi¹¹ khwi³¹῀ khwi⁴⁵’ khwi³³ khwi⁵⁵ xx
46 charcoal *swaᴮ *swa² swa⁵⁵ swa³³ θau¹¹ su¹¹ - su¹¹ swa³¹῀ swa⁴⁵’ swa³³ θwa⁵⁵ xx
47 chicken *chjaNᴬ *chjaN⁴ ɕja³¹ ̈ ɕja³¹ ̈ ɕi⁵³ cha³³ ʃi⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ chɔ³³ chɔ⁵⁵ chɛ̃³⁵ chɔ̃⁵³ xx [Proto-Monic: *tyaaŋ, Proto-Mon: *caiɲ (Diffloth, 1984)]
48 chili pepper, pungent *hatᴰ hat²¹ hap²¹ hɛɁ⁴⁵ hɛ⁵⁵ hɛ³³ hɛ³³ hɛ³³ hɛ⁵⁵ - ɣɛ⁵⁵ xx NK and CK have tone D while SK languages have irregular tone changes, i.e. *D>A in Sgaw but >B in Pwo.
49 chin, jaw *kaᴮ *kha² ka⁵⁵ ka³³ ka¹¹ khe¹¹ khe³³ kha¹¹ kha³¹῀ kha⁴⁵’ kha³³ kha⁵⁵ xx [Thai: khaaŋ33]
50 cicada *ŋjajᴬ ŋja³³ - ji³³ ja¹¹ - - je³³, ze³³ - jai⁵⁵ jai³¹ ̈ xx
51 civet cat *thuᴮ - - thu¹¹ - thu³³ thu¹¹ - - - thuɁ²¹thõ³¹ ̈, thu⁵⁵thõ¹¹ xx
52 classifier (hand of bananas) *sejᴮ si⁵⁵ si³³ θɨ¹¹ sə¹¹ - si¹¹ si³¹῀ si⁴⁵’ sei³³ - xx
53 classifier for flat objects *Ɂbaᴮ ba⁵⁵ ba³³ ba¹¹ be¹¹ - ba¹¹ be³¹῀ bi⁴⁵’ bai³³ bai⁵⁵ xx The correspondence pattern of rhymes in SK suggests *Ɂbajᴮ [Thai: baj33]
54 classifier for people, persons *braᴬ *ɣa³, *phwa³ ‘person’ phra³³ pra⁵³ pra³³ phre¹¹ - ra³³ pɣa³³ ɣa³³ ɣa⁵⁵ ɣa³¹ ̈ xx
55 classifier for a piece of meat, cake, etc. *plɔŋᴮ *lɔŋ² lɔŋ⁵⁵ - - plɔ¹¹ - plo¹¹ lo³¹῀ lu⁴⁵’ lɔ̃³³ lõ⁵⁵ xx
56 classifier for plants, e.g. bamboo, rice, banana etc. (clumps, clusters) *khoᴮ - - khau¹¹ - - - kho³¹῀ khu⁴⁵’ khu³³ khu⁵⁵ xxi
57 classifier for round objects *phloŋᴮ *phloŋ² phloŋ⁵⁵ phloŋ³³ phləu¹¹ phlɔ¹¹ - phlə¹¹ phlə³¹῀ phlɨ⁴⁵’ phlãu³³ phlõu⁵⁵ xxi
58 classifier for long objects *ɁbɔNᴬ *bɔŋ³ - - bɔ⁵³ bo³³ - bo⁵⁵ bo³³ bu⁵⁵ bɔ̃⁵⁵ bõ³¹ ̈ xxi
59 classifier for four-legged animals *Ɂdəᴬ - - dəɨ⁵³ do³³ - də⁵⁵ dɨ³³ dɨ⁵⁵ dəɨ⁵⁵ dɨ³¹ ̈ xxi
60 close (one’s eyes) *Ɂbiᴮ *bin² - - bi¹¹ - - bi¹¹ bi³¹῀ bi⁴⁵’ bei³³ bei⁵⁵ xxi
61 comb (v.) *khwitᴰ *khwi⁴ khut²¹ - khiɁ⁴⁵ khwi⁵⁵ khwi³³ khi³³ khwi³³ khwi⁵⁵ khwi³⁵ khwi⁵³ xxi The SK tones suggest tone *A in PK.
62 cotton thread *hlowᴮ *ly² lu⁵⁵ lu³³ lu¹¹ lo¹¹ lu³³ lu¹¹ lɨ³¹῀ lɨ⁴⁵’ lou³³ lou⁵⁵ xxi
63 cough (v.) *kukᴰ *kuɁ² (taɁ²¹he⁵⁵) khuk²¹ - khuɁ⁴⁵ khɨ⁵⁵ θə⁵⁵khu³³ khɨ³³ kuɁ⁴⁵ kɔuɁ²¹ kauɁ⁴⁵ kɔuɁ³¹ xxi
64 crab *chwɛᴮ *chwɛ² chwɛ⁵⁵ chwɛ³³ chwɛ¹¹ chwa¹¹ ʃwɛ³³ chɛ¹¹ chwɛ³¹῀ chwɛ⁴⁵’ chwɛ³³ chwɛ⁵⁵ xxi
65 cricket *s-kiᴬ ki³¹ ̈ ki³¹ ̈ ki⁵³ ki³³ - (dɛ¹¹) ki⁵⁵ sə¹¹ki³³ tə¹¹ki⁵⁵ - - xxi ki⁵³ in Kayan is a kind of grub.
66 crocodile s-hmaᴮ *ma² - - - - θə³³mɛ ³³ ma¹¹ sə³³ma³¹῀ ma⁴⁵’ ma³³ ma⁵⁵ xxi
67 crop (of fowl), gizzard *k-hniᴬ *nin⁴ - - - kɛ³³ni³³ kə⁵⁵ni⁵⁵ ki¹¹ni⁵⁵ kə¹¹ni³³ ni⁵⁵ nei³⁵ nei⁵³ xxi
68 cross (v.) *khaNᴬ - - - khɛ³³ - khɔ⁵⁵ khɔ³³ khɔ⁵⁵ khɛ̃³⁵ khɔ̃⁵³ xxii
69 crossbow *klejᴮ *khli² khli⁵⁵ kli³³ - klə¹¹ khli³³ khli¹¹ khli³¹῀ khli⁴⁵’ khlei³³ khlei⁵⁵ xxii
70 crow (v.) *Ɂoᴮ Ɂu⁵⁵ Ɂu³³ - Ɂu¹¹ ʊ³³ Ɂu¹¹ Ɂɔ³¹῀ Ɂo³³ Ɂu⁵⁵ Ɂu³³ Ɂɔ̃³¹ ̈Ɂu⁵⁵ xxii Sgaw has tone A while Pwo, NK and CK have tone B.
71 crush (v.) *k-hnɔNᴮ - - - no¹¹ kə³³nʊ³³ no¹¹ no³¹῀ nu⁴⁵’ nɔ̃³³ nõ⁵⁵ xxii
72 cucumber *Ɂdejᴬ *di³ - di³¹ ̈ - də³³ ɗi⁵⁵ di⁵⁵ di³³ di⁵⁵ thei⁵⁵ thei³¹ ̈ xxii Pwo has an irregular initial. It should be /d-/ instead of /th-/.
73 dark, late evening *khiɁᴰ *khiɁ² kheɁ²¹ khiɁ²¹ khɨɁ⁴⁵ khi⁵⁵ khi³³ khi³³ khiɁ⁴⁵ khaiɁ²¹ khaiɁ⁴⁵ khaiɁ³¹ xxii
74 daughter-in-law *Ɂdɛᴮ *dɛ² - - dɛ¹¹ dɛ¹¹ -ɗɛ³³ dɛ¹¹ dɛ³¹῀ dɛ⁴⁵’ dɛ³³ dɛ⁵⁵ xxii
75 day *nejᴬ *ni³ ni³³ ni⁵³ - nə¹¹ ni³³ ni³³ ni³³ ni³³ nei⁵⁵ nei³¹ ̈ xxii
76 dead, die *sejᴬ *si⁴ si³¹ ̈ si³¹ ̈ θɨ⁵³ sə³³ θɨ⁵⁵ si⁵⁵ si³³ si⁵⁵ sei³⁵ θei⁵³ xxii
77 deaf *Ɂəŋᴬ Ɂəŋ³¹ ̈ Ɂəŋ³¹ ̈ Ɂəŋ⁵³ Ɂɔ³³ tə’o⁵⁵ Ɂə⁵⁵ Ɂə³³ Ɂə⁵⁵ Ɂɑ̃⁵⁵ Ɂə̃³¹ ̈ xxii
78 deep *jɔɁᴰ *ŋoɁ¹ jɔɁ⁴⁵ jɔɁ⁴⁵ ɈauɁ²¹ jɛ³³ jɔ¹¹ - jɔɁ²¹ jo¹¹ ̈ joɁ²¹ juɁ⁴⁵ xxii
79 deer (barking ~) *d-khejᴬ khi³¹ ̈ khi³¹ ̈ khɨ⁵³ khə³³ do¹¹khi⁵⁵ khi⁵⁵ - - - - xxii
80 deer (sambhar ~) *t-khroɁᴰ khjoɁ²¹ khjoɁ²¹ khjɔɁ⁴⁵ khrɔ⁵⁵ kho³³ khə³³ ta³³xɔ³³ thɔ³³xɔ⁵⁵ ta³³xɔ⁵⁵ chə³³xo³¹ ̈ xxiii In SK, the rhyme *-oɁᴰ has become -ɔᴬ (SG, N.PW) and -oᴬ (S.PW).
81 delicious *Ɂwiᴮ Ɂwi⁵⁵ Ɂwi³³ Ɂwi¹¹ wi¹¹ - wi¹¹ kwi²¹ - Ɂwi³³ Ɂwi⁵⁵ xxiii
82 descent, go down, set * laŋᴬ *laŋ³ laŋ³³ laŋ⁵³ laŋ³³ lɛ¹¹ la³³ lɔ³³ lɔ³³ lɔ³³ lɛ̃⁵⁵ lɔ̃³¹ ̈ xxiii
83 dig *khuᴮ *khun² khu⁵⁵ khu³³ - khɨ¹¹ - khu¹¹ khu³¹῀ khu⁴⁵’ khɑ³³ khə⁵⁵ xxiii
84 dip up (water) *Ɂd( )Nᴮ *dəm² - - du¹¹ - ɗɔ⁵⁵ du¹¹ də³¹῀ dɨ⁴⁵’ dãə³³ dãə⁵⁵ xxiii
85 Dipterocarpus tuberculatus *thəNᴬ təŋ³¹ ̈ - thə⁵³ thɔ³³ - thə⁵⁵ thə³³ thɔ⁵⁵ thɑ̃⁵⁵ - xxiii In N.Pwo, it is an irregular tone change, i.e. tone 55 (A23) instead of tone 35 (A1) as in Sgaw, NK and CK.
86 disappear, lost *maᴮ *ma¹ ma⁵³ ma⁵⁵ ma¹¹ me¹¹ hɛ⁵⁵mɛ¹¹ ma¹¹ ma¹¹ ̈ ma³¹ mɛ¹¹ ̈ ma³³ xxiii
87 dog *thwiᴮ *thwi² thwi⁵⁵ thwi³³ thwi¹¹ thwi¹¹ thwi³³ thi¹¹ thwi³¹῀ thwi⁴⁵’ thwi³³ thwi⁵⁵ xxiii
88 do, make *maᴬ *ma³ ma³³ ma⁵³ ma³³ me¹¹ mɛ ma³³ ma³³ ma³³ mɛ⁵⁵ ma³¹ ̈ xxiii
89 dove *(thoᴮ)lwiᴮ lwi⁵³ lwi⁵⁵ lwi¹¹ lwi¹¹ lwi³³ li¹¹ lwi¹¹ ̈ lwi³¹ lei¹¹ ̈ lwi³³ xxiii
90 dream (v.) *maŋᴮ *maŋ¹ maŋ⁵³ maŋ⁵⁵ maŋ¹¹ mɛ¹¹ mi⁵⁵ma³³ mɔ¹¹ mi³³mɔ³¹῀ mɔ³¹ mɛ̃¹¹ ̈ mɔ̃³³ xxiii
91 drink (v.) Ɂɔᴬ *Ɂɔ³ - - Ɂau⁵³ Ɂo³³ ɔ⁵⁵ Ɂo⁵⁵ Ɂɔ³³ Ɂɔ⁵⁵ Ɂɔ⁵⁵ Ɂo³¹ ̈ xxiii
92 dry (v.) *hloᴬ *lo⁴ lo³¹ ̈ lo³¹ ̈ lau⁵³ - lo⁵⁵ lo⁵⁵ lɔ³³ lɔ⁵⁵ lu³⁵ lu⁵³ xxiv
93 drunk *mwɨNᴬ *mun³ mun³³ mu̯əm⁵³ mɨ³³ mɨ¹¹ mu³³ mʉ³³ mu³³ mu³³ mɑ̃⁵⁵ mə̃ɨ³¹ ̈ xxiv
94 dung, excrement * Ɂeᴮ *Ɂe² Ɂe⁵⁵ Ɂe³³ Ɂai¹¹ Ɂi¹¹ ɪ³³ Ɂi¹¹ Ɂe³¹῀ Ɂe⁴⁵’ Ɂi³³ Ɂi⁵⁵ xxiv
95 ear *naᴮ *na¹ na⁵³ na⁵⁵ na¹¹ ne¹¹ nɛ³³ na¹¹ na¹¹ ̈ na³¹ nɛ¹¹ na³³ xxiv
96 earthworm *jɛɁᴰ jɛɁ⁴⁵ jɛɁ⁴⁵ ɟɛɁ²¹ ja³³ - je³³ - - - - xxiv
97 easy *hɲawᴬ *ŋɔ⁴ - - jau⁵³ ju³³ jo⁵⁵ ju⁵⁵ ɲɔ³³ ɲɔ⁵⁵ jɔ³⁵ jo⁵³ xxiv
98 eat *Ɂamᴮ *Ɂam² Ɂam⁵⁵ Ɂam³³ Ɂaŋ¹¹ Ɂɛ¹¹ a³³ Ɂɔ¹¹ Ɂɔ³¹῀ Ɂɔ⁴⁵’ Ɂɛ̃³³ Ɂɔ̃⁵⁵ xxiv
99 egg *Ɂdejᴮ *di² di⁵⁵ di³³ tɨ¹¹ də¹¹ - ɗi³³ di¹¹ di³¹῀ di⁴⁵’ dei³³ dei⁵⁵ xxiv Kayan has an irregular onset, i.e. /t-/ instead of /d-/.
100 eggplant *s-gaNᴬ - - kaŋ³³ kɛ¹¹ - -kɔ³³ sə¹¹kɔ³³ kɔ³³ - - xxiv
101 eight *khrɔtᴰ/*grɔtᴰ *xoɁ¹ sət²¹ sɔt²¹ chauɁ⁴⁵ - - -xɔ¹¹ xɔɁ⁴⁵ xoɁ²¹ xoɁ²¹ xuɁ⁴⁵ xxiv The D3 tone in NK and Pwo suggests *gr- while the D12 tone in Kayan and Sgaw indicates *khr-.
102 elephant *k-chaŋᴬ *chaŋ⁴ chaŋ³¹ ̈ chaŋ³¹ ̈ chaŋ⁵³ chɛ³³ (gə) ʃa⁵⁵ rɔ¹¹chɔ⁵⁵ kə¹¹chɔ³³ kə¹¹chɔ⁵⁵ ka¹¹chɛ̃³⁵ kə¹¹chɔ̃⁵³ xxiv
103 embrace, hug * phɔɁᴰ *phoɁ² phɔɁ²¹ - - phɛ⁵⁵ phɔ³³ pho³³ phɔɁ⁴⁵ phoɁ²¹ phoɁ⁴⁵ phuɁ²¹ xxiv
104 enter *n( )Ɂᴰ *nyɁ¹ - nəɁ⁴⁵ - no³³ nu¹¹ nu³³ nɨɁ²¹ nəu¹¹ ̈ naəɁ²¹ - xxv
105 exert forcing to expel *chuNᴬ chən³¹ ̈ chuə̯m³¹ ̈ chwaŋ⁵³ chɨ³³ - chu⁵⁵ chu³³ - - - xxv
106 extinguish (t.v.) *p/biɁᴰ *phiɁ¹ peɁ²¹ piɁ²¹ pɨɁ²¹ pi³³ bɪ¹¹ pi³³ phiɁ⁴⁵ pai¹¹ ̈ phaiɁ²¹ phaiɁ⁴⁵ xxv Pa-O and N.Sgaw have tone D12 which suggests *p- in PK.
107 eye, face *mɛɁᴰ *mɛɁ¹ mɛɁ⁴⁵ mɛɁ⁴⁵ - - - - mɛɁ²¹ mɛ¹¹ ̈ meɁ²¹ meɁ⁴⁵ xxv
108 fall down *dɛɁᴰ thɛɁ⁴⁵ tɛɁ⁴⁵ tɛɁ²¹ ta³³ de¹¹ te³³ tɛɁ²¹ tɛ¹¹ ̈ theɁ²¹ theɁ⁴⁵ xxv
109 fat (adj) *Ɂbluŋᴮ pləŋ⁵⁵ pwəŋ³³ bwaŋ¹¹ bɨ¹¹ ɓʊ³³ bu¹¹ bɔ³¹῀ bɔ⁴⁵’ bɑ̃³³ bõ⁵⁵ xxv
110 feather, fur, body hair *chuNᴮ *chɔn² chən⁵⁵ chuə̯m³³ chwaŋ¹¹ ɕɨ¹¹ ʃʊ³³ ɕu¹¹ chu³¹῀ chu⁴⁵’ chɑ̃³³ chõ⁵⁵ xxv
111 feel full (after eating) *kəɁᴰ *kaɁ² kəɁ²¹ kəɁ²¹ kəɁ⁴⁵ kɔ⁵⁵ - kə³³ - - kaəɁ⁴⁵ - xxv
112 female, woman *hmɨᴮ *my² mɨ⁵³ mɨ³³ mɨ¹¹ mɔ¹¹ mo³³ mɨ¹¹ mɨ³¹῀ mɨ⁴⁵’ mə̯ɨ³³ mɨ⁵⁵ xxv
113 female (humans), mother *muᴮ *mo¹ mu⁵³ mu⁵⁵ mu¹¹ mu¹¹ bo¹¹ mu⁵⁵ mu¹¹ mo¹¹ ̈ mu³¹ mu¹¹ mu³³ xxv
114 fire *hmeᴮ *me² me⁵⁵ me³³ mai¹¹ mi¹¹ mɪ³³ mi me³¹῀ me⁴⁵’ mi³³ mi⁵⁵ xxv
115 fish *daɁᴰ thaɁ⁴⁵ thaɁ⁴⁵ taɁ²¹ te³³ da¹¹-pho³³ tɔ³³ - - - - xxv
116 five *ŋjatᴰ *ŋɛ¹ ŋat⁴⁵ ŋap⁴⁵~ŋat⁴⁵ ŋɛɁ²¹ ŋɛ³³ jɛ¹¹ jɛ³³ jɛ¹¹ ̈ jɛ³¹ jɛ¹¹ ̈ jɛ³³ xxv It is noticeable that Sgaw and Pwo (SK) have tone B3.
117 flank, rib * rəɁᴰ *ɣyɁ¹ rəɁ⁴⁵ rəɁ⁴⁵ rəɁ²¹ rɔ³³ - rə³³ ɣuɁ²¹ ɣəɨ̯¹¹ ̈ ɣaəɁ²¹ ɣaəɁ⁴⁵ xxvi
118 flat *pjaᴮ pja⁵⁵ pja³³ bja¹¹ - ɓe³³ ɓa³³ - bi³¹῀ - pa³³ bai⁵⁵ xxvi
119 flea *kliᴬ/*kliɁᴰ khli³¹ ̈ - khliɁ⁴⁵ kla⁵⁵ kle³³ kle³³ kli⁵⁵, kliɁ⁴⁵ kli⁵⁵ khlei³⁵ khlei⁵³ xxvi S.Pa-O, Pwo and some varieties of Sgaw have tone A, while CK has tone D.
120 flesh, meat *hɲaᴮ *ŋa² ja⁵⁵ ja³³ ɟa¹¹ ja¹¹ - ja¹¹ ɲa³¹῀ ɲa⁴⁵’ ja³³ ja⁵⁵ xxvi
121 flower *phɔᴬ *phɔ⁴ - - phau⁵³ pho³³ phɔ⁵⁵ pho⁵⁵ phɔ³³ phɔ⁵⁵ phɔ³⁵ phɔ⁵³ xxvi
122 forget *s-beŋᴬ pheŋ³³ peŋ⁵³ pe³³ pa¹¹ - pe³³ - pi³³ - - xxvi
123 forest, jungle * klaᴬ khla³¹ ̈ kla³¹ ̈ - kle³³ - ka⁵⁵ pɣa¹¹ ̈laɁ⁴⁵klaɁ⁴⁵ kla⁵⁵ kla⁵⁵ kla³¹ ̈ xxvi
124 four - (?); PNK: *litᴰ; PCK: *hlwiᴬ ; PSK: *lwiᴮ *lwi¹ lip⁴⁵~lit⁴⁵ lip⁴⁵~lit⁴⁵ lwi⁵³ lwi³³ lu⁵⁵ li⁵⁵ lwi¹¹ ̈ lwi³¹ lwi¹¹ ̈ lei³³ xxvi The PK form cannot be reconstructed since PNK, PCK and PSK have different onsets and tones.
125 fox, wolf *thwiᴮmiᴬ thwi⁵⁵mi³³ thwi³³mi⁵³ thwi¹¹mi³³ thwi¹¹mi¹¹ - thi¹¹mi³³ thwi¹¹mi³³ thwi⁴⁵’mi³³ - thwi⁵⁵mei³¹ ̈ xxvi
126 frog *Ɂdeᴮ *de² de⁵⁵ de³³ dai¹¹ di¹¹ ɗi³³ di¹¹ de³¹῀ de⁴⁵’ di³³ di⁵⁵ xxvi
127 front *hŋaᴬ ŋa³¹ ̈ ŋa³¹ ̈ ŋa⁵³ ŋe³³ - - ɲa³³ ɲa⁵⁵ - - xxvi
128 fruit *saᴮ *sa² - - θa¹¹ se¹¹ θɛ³³ sa¹¹ sa³¹῀ sa⁴⁵’ sa³³ θa⁵⁵ xxvi
129 full *pwɛᴬ bwɛ³¹ ̈ bwɛ³¹ ̈ bwɛ⁵³ ba³³ pwe⁵⁵ bɛ⁵⁵ pɣɛ³³ - - - xxvi
130 ginger *Ɂeŋᴬ *Ɂeŋ³ Ɂeŋ³¹ ̈ Ɂeŋ³¹ ̈ Ɂe⁵³ Ɂa³³ θə⁵⁵’e⁵⁵ Ɂe⁵⁵ sə¹¹Ɂe³³ Ɂi⁵⁵ Ɂãi⁵⁵ Ɂɛ̃i³¹ ̈ xxvii
131 go *lwɛᴬ lwɛ³³ lwɛ⁵³ lɛ³³ - le³³ lɛ³³ lɛ³³ lɛ³³ le⁵⁵ le³¹ ̈ xxvii
132 grasshopper *Ɂdwɛᴮ dwɛ⁵⁵ dwɛ³³ dwɛ¹¹ - ɗɛ³³ dɛ¹¹ dwɛ³¹῀ dwɛ⁴⁵’ thwɛ¹¹ thwe³³ xxvii The initial th- and tone B3 in Pwo suggest a plain voiced *d- in PK. Probably, *ɗ- in PK became *d- in Pwo and then *d- became /th-/.
133 grandchild *lejᴬ *li³ li³³ li⁵³ - lə¹¹ li¹¹ li³³ li³³ li³³ lei⁵⁵ lei³¹ ̈ xxvii There is an irregular tone change in Bwe. The A3 tone in Bwe should be 33, not 11.
134 great-grandchild *loᴬ *lo³ - lo⁵³ lau³³ lu¹¹ - lu³³ lo³³ lu³³ lu⁵⁵ lu³¹ ̈ xxvii
135 great-great-grandchild *laᴬ *la³ la³³ la⁵³ la³³ la¹¹ - la³³ la³³ la³³ la⁵⁵ la³¹ ̈ xxvii
136 hair (head ~) *khuᴮsluᴬ kaɁ⁴⁵lu³³ ka³³lu⁵³ kaɁ²¹lu³³ kho⁵⁵lo¹¹ khə⁵⁵lu⁵⁵ khu¹¹lu³³ kho³¹῀su³³ khu⁴⁵’su⁵⁵ khu³³ su³⁵ - xxvii
137 handle *doᴮ tho⁵³ to⁵⁵ - tu¹¹ -do³³ tu¹¹ to¹¹ ̈ tu³¹ thu¹¹ ̈ thu³³ xxvii
138 hat *~kl( )ŋᴮ koŋ⁵⁵ koŋ³³ klɔ¹¹ ko¹¹ ko³³phla³³ klə¹¹ - - - - xxvii
139 hawk, eagle *lekᴰ leɁ⁴⁵ lek⁴⁵~lik⁴⁵ liɁ²¹ la³³ le¹¹ le³³ liɁ²¹ lai¹¹ ̈ laiɁ²¹ laiɁ⁴⁵ xxvii
140 have, be, exist, stay, there is *Ɂɔᴮ Ɂau⁵⁵ Ɂau³³ Ɂau¹¹ Ɂo¹¹ ɔ³³ Ɂo¹¹ Ɂo³¹῀ Ɂu⁴⁵’ Ɂɔ³³ Ɂo⁵⁵ xxvii
141 head *kləɁᴰ kəɁ²¹tu⁵⁵ kəɁ²¹tu³³ kləɁ⁴⁵ klɔ⁵⁵ ku³³ko³³ kɨ³³~kə³³ - - - - xxvii
142 heart *saɁᴰ *saɁ² saɁ²¹ saɁ²¹ θaɁ⁴⁵ se⁵⁵ θa³³ sɔ³³ saɁ⁴⁵ saɁ²¹ saɁ⁴⁵ θaɁ²¹ xxviii
143 heavy *thəᴮ thɨ⁵⁵ thɨ³³ thəɨ¹¹ tho¹¹ tho³³ thə¹¹ - - - - xxviii
144 hemp *srɔᴮ sau⁵⁵ ɕau³³ θau¹¹ so¹¹ θrɔ³³ so¹¹ ɕɣɔ³¹῀ ɕɣɔ⁴⁵’ ɕjɔ³³ θo⁵⁵ xxviii
145 hip * glamᴮ - kwam⁵⁵ ka¹¹kɨ¹¹ kla¹¹ - ka¹¹ khi³³ko¹¹ ̈ kɔ³¹ kwã¹¹ ̈ khwɔ̃³³ xxviii
146 hit hard (with a fist) *doŋᴮ doŋ³³ toŋ⁵³ dəu¹¹ thɔ¹¹ to³³ thə¹¹ tɔ¹¹ ̈ - thə¹¹ ̈ - xxviii NK has the A tone instead of the B tone as in CK and SK.
147 horn *noŋᴬ *noŋ³ noŋ³³ noŋ⁵³ no³³ nɔ¹¹ -no¹¹ nə nə³³ nə³³ nãu⁵⁵ nõu³¹ ̈ xxviii Bwe has an irregular tone. Modern Bwe should have tone 33(A3) instead of Tone 11 (D3).
148 hornet *phrɨNᴬ phrɨm³¹ ̈ phrɨn³¹ ̈ phrɨ⁵³ phlɨ³³ phlu⁵⁵ phrɨ⁵⁵ phlə³³ phlɨ⁵⁵ phlɑ̃³⁵ phlə̃ɨ⁵³ xxviii In SK *phr- has become phl-.
149 horse *k-sreᵀ *se² se³¹ ̈ se³¹ ̈ θiɁ⁴⁵ si⁵⁵ θrɪ³³ si³³ri³³ kə³³se¹¹ ̈ kə¹¹se⁴⁵’ kaɁ²¹si³³ kə¹¹θi⁵⁵ xxviii The PK tone cannot be reconstructed due to the fact that NK, CK and SK have tones A, D and B, respectively. This etymon is an Austroasiatic loanword. The reconstructed form for ‘horse’ in Proto-Monic is *ksɛh (Diffloth 1984).
150 hundred *g-rjaᴬ *ŋa³ rja³³ rja⁵³ ja³³ je¹¹ gə³³jɛ³³ ja³³ kə¹¹ja³³ kə¹¹ja³³ ja⁵⁵ ja³¹ ̈ xxviii
151 husband *gwaᴬ wa³³ wa⁵³ gwa³³ we¹¹ wa³³ wu³³ wa³³ wa³³ wa⁵⁵ wa³¹ ̈ xxviii
152 ill, painful, sick *chaᴬ *cha⁴ cha³¹ ̈ cha³¹ ̈ cha⁵³ che³³ ʃe⁵⁵ cha⁵⁵ cha³³ cha⁵⁵ cha³⁵ cha⁵³ xxviii
153 insect *graᴮ *xa¹ sa⁵³ ɕa⁵⁵ ca¹¹ khre¹¹ - ca¹¹ xa¹¹ ̈ xa³¹ xa¹¹ ̈ xa³³ xxviii
154 intestines *breɁᴰ *phɣiɁ¹ phreɁ⁴⁵ phriɁ⁴⁵ priɁ²¹ phra³³ - bwi¹¹ pre³³ phɣiɁ²¹ pɣai¹¹ ̈ xwaiɁ²¹ xwaiɁ⁴⁵ xxix Pwo has an unusal onset, xw- .
155 iron *thaɁᴰ *thaɁ² thaɁ²¹ thaɁ²¹ thaɁ⁴⁵ the⁵⁵ tha³³ thɔ³³ thaɁ⁴⁵ thaɁ²¹ thaɁ⁴⁵ thaɁ²¹ xxix
156 itchy *saɁᴰ saɁ²¹ saɁ²¹ θaɁ⁴⁵ se⁵⁵ θa³³ sɔ³³ saɁ⁴⁵ saɁ²¹ saɁ⁴⁵ θaɁ²¹ xxix
157 kidney *k-leᴮ *le¹ le⁵³ - lai¹¹ li¹¹ -li¹¹θɛ³³ li¹¹ kə³³le¹¹ ̈ kə¹¹le³¹ li¹¹ ̈ li³³ xxix
158 leaf *hlaᴮ *la² la⁵⁵ la³³ la¹¹ le¹¹ lɛ³³ la¹¹ la³¹῀ la⁴⁵’ la³³ la⁵⁵ xxix
159 leech (land ~) *s-waɁᴰ *waɁ¹ waɁ²¹ waɁ²¹ θuɁ⁴⁵ swa⁵⁵ - su³³ suɁ⁴⁵ sɔuɁ²¹ waɁ²¹ waɁ⁴⁵ xxix NK, CK and Sgaw (SK) have tone D12; however, it is D3 in both N.Pwo and S.Pwo.
160 leech (water ~) *k/s-lejᴬ *li³ - - - - gə³³lɪ³³ su¹¹li³³ sə¹¹li³³ tə¹¹li³³ lei⁵⁵ lei³¹ ̈ xxix
161 left (side) *ceᴮ *ce² ce⁵⁵ ce³³ cai¹¹ ci¹¹ cɪ³³ ci¹¹ ce³¹῀ ce⁴⁵’ ci³³ ci⁵⁵ xxix
162 leg *khaŋᴮ khaŋ⁵⁵ khaŋ³³ haŋ¹¹ khɛ¹¹ kha³³ khɔ¹¹ khɔ³¹῀ khɔ⁴⁵’ khɛ̃³³ khɔ̃⁵⁵ xxix
163 lemur (flying ~), flying squirrel *pleɁᴰ/bleɁᴰ *phliɁ¹ phliɁ²¹ - - pla³³ bli³³ ple³³ phliɁ⁴⁵ plai¹¹ ̈ phlaiɁ²¹ phlaiɁ⁴⁵ xxix Some Karenic languages have tone D12 which suggests *pl-, e.g. N.Pa-O, Bwe and some varieties of Sgaw. However, both N.Pwo and S.Pwo have the D3 tone which indicates a plain voiced *bl-.
164 lick (v.) *hlajᴮ *lɛŋ² - lai³³ lai¹¹ - lɪ³³ li¹¹ le³¹῀ li⁴⁵’ - lai⁵⁵ xxix
165 lie down, sleep *hmejᴬ *mi⁴ - - mai⁵³ mə³³ ʃɔ⁵⁵mi⁵⁵ mi⁵⁵ mi³³ mi⁵⁵ mei³⁵ mei⁵³ xxix Kayan has an irregular vowel, ai; the regular one should be ɨ.
166 light (~ weight) *phwiᴬ phwi³¹ ̈ phwi³¹ ̈ phwi⁵³ phwi³³ phwi⁵⁵~phi⁵⁵ phi⁵⁵ phɣi³³ phɣi⁵⁵ khwi³⁵ khwi⁵³ xxx The initial khw- in Pwo is irregular.
167 linear measure of about 8-9 inches (a span) *thaᴬ *tha⁴ tha³¹ ̈ tha³¹ ̈ tha⁵³ the³³ - - tha³³ tha⁵⁵ tha³⁵ tha⁵³ xxx
168 linear measure of about half a yard (closed-hand) *blaᴮ - - pla¹¹ ple¹¹ - pla¹¹ pla¹¹ ̈ pla³¹ phla¹¹ ̈ phla³³ xxx
169 linear measure of about half a yard (open-hand) *dɨmᴬ thom³³ təm⁵³ tɨ³³ tɨ¹¹ - tɨ³³ tə³³ tɨ³³ thɑ̃⁵⁵ thə̃ɨ³¹ xxx
170 linear measure of about two yards *khlɛNᴬ khlɛm³¹ ̈ khlɛŋ³¹ ̈ khlaŋ⁵³ khli³³ - - khli³³ khli⁵⁵ khlãi³⁵ khlãi⁵³ xxx
171 listen to *-hnaᴮ na⁵⁵ na³³ na¹¹ - ʃɔ⁵⁵ne³³ na¹¹ kə³³na³¹῀ na⁴⁵ na³³ na⁵⁵ xxx
172 live, stay *ɁɔNᴮ *Ɂo² Ɂoŋ³¹ ̈ Ɂoŋ³¹ ̈ Ɂau¹¹ Ɂo¹¹ ɔ³³- Ɂo¹¹ Ɂo³¹῀ Ɂu⁴⁵ Ɂɔ̃³³ Ɂõ⁵⁵ xxx
173 liver *swɨnᴮ *sun² sɨn⁵⁵ su̯ən³³ θɨ¹¹ so¹¹ θu⁵⁵θa³³ ~βʉ¹¹ su³¹῀ su⁴⁵’ sɑ̃³³ θə̃ɨ⁵⁵ xxx
174 long (of time) *ŋjaɁᴰ *ŋiɁ¹ ŋjaɁ⁴⁵ ŋjaɁ⁴⁵ ŋi³³ ŋja³³ jɪ¹¹ ji³³ jiɁ²¹ ji¹¹ ̈ jaiɁ²¹ jaiɁ⁴⁵ xxx
175 long (of length), tall, high *thawᴬ tho³¹ ̈ tho³¹ ̈ thau⁵³ thu³³ tho⁵⁵ thu⁵⁵ thɔ³³ thɔ⁵⁵ thɔ³⁵ tho⁵³ xxx
176 look after (things) *pəᴮ pə⁵⁵ pə³³ pəɨ¹¹ po¹¹ bo³³i⁵⁵ pə¹¹ - - - - xxx
177 loris *k-ch( )Nᴬ - - chəŋ⁵³ chɔ³³ - chə⁵⁵ kə¹¹che³³ ta¹¹chi⁵⁵ chãi³⁵ kə¹¹chɛ̃i⁵³ xxx
178 louse (chicken ~), insect *(chjaNᴬ)graᴮ ɕja³¹ ̈sa⁵³ ɕja³¹ ̈ɕa⁵⁵ ɕɨ⁵³ca¹¹ cha³³khre¹¹ - ɕi⁵⁵ca¹¹ chɔ³³xa¹¹ ̈ chɔ⁵⁵xa³¹ chɛ̃³⁵xa¹¹ ̈ chɔ̃⁵³xa³³ xxx
179 louse (head ~) *swɨNᴮ *sun² sɨ⁵⁵ sɨ³³ θɨ¹¹ so¹¹ θo¹¹ sɨ¹¹ su³¹῀ su⁴⁵’ sɑ̃³³ θə̃ɨ̯⁵⁵ xxxi
180 lung *p-soᴮ - - θau¹¹ su¹¹ θə⁵⁵’o⁵⁵ su¹¹ pə³³so³¹῀ su⁴⁵’ soɁ⁴⁵ bu³³θuɁ²¹ xxxi Pwo has tone D while CK and Sgaw have tone B.
181 maggot *hloŋᴮ *loŋ² loŋ⁵⁵ loŋ³³ lo¹¹ lɔ¹¹ lo³³ lə¹¹ lə³¹῀ lə⁴⁵’ lãu³³ lõu⁵⁵ xxxi
182 male (of animals), father *phaᴬ *pha⁴ pha³¹ ̈ pha³¹ ̈ pha⁵³ phe³³ - pha⁵⁵ pha³³ pha⁵⁵ pha³⁵ pha⁵³ xxxi
183 man, male *khwaᴬ *khwa⁴ kho³¹ ̈ kho³¹ ̈ khau⁵³ khu³³ - bo¹¹kho⁵⁵ khu⁵⁵ khwa³³ khwa⁵⁵ khwa³⁵ khwa⁵³ xxxi
184 mango *khɔɁᴰ khɔɁ²¹ khɔɁ²¹ khauɁ⁴⁵ khɛ⁵⁵ - kho³³ khɔɁ⁴⁵ khoɁ²¹ khoɁ⁴⁵ khuɁ²¹ xxxi
185 many, much *Ɂaᴬ *Ɂa⁴ Ɂa³¹ ̈ Ɂa³¹ ̈ Ɂa⁵³ Ɂa³³ ɔ³³ɛ³³ - Ɂa³³ Ɂa⁵⁵ Ɂa³³ Ɂa⁵⁵ xxxi Kayah has an irregular vowel, /a/ instead of /e/. Bwe and Pwo have tone B while the rest have tone A.
186 mat *khlɔᴮ *khlɔ² khlau⁵⁵ khlau³³ - - khlo³³ - khlɔ³¹῀ khlɔ⁴⁵’ khlɔ³³ khlɔ⁵⁵ xxxi
187 millipede *k/s-wɛjᴬ/ᴮ cɔ⁵⁵wɛ³³ cɔ¹¹wɛ⁵³ θaɁ²¹kə¹¹wi³³ si⁵⁵kɔ⁵⁵wi¹¹ - te¹¹we³³ siɁ⁴⁵wɔ¹¹ ̈de³³ si⁵⁵wa³¹de⁵⁵ wai¹¹ ̈ wai³¹ ̈ xxxi NK, CK and S.Pwo have tone A while Sgaw and N.PWO have tone B.
188 mole *(jowᴮ)wiᴬ *wi³ ju⁵³wi³³ ju⁵⁵wi⁵³ - jo¹¹wi¹¹ wi³³ ju¹¹wi³³ wi³³ wi³³ wei⁵⁵ wei³¹ ̈ xxxi
189 money *hrunᴬ rən³¹ ̈ ruə̯n³¹ ̈ rwaŋ⁵³ rɨ³³ hʊ⁵⁵ ru⁵⁵ - - - - xxxi
190 monitor lizard (land ~) *khwoɁᴰ - - re³³khɔɁ⁴⁵ khwɔ⁵⁵ - - khuɁ⁴⁵ khɔuɁ²¹ khauɁ⁴⁵ khɔuɁ³¹ xxxi
191 monitor lizard (water ~) *treᴬ *reŋ³ - - - re³³ tre⁵⁵ tre⁵⁵~te⁵⁵re⁵⁵ kreɁ⁴⁵ re⁵⁵ - ɣei³¹ xxxii Only N.Sgaw has tone D instead of A.
192 monkey *joɁᴰ joɁ⁴⁵ juɁ⁴⁵ jɔɁ²¹ jɔ³³ jo¹¹ jə³³ - - - - xxxii
193 moon, month *Ɂlaᴬ *la⁴ la³¹ ̈ la³¹ ̈ la⁵³ le³³ lɛ⁵⁵ la⁵⁵ la³³ la⁵⁵ la⁵⁵ la³¹ ̈ xxxii
194 mother, female (of animals) *məᴮ mə⁵³ mə⁵⁵ məɨ¹¹ mo¹¹ - mo³³ mə¹¹ - - - - xxxii
195 mouse, rat *jowᴮ *ŋy¹ ju⁵³ ju⁵⁵ Ɉu¹¹ jo¹¹ ju¹¹ ju¹¹ jɨ¹¹ ̈ jɨ³¹ jou¹¹ jou³³ xxxii
196 mynah *s-raNᴮ ran⁵⁵ ran³³ raŋ¹¹ - θə³³rɛ³³ sa¹¹ra¹¹ - - - - xxxii Irregular vowels in CK, i.e. the vowel changes behave like the *-a rhyme pattern, not the *-aŋ one.
197 nail *hmejᴮ *mi/ɛŋ/eŋ² mi⁵⁵ mi³³ mɨ¹¹ mə¹¹ θə⁵⁵mi³³ mi¹¹ me³¹῀ mi⁴⁵’ mei³³ mei⁵⁵ xxxii
198 name *minᴬ *min³ min³³ min⁵³ mjəŋ³³ mi¹¹ - mi³³ mi³³ mi³³ mi³³ mãi⁵⁵ mɛ̃i³¹ ̈ xxxii
199 narrow *Ɂjɛnᴮ *in² Ɂɛn⁵⁵ Ɂɛn³³ ~ Ɂɛm³³ Ɂjaŋ¹¹ Ɂi¹¹ - - Ɂi¹¹ Ɂi³¹῀ Ɂi⁴⁵’ Ɂãi³³ Ɂãi⁵⁵ xxxii
200 navel, umbilical cord *Ɂdeᴬ *de³ paɁ⁴⁵de³¹ ̈ de³¹ ̈ dai⁵³ di³³ -ɗi⁵⁵mʊ⁵⁵ di³³ de³³ de⁵⁵ di⁵⁵ di³¹ ̈ xxxii
201 neck, cheek *Ɂbɔᴬ *boɁ² ‘cheek’ - - kaɁ²¹bɔ⁵³ khɛ³³bo³³ -ɓɔ³³ ko³³bo⁵⁵ khɔɁ⁴⁵bo³³ - - khoɁ²¹bo³¹ ̈ xxxii
202 new *saNᴬ *saN⁴ sa³¹ ̈ - θɨ⁵³ se³³ θɛ⁵⁵ sa⁵⁵ sɔ³³ sɔ⁵⁵ sɛ̃³⁵ θɔ̃⁵³ xxxii
203 nine PNK: *kotᴰ; PCK, PSK : *khwiᴬ *khwi⁴ kot⁴⁵ kot⁴⁵ khwi⁵³ - khwi⁵⁵ sɔ³³khi⁵⁵ khwi³³ khwi⁵⁵ khwi³⁵ khwi⁵³ xxxiii
204 obtain, receive, take, get *neᴮ *ne¹ ne⁵³ - nai¹¹ ni¹¹ ni⁵⁵ ni¹¹ ne¹¹ ̈ ne³¹ ni¹¹ ̈ ni³³ xxxiii
205 old (of humans) *braᴮ *phɣa¹ phra⁵³ pra⁵⁵ pra¹¹ phre¹¹ θa³³ bwɛ³³ pra¹¹ sa Ɂ⁴⁵pɣa¹¹ ̈ pɣa³¹ - - xxxiii
206 old (of things) *lejᴬ *laN¹ li³ li³³ - - lə¹¹ - li³³ lɔ¹¹ ̈li³³ li³³ lei⁵⁵ lei³¹ ̈ xxxiii
207 one *t-laᵀ taɁ²¹ taɁ²¹ la¹¹ ~ laɁ²¹ t- to⁵⁵, tə³³-, də³³- t- tə³³ təɁ²¹ laɁ²¹~la¹¹ lə³¹ ̈ xxxiii The tone of this etymon cannot be reconstructed due to its regularity. Very often, the word ‘one’ is unstressed, so its vowel has been reduced. Moreover, in some CK languages there is also the harmony of vowels in sesquisyllabic words, t 'C .
208 open (the mouth) *ɁaNᴬ Ɂaŋ³¹ ̈ Ɂan³¹ ̈ Ɂaŋ⁵³ Ɂɛ³³ a⁵⁵-tha³³ Ɂɔ⁵⁵ Ɂɔ³³ - - Ɂɔ̃³¹ ̈ xxxiii
209 ox, bull, cow *boᴮ pho⁵³ po⁵⁵ pau¹¹ pu¹¹ bo³³ pu¹¹ - - - - xxxiii
210 palm (of the hand) *ɲaᴬ ja³³ ja⁵³ Ɉa³³ ja¹¹ - - ɲa³³ - jɛ³⁵ ja⁵³ xxxiii NK and CK have tone A3 which indicates a voice onset *ɲ- but the tone A12 in SK suggests a voiceless onset *hɲ-.
211 pangolin, anteater *joᴬ ju³³ - Ɉau³³ ju¹¹ jʊ³³-θo³³ ju³³ jo³³hɔ³¹῀ ju³³ ju¹¹ ̈~ jɨ³¹ ̈ xxxiii S.Pwo has an irregular vowel, i.e. it should be u not ɨ.
212 parrot, parakeet *(thoᴮ)kiᴮ *ki² ki⁵⁵ - khi¹¹ khi¹¹ ki³³~khi³³ ki¹¹ - ki⁴⁵’ kei³³ kei⁵⁵ xxxiii
213 path, trail, way *glɛᴬ *klɛ⁴ - klai⁵³ khlɛ³³ - klɛ³³ klɛ³³ klɛ³³~klɛɁ⁴⁵ klɛ³³ - - xxxiii
214 peacock *(thoᴮ)braɁᴰ *phɣaɁ¹ - - praɁ²¹ phre³³ ba¹¹ prɔ³³ bɣaɁ²¹~phɣaɁ²¹ pɣa¹¹ ̈ sjaɁ²¹ ɕaɁ⁴⁵ xxxiii
215 pen, coop *k-bɔŋᴬ phɔŋ³³ pɔŋ⁵³ pɔ³³ po¹¹ - po³³ kə¹¹po³³ kəɁ²¹po³³ phɔ̃⁵⁵ phõ³¹ ̈ xxxiv
216 penis *teᴮ *the² te⁵⁵ te³³ thai¹¹ thi¹¹ - thi¹¹ the³¹῀ the⁴⁵’ thi³³ thi⁵⁵ xxxiv
217 pheasant *(thoᴮ)reɁᴰ - - - ra³³ - - re³³ ɣiɁ²¹ ɣai¹¹ ̈ ɣaiɁ²¹ ɣaiɁ⁴⁵ xxxiv
218 pig *thɔɁᴰ *thoɁ² thɔɁ²¹ thɔɁ²¹ thauɁ⁴⁵ thɛ⁵⁵ thɔ³³ tho³³ thɔɁ⁴⁵ thɔɁ²¹ thoɁ⁴⁵ thuɁ²¹ xxxiv
219 pile *plomᴮ pom⁵⁵ pom³³ blo¹¹ plu¹¹ plo³³ plə¹¹ pu³¹῀ pu⁴⁵’ pãu³³ põu³¹ ̈ xxxiv Kayah and Sgaw have irregular vowels, i.e. /u/ instead of /ɔ/ (Kayah) and /u/ instead of /ə/ (Sgaw).
220 pointed (as of needles), sharp point *cuᴬ *cu³ cu³¹ ̈ kju³¹ ̈ cu⁵³ cu³³ cu⁵⁵ cu⁵⁵ cuɁ⁴⁵ cu⁵⁵ cu⁵⁵ cu³¹ ̈ xxxiv N.Sgaw has tone D while the rest have tone A.
221 pole *thuNᴮ thun⁵⁵ thuə̯m³³ thwaŋ¹¹ thɨ¹¹ - thu¹¹ thu³¹῀ thu⁴⁵’ thɑ̃³³ thə̃ɨ⁵⁵ xxxiv
222 porcupine *sunᴮ sun⁵⁵ suə̯m³³~suə̯n³³ θwaŋ¹¹ sɨ¹¹ θu³³ su¹¹ - su⁴⁵’ - - xxxiv
223 porcupine (brush-tailed ~) *s-Ɂbaᴬ - - - se³³be³³ - sa⁵⁵ba⁵⁵ ba³³ ba⁵⁵ - θə⁵⁵ba³¹ ̈ xxxiv
224 pot *bəŋᴬ *phəm³ phəŋ³³ pəŋ⁵³ pə³³ pɔ¹¹ gə³³bo⁵⁵ pə³³ sə¹¹pə³³ pə³³ phɑ̃⁵⁵ phə̃³¹ ̈ xxxiv
225 pound (v.) *dɔŋᴮ thɔŋ⁵³ tɔŋ⁵⁵ tɔ¹¹ - dɔ³³ to¹¹ to¹¹ ̈ tu³¹ - thõ³³ xxxiv
226 pull up *thɛɁᴰ - - - - - the³³ thɛɁ⁴⁵ thɛɁ²¹ theɁ⁴⁵ theɁ²¹ xxxiv
227 pumpkin (ash ~) *luNᴮ - - lwaŋ¹¹ lɨ¹¹ lu¹¹ lu¹¹ lu¹¹ ̈ lu³¹ lɑ̃¹¹ ̈ lõ³³ xxxv
228 push *chaNᴮ - - - chɛ¹¹ ʃa³³ chɔ¹¹ chɔ³¹῀ chɔ⁴⁵’ chɛ̃³³ chɔ̃⁵⁵ xxxv
229 put on, wear *sɔɁᴰ *soɁ² sɔɁ²¹ sɔɁ²¹ θauɁ⁴⁵ sɛ⁵⁵ θɔ³³ so³³ sɔɁ⁴⁵ soɁ²¹ soɁ⁴⁵ θuɁ²¹ xxxv
230 put on (a necklace), wear *leɁᴰ *liɁ¹ - - liɁ²¹ la³³ lɪ¹¹ le³³ liɁ²¹ lai¹¹ ̈ laiɁ²¹ laiɁ⁴⁵ xxxv
231 put out (the tongue) *hlɛmᴮ lɛm⁵⁵ lɛm³³ ljaŋ¹¹ - - li¹¹ le³¹῀ li⁴⁵’ lãi³³ lãi⁵⁵ xxxv
232 quail *(thoᴮ)hrwiɁᴰ rɨɁ⁴⁵ - rwiɁ⁴⁵ rwi⁵⁵ - ri³³ pə¹¹wi³³ pə¹¹wi⁵⁵ phu³³wei³³ wei⁵⁵ xxxv The SK languages have irregular tone changes, i.e. Sgaw has tone A while Pwo has tone B.
233 rabbit, hare *p-Ɂdɛᴬ - - dɛ⁵³ dɛ³³ pə³³dɛ³³ dɛ⁵⁵ pə¹¹dɛ³³ - pa³³dɛ⁵⁵ pə³¹ ̈dɛ³³ xxxv
234 raise, feed (animals) *Ɂbəᴮ - - bəɨ¹¹ bo¹¹ - bə¹¹ bɨ³¹῀ bɨ⁴⁵’ - bɨ⁵⁵lɔ̃³¹ ̈ xxxv
235 rattan *reᴮ *ɣe¹ re⁵³ re⁵⁵ rai¹¹ ri¹¹ - ri¹¹ ɣe¹¹ ̈ re³¹ ɣi¹¹ ̈ ɣi³³ xxxv
236 reach into *ɁboɁᴰ boɁ²¹ buɁ²¹ bɔɁ⁴⁵ bɔ⁵⁵ - bə³³ bɨɁ⁴⁵ bɔuɁ²¹ bauɁ⁴⁵ bɔuɁ³¹ xxxv
237 resin *throɁᴰ - - thɔɁ⁴⁵ thɔ⁵⁵ thro³³ thə³³ thɨɁ⁴⁵ thɔuɁ²¹ thauɁ⁴⁵ thɔuɁ³¹ xxxv
238 right (side) *thwɛᴬ *thwe⁴ thwɛ³¹ ̈ thwɛ³¹ ̈ thwɛ⁵³ thwa³³ thwɛ³³ thɛ⁵⁵ chwɛ³³ thwɛ⁵⁵ - thwɛ⁵⁵ xxxv S.Sgaw has tone B. Perhaps, the word thwɛ⁵⁵ in S.Pwo was borrowed from S.Sgaw, thwɛ⁵⁵. There is no cognate in N.Pwo.
239 ripe, cooked *ʔminᴬ *min⁴ min³¹ ̈ min³¹ ̈ mjəŋ⁵³ mi³³ mi⁵⁵ mi⁵⁵ mi³³ mi⁵⁵ mãi⁵⁵ mɛ̃i³¹ xxxvi
240 roast (by stuffing into fresh bamboo sections) *deNᴬ then³³ - te³³ tai¹¹ de³³ te³³ te³³ te³³ - thɛ̃i³¹ xxxvi
241 root *rwiᴮ rwi⁵³ rwi⁵⁵ rwi¹¹ rwi¹¹ wi³³ ri¹¹ ɣi¹¹ ̈ ɣi³¹ ɣei¹¹ ̈ wei³³ xxxvi
242 rotten, bad smell *səŋᴬ səŋ³¹ ̈ səŋ³¹ ̈ θə⁵³ sɔ³³ θo⁵⁵ sə⁵⁵ - - - - xxxvi
243 rub, clean, polish, scrub *thuɁᴰ *thuɁ² - - - thɨ⁵⁵ - - thɨ³³ thuɁ⁴⁵ thɔuɁ²¹ thauɁ⁴⁵ thɔuɁ³¹ xxxvi
244 salt *saᴮ *sa² sa⁵⁵ sa³³ θa¹¹ se¹¹ θɛ³³ sa¹¹ ɁiɁ⁴⁵sa³¹῀ sa⁴⁵’ - - xxxvi
245 salty, sweet *chɨmᴬ *chəm⁴ chom³¹ ̈ chəm³¹ ̈ chɨ⁵³ chɨ³³ - chɨ⁵⁵ chə³³ chɨ⁵⁵ chɑ̃³⁵ chə̃ɨ⁵³ xxxvi
246 sand *hmɛɁᴰ - - mɛɁ⁴⁵ - - me³³ mɛɁ⁴⁵ mɛɁ²¹ meɁ⁴⁵ meɁ²¹ xxxvi
247 scale (of fish) *s-Ɂbeŋᴮ beŋ⁵⁵ beŋ³³ be¹¹ ba¹¹ - be¹¹ sə¹¹ bi³³ - - bɛ̃i⁵⁵ xxxvi Only Sgaw has tone A while Pwo (SK), NK and CK have tone B.
248 sell *caᴬ *cha⁴ ca³¹ ̈ ca³¹ ̈ cha⁵³ che³³ ʃɛ⁵⁵ cha⁵⁵ cha³³ cha⁵⁵ cha³⁵ cha⁵³ xxxvi
249 serow, mountain goat *jajᴬ jai³³ - jai³³ je¹¹ ji³³ ji³³ - - - - xxxvi
250 seven *Ɂnwetᴰ *Ɂnweᴬ nɨt²¹ nət⁴⁵ nwɛ⁵³ - nwe⁵⁵~nwi⁵⁵ sɔ³³ne⁵⁵ nwiɁ⁴⁵ nwi⁵⁵ nwɛ⁵⁵ nwɛ³¹ ̈ xxxvi Two protoforms which have tone A (CK, S.Sgaw, Pwo) and tone D (NK, N.Sgaw) can be reconstructed. However, the correspondence of vowels is problematical.
251 sew *chaɁᴰ *chaɁ² chaɁ²¹ chaɁ²¹ chaɁ⁴⁵ che⁵⁵ ʃa³³ chɔ³³ chaɁ⁴⁵ chaɁ²¹ chaɁ⁴⁵ chaɁ²¹ xxxvii
252 sharp *thaŋᴬ thaŋ³¹ ̈ thaŋ³¹ ̈ - thɛ³³ tha⁵⁵ thɔ⁵⁵ - - - - xxxvii
253 sheep *soᴬ sə⁵⁵ so³³ θɔ³³ - θu⁵⁵ so⁵⁵ so³³ su⁵⁵ - -θu⁵⁵ xxxvii It is noticeable that the Christian Karen seem to remember the word ‘sheep’ quite well. However, this word has tone A in CK and Sgaw while it has tone B in NK and Pwo.
254 shivering *t/k-hnɔɁᴰ taɁ²¹nəɁ²¹ ta¹¹nəɁ²¹ kaɁ²¹nauɁ⁴⁵ tɛ¹¹nɛ⁵⁵ - kɔ¹¹no³³ tə¹¹nɔɁ⁴⁵ kə¹¹noɁ²¹ - - xxxvii
255 shoot (v.) *khaɁᴰ *khaɁ² khaɁ²¹ khaɁ²¹ khaɁ⁴⁵ khe⁵⁵ khɛ³³ kha³³ khaɁ⁴⁵ khaɁ²¹ khaɁ⁴⁵ khaɁ²¹ xxxvii
256 short, low *phəᴮ *phy² phə⁵⁵ phə³³ phəɨ¹¹ pho¹¹ - - phə¹¹ phɨ³¹῀ phɨ⁴⁵’ phəɨ³³ phɨ⁵⁵ xxxvii
257 shoulder *pleŋᴬ pleŋ³¹ ̈ pleŋ³¹ ̈ ble⁵³ pla³³ ple⁵⁵ ple⁵⁵ - - - - xxxvii
258 shove (with the foot) *thwɨNᴬ thɨn³¹ ̈ thuəm³¹ ̈ - - - thʉ⁵⁵ jɔ¹¹ ̈thu³³ thu⁵⁵ thɑ̃³⁵ thə̃ɨ⁵³ xxxvii
259 six *khrowᴬ *xy⁴ su³¹ ̈ su³¹ ̈ chu⁵³ - xu⁵⁵ - xɨ³³ xɨ⁵⁵ xou³⁵ xou⁵³ xxxvii
260 skink *blɛɁᴰ *phlɛɁ¹ plɛɁ⁴⁵ plɛɁ⁴⁵ plɛɁ²¹ pla³³ bli¹¹ca⁵⁵ ple³³ phlɛɁ²¹ plɛ¹¹ ̈ phleɁ²¹ phleɁ⁴⁵ xxxvii
261 sleeping *hmejᴬnejᴮ *mi⁴ - - mai⁵³nai¹¹ - - mi⁵⁵ni¹¹ mi³³ne¹¹ ̈ mi⁵⁵ni³¹ - - xxxvii
262 slippery *pleᴬ ple³¹ ̈ ple³¹ ̈ blai⁵³ pli³³ pli⁵⁵ pli⁵⁵ ble³³ ble⁵⁵ phli³⁵ phli⁵³ xxxvii
263 smell (v.) *(h)nɨmᴬ num³³ nuəm⁵³ nɨ³³ - nu⁵⁵ nɨ³³ nə³³ nɨ⁵⁵ nɑ̃³⁵ nə̃ɨ⁵³ xxxviii Tone A3 in NK and CK suggests a voiceless onset (*hn-) but tone A12 in Sgaw and tone A1 in Pwo indicate a voiced onset *n-.
264 snail (land ~) *khloᴮ khlo³¹ ̈ - - - khlo³³ - khlo³¹῀ khlu⁴⁵’ khlu³³ khlu⁵⁵ xxxviii
265 snail (water ~) *s - ŋwiᴮ ŋwi⁵⁵ ŋwi³³ ŋwi¹¹ - θə⁵⁵mi³³ si¹¹mi¹¹ - - - - xxxviii
266 snake *rowᴮ *ɣy¹ ru⁵³ ru⁵⁵ rəu¹¹ ro¹¹ ʀu³³ ru¹¹ ɣɨ¹¹ ̈ ɣɨ³¹ ɣou¹¹ ̈ βou³³ xxxviii
267 son-in-law *maɁᴰ *maɁ¹ maɁ⁴⁵ maɁ⁴⁵ maɁ²¹ me³³ ma¹¹ mɔ³³ maɁ²¹ ma¹¹ ̈ - maɁ⁴⁵ xxxviii
268 sour *chjaNᴮ *cheN² ɕja⁵⁵ ɕja³³ ɕi¹¹ cha¹¹ ʃɪ³³ ɕi¹¹ chi³¹῀ chi⁴⁵’ chãi³³ chãi⁵⁵ xxxviii The correspondence pattern of vowels in SK suggests *-ɛN.
269 spider *gaŋᴬ kuŋ³³kaŋ³³ jɔŋ³¹kaŋ⁵³ kaŋ³³ - ga¹¹-gu¹¹ kɔ³³ - - pu¹¹khɛ̃⁵⁵ khɔ̃³¹ ̈ xxxviii Bwe has an irregular tone, i.e. tone 11 (D3) instead of tone 33 (A3) as in the other Karenic languages.
270 spit (v.) *thuᴬ *tho² - thu³¹ ̈ thu⁵³ thu³³ - - thuɁ⁴⁵ thu⁵⁵ thu³⁵ thu⁵³ xxxviii N. Sgaw has an irregular tone, i.e. tone D, while the rest have tone A.
271 spleen *g- hmaNᴬ - - - mɛ³³ gə³³ma³³ mɔ⁵⁵ kə¹¹mɔ³³ mɔ⁵⁵ mɛ̃³⁵ mɔ̃⁵³ xxxviii
272 split (bamboo strip) *plaᴮ *bla² - - - - plɛ³³ pla¹¹ bla³¹῀ bla⁴⁵’ bla³³ bla⁵⁵ xxxviii
273 spray (v.) *pruᴬ phru³¹ ̈ pru³¹ ̈ phru⁵³ - phru³³ phru⁵⁵ - pru⁵⁵ phju⁵⁵ pru³¹ ̈ xxxviii
274 spread out (a mat) *Ɂdaᴬ *da³ da³¹ ̈ da³¹ ̈ da⁵³ de³³ ɗɛ⁵⁵ da⁵⁵ da³³ da⁵⁵ da⁵⁵ da³¹ ̈ xxxviii
275 squeeze, massage *Ɉimᴮ cim⁵⁵ cim³³ ci¹¹ ci¹¹ ci³³ ci¹¹ ci¹¹ ̈ ci³¹ chãi¹¹ ̈ chɛ̃i³³ xxxix
276 squirrel *hliᴮ *li² li⁵⁵ li³³ - - li¹¹ - liɁ⁴⁵lu¹¹ ̈ li⁴⁵’ lei³³ lei⁵⁵ xxxix N.Sgaw has tone D while the other Karenic languages have tone B.
277 stand (v.) *~thəŋᴮ thəŋ⁵⁵ thəŋ³³ thə¹¹ thɔ¹¹ ʃɔ⁵⁵tho³³ tə¹¹ thə³¹῀ thə⁴⁵’ thɑ̃³³ thə̃⁵⁵ xxxix
278 star *chaᴮ *cha² cha⁵⁵ cha³³ cha¹¹ che¹¹ ʃɛ³³ cha¹¹ cha³¹῀ cha⁴⁵’ sja³³ ɕa⁵⁵ xxxix
279 steal (v.) *howᴮ - - hu¹¹ ho¹¹ a⁵⁵hu³³ hu¹¹ hɨ³¹῀ hɨ⁴⁵’ - - xxxix
280 stingy *Ɉiᴮ ci⁵⁵ ci⁵³ ci¹¹ - ɪ³³ ci¹¹ - - - - xxxix
281 stomach *g-phowᴬ *phoŋ⁴ - - phu⁵³ pho³³ gə¹¹ phu⁵⁵ phu⁵⁵ kə¹¹phɨ³³ phɨ⁵⁵ phou³⁵ phou⁵³ xxxix
282 stone, rock *loŋᴮ *loŋ¹ loŋ⁵³ loŋ⁵⁵ ləu¹¹ lɔ¹¹ lo³³ lə¹¹ lə¹¹ ̈ lɨ³¹ lãu¹¹ ̈ lõu³³ xxxix
283 string, rope *blejᴬ *phli³ phli³³ pli⁵³ pɨ³³ plə¹¹ bli³³ pli³³ pli³³ pli³³ phlei⁵⁵ phlei³¹ ̈ xxxix
284 suck *cwiKᴰ cuk²¹ cuɁ²¹ cwiɁ⁴⁵ cwi⁵⁵ - ci³³ sə¹¹ wiɁ⁴⁵ - - θə¹¹ waiɁ³¹ xxxix
285 sun *mɨᴮ *my¹ mɨ⁵³ mɨ⁵⁵ mɨ¹¹ mɔ¹¹ mu³³ mɨ¹¹ mɨ¹¹ ̈ mɨ³¹ məɨ¹¹ ̈ mɨ³³ xxxix
286 sunlight, hot *goᴮ *kho¹ ja³¹ ̈kho⁵³ ko⁵⁵ kau¹¹ ku¹¹ - ku¹¹ ta¹¹ko¹¹ ̈ ku³¹ khu¹¹ ̈ khu³³ xxxix
287 sway, swing *thuᴮ - - - thu¹¹ - thu¹¹ tho³¹῀ thu⁴⁵’ thu³³ thu⁵⁵ xxxix
288 swollen, swelling *hɲɔɁᴰ *ŋoɁ² jɔɁ²¹ jɔɁ²¹ ɈauɁ⁴⁵ jɛ⁵⁵ jɔ³³ jo³³ ɲɔɁ⁴⁵ ɲɔɁ²¹ joɁ⁴⁵ juɁ²¹ xl
289 tail *meᴮ *me¹ me⁵³ me⁵⁵ mai¹¹ mi¹¹ me³³ mi¹¹ mɛ¹¹ ̈ mɛ³¹ mɛ¹¹ ̈ mi³³ xl Sgaw and N.Pwo have irregular vowel, i.e. /ɛ/ instead of /e/.
290 tasteless, faded *plaᴬ pla³¹ ̈ - bla⁵³ - plɛ⁵⁵ - bla³³ bla⁵⁵ bla⁵⁵ bla³¹ ̈ xl
291 ten *chejᴬ *chi⁴ ɕi³¹ ̈ ɕi³¹ ̈ thɨ⁵³ chə³³ ʃi⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ chi³³ chi⁵⁵ chei³⁵ chei⁵³ xl
292 tendon *thwaNᴮ - - thu¹¹ thwa¹¹ - - thu³¹῀ thu⁴⁵’ thɔ̃³³ thɔ̃⁵⁵ xl
293 termite *b-ɁwaNᴬ pi⁵⁵Ɂwa³¹ ̈ pi³³Ɂwa³¹ ̈ baɁ²¹Ɂu⁵³ phu⁵⁵wa³³ - - pə¹¹ɁuɁ⁴⁵ pə¹¹ɁɔuɁ²¹ paɁ²¹Ɂɔ̃⁵⁵ pu³³Ɂɔ̃³¹ ̈ xl
294 termite (winged ~) *biᴮ *phin¹ phi⁵³ pi⁵⁵ pi¹¹ pi¹¹ pə³³Ɂi³³ pi¹¹Ɂi¹¹ pi¹¹ ̈ pi³¹ phai¹¹ ̈ phɛi³³ xl Pwo vowels are irregular, i.e. /ai/ and /ɛi/ instead of /ei/.
295 termite mound *ploŋᴮ phloŋ⁵⁵ ploŋ³³ bləu¹¹ plɔ¹¹ plo³³ plə¹¹ blə³¹῀ - phlãu¹¹ ̈ phlõu³³ xl Pwo has tone B3 which suggests a voiced onset *bl-.
296 thick *ɁdwɨNᴬ dɨn³¹ ̈ duəm³¹ ̈ dɨ⁵³ do³³ - dʉ⁵⁵ - - - - xl
297 thin (as of cloth) *Ɂb( )ᴬ *bun³ bə³¹ ̈ bə³¹ ̈ bɨ⁵³ bɨ³³ - - bu³³ bu⁵⁵ - baə³¹ ̈ xl
298 thousand *hreŋᴬ, *g-thɔNᴬ *thɔŋ⁴ reŋ³¹ ̈ reŋ³¹ ̈ re⁵³ ri³³ gə³³thɔ⁵⁵ re⁵⁵, tho³³ kə¹¹tho³³ thu⁵⁵ - thɔ̃⁵³ xl *hreŋᴬ = thousand (amount of money), *g-thɔNᴬ = thousand (people)
299 thread (a needle) *dowᴮ thu⁵³ tu⁵⁵ tu¹¹ to¹¹ du³³ tu¹¹ tɨ¹¹ ̈ tɨ³¹ thou¹¹ ̈ thou³³ xl
300 three *səmᴬ *səm⁴ səm³¹ ̈ səm³¹ ̈ θə⁵³ sɔ³³ θo⁵⁵ sə⁵⁵ sə³³ sə⁵⁵ sɑ̃³⁵ sə̃⁵³ xli
301 tick *khejᴮ *khi² - - khɨ¹¹ khə¹¹ khi³³ khi¹¹ khi³¹῀ khi⁴⁵’ khei³³ khei⁵⁵ xli
302 tie (a string) *cəŋᴬ *cəm³ cəŋ³¹ ̈ cəŋ³¹ ̈ cə⁵³ cɔ³³ co⁵⁵ cə⁵⁵ cə³³ cə⁵⁵ cɑ̃⁵⁵ cə̃³¹ ̈ xli
303 tiger *keᴬ *khe⁴ ke³¹ ̈ ke³¹ ̈ khai⁵³ khi³³ khi⁵⁵ khi⁵⁵ khe³³jɨ¹¹ ̈ ‘lion’ - khi³⁵ khi⁵³ xli
304 tilted *khiŋᴬ khiŋ⁵⁵ khiŋ³³ khi⁵³ khi³³ - khi⁵⁵ khi³³ - khãi³⁵ khɛ̃i⁵³ xli NK has the B tone while CK and SK have tone A.
305 toad *Ɂdeᴮsowᴮ de⁵⁵su⁵⁵ de³³su³³ dai¹¹θu¹¹ di¹¹so¹¹ di³³θu³³ di¹¹su¹¹ de³¹῀sɨ³¹῀ di⁴⁵’sɨ⁴⁵’ di³³sou³³ di⁵⁵sou⁵⁵ xli
306 tomorrow *~rɔᴬ mɨ⁵³rau³³ mɨ⁵⁵rau⁵³ - pa⁵⁵ro¹¹ - mə¹¹ro³³ ləɁ⁴⁵ɣɔ³³ ɣɔ³³ khɛ¹¹ɣɔ⁵⁵ - xli
307 tongue *bleᴬ *phle³ phle³³ ple⁵³ plai³³ pli¹¹ - bli¹¹ pli³³ ple³³ ple³³ pli⁵⁵ phli³¹ ̈ xli
308 torn *dɛɁᴰ/*dwɛɁᴰ thɛɁ⁴⁵ tɛɁ⁴⁵ tuɁ²¹ tɨ³³ thɛ³³ tu³³ tɛɁ²¹ tɛ¹¹ ̈ theɁ²¹ theɁ⁴⁵ xli CK has irregular vowels.
309 tortoise *kliɁᴰ *khliɁ² kleɁ²¹ kliɁ²¹ khlɨɁ⁴⁵ khli⁵⁵ khli³³ khli³³ khliɁ⁴⁵ khlaiɁ²¹ khlaiɁ⁴⁵ khlaiɁ³¹ xli
310 tread *jamᴮ jam⁵³ jam⁵⁵ Ɉaŋ¹¹ ji¹¹ ja³³ - jɔ¹¹ ̈ jɔ³¹ jãi¹¹ ̈ jãi³³ xli Pwo has irregular vowels, i.e. /ãi/ instead of /ɛ̃/ (N.PW) and /ɔ̃/ (S.PN).
311 trunk (of a tree), firewood *məŋᴮ mɨŋ⁵³ məŋ⁵⁵ mə¹¹ mɔ¹¹ - mə¹¹ mɨ¹¹ ̈ - mɑ̃¹¹ ̈ - xli
312 trunk (of an elephant) *k-mlɔNᴬ *mlɔŋ³ - mɔ⁵³ mɔ³³ mo¹¹ -blɔ¹¹ - kə¹¹mlɔ³³ mlu³³ mlɔ̃⁵⁵ mlõ³¹ ̈ xlii
313 two *k-hnejᴬ *ni⁴ ni³¹ ̈ ni³¹ ̈ ŋɨ⁵³ nə³³ ki⁵⁵ ki⁵⁵ khi³³ khi⁵⁵ khei³⁵ nei⁵³ xlii
314 urine *chejᴮ *chi² ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi³³ - chə¹¹ ʃi³³ chi¹¹ chi³¹῀ chi⁴⁵’ chei³³ chei⁵⁵ xlii
315 vagina *linᴮ *lin¹ lin⁵³ lim⁵⁵~lin⁵⁵ - li¹¹ - li¹¹ li¹¹ ̈ li³¹ lãi¹¹ lɛ̃i³³ xlii
316 vomit (v.) *prɔɁᴰ prɔɁ²¹ prɔɁ²¹ phrauɁ⁴⁵ phrɛ⁵⁵ pɔ³³ pro³³ bɣɔɁ⁴⁵ bɣoɁ²¹ pjoɁ⁴⁵ pjuɁ²¹ xlii
317 vulture *hlaŋᴬ/ᴮ k-daɁᴰ *laN⁴kaɁ²thaɁ¹ lɛŋ⁵⁵taɁ⁴⁵ lɔŋ³³taɁ⁴⁵ - lɛ¹¹ta³³ lə³³da⁵⁵ la¹¹ta³³ lɔ³³kə¹¹taɁ²¹ lɔ³³kə¹¹ ̈ta¹¹ ̈ lɛ̃³⁵kaɁ²¹thaɁ²¹ lɔ̃⁵³kaɁ²¹thaɁ⁴⁵ xlii
318 waist *j-Ɂdeᴬ ~de³¹ ̈ ~de³¹ ̈ - - ja³³de¹¹ - jɔ¹¹ ̈de³³ jɔ³¹de⁵⁵ ja¹¹ ̈di⁵⁵ jɑ̃³³di³¹ ̈ xlii
319 wart *thuɁᴰ - - - thɨ⁵⁵ - thɨ³³ thuɁ⁴⁵ thɔuɁ²¹ thauɁ⁴⁵ thɔuɁ³¹ xlii
320 warm *lamᴬ *ləm³ - lam⁵³ la³³ le¹¹ lɛ³³ la³³ kə¹¹lə³³ lə³³ la⁵⁵ lə³¹ ̈ xlii It is not certain if the *-a or *-aN rhyme should be reconstructed. S.Pa-O, Sgaw and S.Pwo suggest *-aN while the rest indicate *-a.
321 wash (the face) *blaᴮ phla⁵³ pla⁵⁵ pla¹¹ ple¹¹ bla³³ pla¹¹ pla¹¹ ̈ pla³¹ phla¹¹ ̈ phla³³ xlii Bwe has an irregular vowel, i.e. /a/ instead of /ɛ/.
322 wash (clothes) *chrowᴮ *chɣy² paɁ²¹chu⁵⁵ chu³³ chu¹¹ cho¹¹ - chu¹¹ chɣɨ³¹῀ chɣɨ⁴⁵’ - - xlii
323 wasp *(dəŋᴮ)Ɂdeᴬ kaɁ²¹de³¹ ̈ - dauɁ⁴⁵dai⁵³ di³³~ - di⁵⁵~ tə¹¹ ̈de³³ tɨ³¹de⁵⁵ thɑ̃¹¹ ̈di⁵⁵ thə̃³³di³¹ ̈ xlii
324 water *thejᴬ *thi⁴ thi³¹ ̈ thi³¹ ̈ thɨ⁵³ thə³³ chi⁵⁵ thi⁵⁵ thi³³ thi⁵⁵ thei³⁵ thei⁵³ xliii
325 wear (a shoulder bag) *ch(w)ɛŋᴬ chɛŋ³¹ ̈ chɛŋ³¹ ̈ ɕi⁵³ cha³³ - ɕi⁵⁵ che³³thə³¹῀ chi⁵⁵ chãi³⁵ chwãi⁵³ xliii
326 weave (cloth), loom *thaᴮ *tha² - cha³³ tha¹¹ the³³ - tha¹¹ tha³¹῀ tha⁴⁵’ tha³³ tha⁵⁵ xliii
327 weave (baskets) *thɛŋᴬ *thɛŋ¹ thɛŋ³¹ ̈ thɛŋ³¹ ̈ thi⁵³ tha³³ the⁵⁵ thi⁵⁵ the³³ thi⁵⁵ thãi³⁵ thãi⁵³ xliii
328 weevil *roŋᴮ roŋ⁵³ roŋ⁵⁵ ro¹¹ rɔ¹¹ - rə¹¹ ɣə¹¹ ̈ ɣɨ³¹ ɣãu¹¹ βõu³³ xliii
329 wet *cɔᴮ *cɔ² cau⁵⁵ cau³³ cau¹¹ co¹¹ cɔ³³ co¹¹ ba³¹῀cɔ³¹῀ cɔ⁴⁵’ cɔ³³ co⁵⁵ xliii
330 white *Ɂbwaᴬ *Ɂwa³ bwa³¹ ̈ bwa³¹ ̈ bau⁵³ bu³³ ɓʊ⁵⁵ bu⁵⁵ kwa³³ wa⁵⁵ - kwa³¹ ̈ xliii
331 wide *lɛᴮ *lɛ¹ lai⁵³ lai⁵⁵ lɛ¹¹ lɛ¹¹ la³³lɛ³³ lɛ¹¹ lɛ¹¹ ̈ lɛ³¹ lɛ¹¹ ̈ lɛ³³ xliii
332 wife *hmaᴬ *ma⁴ ma³¹ ̈ ma³¹ ̈ ma⁵³ me³³ mɛ⁵⁵ ma⁵⁵ ma³³ ma⁵⁵ ma³⁵ ma⁵³ xliii
333 wild *miᴬ *min³ mi³³ mi⁵³ mi³³ mi¹¹ - mi³³ mi³³ mi³³ mei⁵⁵ mei³¹ ̈ xliii
334 win *nɨŋᴬ nəŋ³³ nəŋ⁵³ nɨ³³ nɨ¹¹ - - nə³³ nɨ³³ nɑ̃⁵⁵ nə̃ɨ³¹ ̈ xliii
335 wing *ɁdeɁᴰ *diɁ² deɁ²¹ diɁ²¹ - da⁵⁵ ɗe³³ de³³ diɁ⁴⁵che³³ daiɁ²¹ daiɁ⁴⁵ daiɁ³¹ xliii
336 wrong, mistake, error *g/k-hmaᴮ *ma² ma⁵⁵ ma³³ - - gə³³ mɛ³³ ma¹¹ kə¹¹ma³¹῀ ma⁴⁵’ - ma⁵⁵ xliii
337 yam, potato *hnwɛᴮ *mwɛ² nwɛ⁵⁵ nwɛ³³ nwɛ¹¹ - nwɛ³³ nɛ¹¹ nwɛ¹¹ ̈ nwɛ⁴⁵’ nɛ³³ nɛ⁵⁵ xliv
338 year *hneŋᴮ *nin² neŋ⁵⁵ neŋ³³ ne¹¹ na¹¹ ɗe³³ de¹¹ ni³¹῀ ni⁴⁵’ nãi³³ nɛ̃i⁵⁵ xliv
339 yellow *Ɂbaŋᴬ *baŋ³ - - baŋ⁵³ bɛ³³ - bɔ⁵⁵ bɔ³³ bɔ⁵⁵ bɛ̃⁵⁵ bɔ̃³¹ ̈ xliv
340 yes *mwɛᴮ mwɛ⁵³ mwɛ⁵⁵ mwɛ¹¹ ma¹¹ - mɛ¹¹ me¹¹ ̈ mɛ³¹ mɛ¹¹ ̈ mwɛ³³ xliv
341 young, soft, tender *Ɉaᴮ *cha¹ cha⁵³ ca⁵⁵ ca¹¹ ce¹¹ jɛ³³ ca¹¹ - ca³¹ - - xliv
grandfather *phowᴬ xliv
house *hiᴮ xliv
mortar *ch( )mᴮ xliv
sky *moʔᴰ⁓ xliv
smoke (n.) *(hmeᴮ) khlowᴮ xliv
wind *k/g-liᴬ xliv

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Henderson, Eugénie J. A. 1997. Bwe Karen dictionary: with text and English-Karen word list (2 vols). London: School of Oriental and African Studies.
  • Burling, Robbins. 1969. Proto-Karen: A reanalysis. Occasional Papers of the Wolfenden Society on Tibeto-Burman Linguistics vol 1. Ann Arbor, MI: Department of Linguistics, University of Michigan.
  • Luangthongkum, Theraphan. 2019. A View on Proto-Karen Phonology and Lexicon. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (JSEALS) Vol. 12.1 (2019): i-lii. ISSN: 1836-6821, DOI: http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52441
Vocabulary lists of Southeast Asian languages
Sino-Tibetan

p-Tibeto-Burman • Old Chinese (basic) • p-Southern Min • Macro-Bai • p-Tujia • p-Naish • p-Ersuic • Guiqiong • Horpa • p-Lolo-Burmese • p-Lalo • Lalo • Akha • Woni • Axi • Nesu • Yi (Mihei) • Kathu • Gong • p-Karenic • p-Luish • p-Bodo-Garo • Kuki-Chin • Suansu • Jejara • Mru • p-W. Tibetan • Tibetan (Lajiao) • Amdo Tibetan • Zakhring • Tshangla • Kho-Bwa • Mey • p-Puroik • p-Hrusish • Koro • Greater Siangic • Raji-Raute • Dhimalish • Baram-Thangmi • Bhujel • p-Kham • Dura • Bunan • (Nepal)

Austroasiatic

p-Austroasiatic (Swadesh) • p-Munda • p-Khasian • p-Palaungic • Quang Lam • p-Khmuic • p-Pakanic • p-Vietic • p-Katuic • p-Bahnaric • p-Pearic • p-Khmeric • p-Monic • p-Aslian • p-Nicobarese

Hmong-Mien

p-Hmong-Mien • Hmong-Mien • p-Hmongic • Pa-Hng • Xong • Pana • She • p-Mienic • Mienic • Mien (Gongcheng) • Biao Min (Shikou)

Kra-Dai

p-Kra-Dai • p-Kra • Laha • Qabiao • Gelao • p-Kam-Sui • Kam-Sui (Hunan) • p-Lakkia • Biao • p-Tai • Zhuang (Tiandeng) • Bouyei • p-Be • Jizhao • p-Hlai • Jiamao

Austronesian

p-Austronesian

Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Proto-Karenic_reconstructions&oldid=78114600"