Appendix:Proto-Southern Min reconstructions
Appearance
The following list of Proto-Southern Min reconstructions is from Kwok (2018: 180-203).
The reconstructions are supported by synchronic data from:
- Quanzhou, Fujian
- Zhangzhou, Fujian
- Datian, Sanming, Fujian
- Jieyang, Guangdong
- Chaoyang, Shantou, Guangdong
- Leizhou, Guangdong
List
[edit]English gloss | Chinese character | Proto-Southern Min 原始閩南語 | Quánzhōu 泉州 | Zhāngzhōu 漳州 | Dàtián 大田 | Jiēyáng 揭陽 | Cháoyáng 潮陽 | Léizhōu 雷州 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
abundant | 豐 | *hoŋ1 | hɔŋ1 | hɔŋ1 | hoŋ1 | hoŋ1 | hoŋ1 | hɔŋ1 |
accent | 腔 | *kʰiõ1 | kʰiũ1 | kʰiɔ̃1 | kʰiŋ1 | kʰiõ1 | kʰiõ1 | kʰiaŋ1 |
accompany | 陪 | *pue2 | pue2 | pue2 | pue2 | pue2 | pʰue2 | pʰui2 |
account | 數 | *siau5 | siau5 | siau5 | su5 | siau5 | siau5 | siau5 |
account book | 簿 | *pʰou4 | pʰɔ4 | pʰɔ6 | pʰu4 | pou4 | pʰou4 | pʰɛu4 |
accuse falsely | 賴 | *lua6 | lua5 | lua6 | lua1 | lua6 | lua6 | nua1 |
across | 橫 | *huẽ2 | huĩ2 | huã2 | huã2 | huẽ2 | huẽ2 | huɛ2 |
add fuel | 燃 | *hiã2 | hiã2 | hiã2 | hiã2 | hia2 | ||
affair | 事 | *tai6 ~ *sɿ6 | tai5 | tai6 | tɛ1 | sɯ6 | su6 | su7 |
after; behind | 後 | *au4 | au4 | au6 | ɔ4 | au4 | au4 | au4 |
age | 歲 | *huø5 | hə5 | hue5 | hue5 | hue5 | hue5 | huɛ5 |
all exterminated | 絕 | *tsøʔ8 | tsəʔ8 | tseʔ8 | tsuaʔ8 | tsoʔ8 | tsoʔ8 | tsiek8 |
alley | 巷 | *haŋ6 | haŋ5 | haŋ6 | haŋ5 | haŋ6 | haŋ6 | hɔ1 |
also | 又 | *iu6 | iu5 | iu6 | iu1 | iu4 | iũ4 | iu1 |
amaranth | 莧 | *hõi6 | huĩ5 | hian6 | hiŋ5 | hãi6 | hõi6 | hai1 |
ancestral temple | 祠 | *sɿ2 | sɯ2 | su2 | sɤ2 | sɯ2 | su2 | tsʰu2 |
answer (v.)(1) | 應 | *en5 | in5 | in5 | eŋ5 | eŋ5 | eŋ5 | iŋ5 |
answer (v.)(2) | 答 | *taʔ7 ~ *tap7 | taʔ7 | taʔ7 | ta5 | tap7 | tap7 | tap7 |
ant | 蟻 | *hia4 | hia4 | hia6 | hia4 | hia4 | hia4 | hia4 |
arrest | 掠 | *liaʔ8 | liaʔ8 | liaʔ8 | lia4 | liaʔ8 | liaʔ8 | lia4 |
arrive | 遘 | *kau5 | kau5 | kau5 | kɔ5 | kau5 | kau5 | kau5 |
artemisia[1] | 艾 | *ŋhiã6 | hiã5 | hiã6 | hiã5 | hiã6 | hiã6 | ŋai4 |
ask (v.) | 問 | *muĩ6 | bŋ5 | buĩ6 | mŋ5 | muŋ6 | mɯŋ6 | mui1 |
autumn | 秋 | *tsʰiu1 | tsʰiu1 | tsʰiu1 | tsʰiu1 | tsʰiu1 | tsʰiu1 | tsʰiu1 |
avoid | 免 | *mian3 | bian3 | bian3 | biaŋ3 | miaŋ3 | miaŋ3 | mieŋ3 |
axe | 斧 | *pou3 | pɔ3 | pʰu3 | pu3 | pou3 | pou3 | pɛu3 |
bamboo | 竹 | *tɯk7 | tiak7 | tik7 | toʔ7 | tek7 | tek7 | tip7 |
bamboo shoot | 筍 | *sun3 | sun3 | sun3 | sueŋ3 | suŋ3 | suŋ3 | suŋ3 |
bark | 吠 | *pui6 | pui5 | pui6 | pui1 | pui6 | pui6 | pui1 |
barley; wheat; corn | 麥 | *beʔ8 | beʔ8 | bɛʔ8 | ba4 | beʔ8 | beʔ8 | bɛ4 |
basket for mortar | 箕 | *ki1 | ki1 | ki1 | ki1 | ki1 | ki1 | ki1 |
bathe | 浴 | *ɯk8 | iak8 | ik8 | zioʔ8 | ek8 | ek8 | iak8 |
be | 是 | *si4 | si4 | si6 | si4 | si4 | si4 | si4 |
bead tree | 楝 | *nõi6 | nuĩ5 | liŋ6 | liaŋ5 | nai4 | noi6 | lieŋ7 |
beak | 喙 | *tsʰui5 | tsʰui5 | tsʰui5 | tsʰui5 | tsʰui5 | tsʰui5 | |
bean | 豆 | *tau6 | tau5 | tau6 | tɔ1 | tau6 | tau6 | tau1 |
bear | 熊 | *him2 | him2 | him2 | heŋ2 | him2 | him2 | hiɔŋ2 |
beard | 鬚 | *tsʰiu1 | tsʰiu1 | tsʰiu1 | tsʰiu1 | tsʰiu1 | tsʰiu1 | tsʰiu1 |
bed | 眠床 | *min2 tsʰõ2 | tsʰŋ2 | bin2 tsʰŋ2 | beŋ2 tsʰŋ2 | meŋ2 tsʰɯŋ2 | mɯŋ2 tsʰɯŋ2 | kɔi7tsʰɔ2 |
bee | 蜂 | *pʰaŋ1 | pʰaŋ1 | pʰaŋ1 | pʰaŋ1 | pʰaŋ1 | pʰaŋ1 | pʰaŋ1 |
beg | 乞 | *kʰit7 | kʰit7 | kʰit7 | kʰeʔ7 | kʰek7 | kʰik7 | kʰiek7 |
beginning | 初 | *tsʰioi1 | tsʰue1 | tsʰe1 | tsʰi1 | tsʰiu1 | tsʰiu1 | tsʰɔi1 |
belly | 肚 | *tou3 | tɔ3 | tɔ3 | tu3 | tou3 | tou3 | tɛu3 |
belong | 屬 | *siok8 | siɔk8 | siɔk8 | soʔ8 | sok8 | sok8 | sɔk8 |
belt | 帶 | *tua5 | tua5 | tua5 | tua5 | tua5 | tua5 | |
bend | 拗 | *a3 ~ *au3 | au3 | au3 | a3 | a3 | a3 | a3 |
bestow | 賜 | *sɿ5 | sɯ5 | su5 | sɤ5 | sɯ5 | su5 | su5 |
big | 大 | *tua6 | tua5 | tua6 | tua1 | tua6 | tua6 | tua1 |
bird | 鳥 | *tsiau3 | tsiau3 | tsiau3 | tsiau3 | tsiau3 | tsiau3 | |
bite | 咬 | *ka4 | ka4 | ka6 | ka3 | ka4 | ka4 | ka4 |
bitter | 苦 | *kʰou3 | kʰɔ3 | kʰɔ3 | kʰu3 | kʰou3 | kʰou3 | kʰɛu3 |
black | 烏 | *ou1 | ɔ1 | ɔ1 | u1 | ou1 | ou1 | ɛu1 |
blanching (cooking) | □ | *saʔ8 | saʔ8 | saʔ8 | sa4 | saʔ8 | saʔ7 | sa4 |
blanket | 被 | *pʰuø4 | pʰə4 | pʰue6 | pʰue4 | pʰue4 | pʰue4 | pʰuɛ4 |
blind | 盲 | *mẽ2 | bĩ2 | bɛ̃2 | mã2 | me2 | me2 | mɛ2 |
blink | □ | *niʔ7 | nĩʔ7 | lĩʔ7 | niʔ7 | niʔ7 | ni7 | |
block (v.) | 閘 | *tsaʔ8 | tsaʔ8 | tsaʔ8 | tsaʔ8 | |||
blood | 血 | *hueʔ7 | huiʔ7 | hueʔ7 | hue5 | hueʔ7 | hueʔ7 | huɛ7 |
blow (1) | 吹 | *tsʰuø1 | tsʰə1 | tsʰue1 | tsʰue1 | tsʰue1 | tsʰue1 | tsʰui1 |
blow (2) | □ | *pun2 | pun2 | pun2 | pueŋ2 | puŋ2 | puŋ2 | puŋ2 |
blunt | 鈍 | *tun1 | tun6 | tun1 | tueŋ1 | tuŋ1 | tuŋ1 | tuŋ1 |
body | 身 | *sin1 | sin1 | sin1 | seŋ1 | seŋ1 | siŋ1 | sieŋ1 |
bone | 骨 | *kut7 | kut7 | kut7 | koʔ7 | kuk7 | kuk7 | kuk7 |
book | 冊 | *tsʰeʔ7 | tsʰeʔ7 | tsʰɛʔ7 | tsʰa5 | tsʰeʔ7 | tsʰeʔ7 | tsʰɛ7 |
bottle (1) | 矸 | *kan1 (?) | kan1 | kan1 | ||||
bottle (2) | 樽 | *tsun1 (?) | tsuŋ1 | tsuŋ1 | tsuŋ1 | |||
bottom | 底 | *toi3 | tue3 | te3 | te3 | tõi3 | toi3 | tɔi3 |
bow | 弓 | *kɯŋ1 | kiŋ1 | kiŋ1 | koŋ1 | keŋ1 | keŋ1 | kiaŋ1 |
bowl | 碗 | *uã3 | uã3 | uã3 | uã3 | uã3 | ua3 | |
box | 箱 | *siõ1 | siũ1 | siɔ̃1 | siŋ1 | siõ1 | siõ1 | siɔ1 |
branch | 枝 | *ki1 | ki1 | ki1 | ki1 | ki1 | ki1 | |
brave | 勇 | *ioŋ3 | iɔŋ3 | iɔŋ3 | ioŋ3 | ioŋ3 | ioŋ3 | ziɔŋ3 |
bright | 光 | *kuĩ1 | kŋ1 | kuĩ1 | kŋ1 | kɯŋ1 | kɯŋ1 | kui1 |
brush (n.) | 刷 | *suøʔ7 | səʔ7 | sua3 | suaʔ7 | sueʔ7 | sueʔ7 | suak7 |
Buddha | 佛 | *put8 ~ *hut8 | put8 | put8 | hoʔ8 | huk8 | huk8 | puk8 |
bun (hairstyle) | 髻 | *kuø5 | kə5 | ke5 | kue5 | kue5 | kue5 | |
bury | □ | *tai2 | tai2 | tai2 | tɛ2 | tai2 | tai2 | |
buttocks | 尻川 | *kʰa1 tsʰuĩ1 | kʰa1 tsʰŋ1 | kʰa1 tsʰuĩ1 | kʰa1 tsʰuŋ1 | ka1 tsʰɯŋ1 | kʰa1 tsʰɯŋ1 | ka1 tsʰui1 |
button | 鈕 | *niu3 | liu3 | liu3 | liu3 | niu3 | niu3 | niu3 |
buy | 買 | *boi3 | bue3 | be3 | be3 | boi3 | boi3 | bɔi3 |
cake | 餅 | *piã3 | piã3 | piã3 | piã3 | piã3 | piã3 | pia3 |
call (v.) | 叫 | *kio5 | kio5 | kio5 | kio5 | kio5 | ||
can; able | 解 | *oi4 | e4 | e6 | e4 | oi4 | oi4 | |
candle | 燭 | *tsɯk7 | tsiak7 | tsik7 | tsoʔ7 | tsek7 | tsek7 | tsiak7 |
cannot | 𣍐 | *boi4 | bue4 | be6 | be4 | boi4 | boi4 | |
capable; clever | □ | *ɡau2 | ɡau2 | ɡau2 | ɡɔ2 | ɡau2 | ɡau2 | |
carp | 鯉 | *tai4 ~ *li3 | tai4 | tai6 | tɛ4 | li3 | li3 | li3 |
carriage | 車 | *tsʰia1 | tsʰia1 | tsʰia1 | tsʰa1 | tsʰia1 | tsʰia1 | tsʰia1 |
carry a thing hanging down from hand | □ | *kuã4 | kuã4 | kuã6 | kuã4 | kuã4 | ||
carry on both hands | 捧 | *pʰoŋ3 | pʰɔŋ3 | pʰɔŋ3 | pʰoŋ3 | pʰoŋ3 | pʰɔŋ3 | |
cat | 貓 | *ma2 ~ *niau1 ~ *ŋiau1 | niãu2 ~ ba2 | liãu1 ~ ba2 | mã1 | ŋiau1 | ŋiau1 | ba2 |
ceramics | □ | *hui2 | hui2 | hui2 | hui2 | hui2 | hui2 | |
chain | 鏈 | *lian6 | lian5 | lian6 | liaŋ1 | liaŋ6 | liaŋ6 | lieŋ4 |
chair | 椅 | *i3 ~ *ĩ3 | i3 | i3 | i3 | ĩ3 | ĩ3 | i3 |
change | 變 | *pĩ5 | pĩ5 | pĩ5 | piŋ5 | pĩ5 | pĩ5 | pi5 |
character | 字 | *di6 | li5 | dzi6 | tsi1 | zi6 | zi6 | |
cherish | 惜 | *sioʔ7 | sioʔ7 | sioʔ7 | siɤ5 | sioʔ7 | sioʔ7 | |
chestnut | 栗 | *lat8 | lat8 | lat8 | leʔ8 | lak8 | lak8 | lik7 |
chicken | 雞 | *koi1 | kue1 | ke1 | ki1 | koi1 | koi1 | kɔi1 |
choose | 揀 | *kõi3 | kuĩ3 | kan3 | kiŋ3 | kãi3 | kai3 | |
chopsticks | 箸 | *tɯ6 | tɯ5 | ti6 | tui1 | tɯ6 | tu6 | tu1 |
circle | 環 | *kʰuan2 ~ *huan2 | kʰuan2 | kʰuan2 | kʰuaŋ2 | huaŋ2 | huaŋ2 | huaŋ2 |
city | 城 | *siã2 | siã2 | siã2 | sã2 | siã2 | siã2 | sia2 |
clan | 族 | *tsok8 | tsɔk8 | tsɔk8 | tsoʔ8 | tsok8 | tsok8 | tsɔk8 |
claw | 爪 | *diau3 | liau3 | dziau3 | liɔ3 | ziau3 | ziau3 | niau3 |
clean | 清氣 | *tsʰiŋ1 kʰi5 | tsʰiŋ1 kʰi5 | tsʰiŋ1 kʰi5 | tsʰeŋ1 kʰi5 | tsʰeŋ1 kʰiʔ7 | tsʰeŋ1 kʰiʔ7 | |
clear (water) | 清 | *tsʰiŋ1 (?) | tsʰiŋ1 | tsʰiŋ1 | tsʰeŋ1 | tsʰeŋ1 | tsiŋ1 | tsieŋ1 |
CLF for blanket | 領 | *niã3 | niã3 | liã3 | niã3 | nia3 | nia3 | |
CLF for celery | 把 | *pe3 | pe3 | pa3 | pe3 | pẽ3 | pɛ2 | |
CLF for cigarette | 支 | *ki1 | ki1 | ki1 | ki1 | ki1 | ki1 | ki1 |
CLF for cow (1) | 隻 | *tsiaʔ7 | tsiaʔ7 | tsiaʔ7 | tsiaʔ7 | tsiaʔ7 | ||
CLF for cow (2) | 頭 | *tʰau2 | tʰɔ2 | tʰau2 | ||||
CLF for egg | 粒 | *liap8 | liap8 | liap8 | liap8 | liap8 | liap8 | |
CLF for fish | 尾 | *buø3 | bə3 | bue3 | bue3 | bue3 | ||
CLF for house | 間 | *kõi1 | kuĩ1 | kan1 | kiŋ1 | kãi1 | kãi1 | kai1 |
CLF for mountain | 座 | *tso6 | tso4 | tso6 | tso6 | tso6 | tsɛ1 | |
CLF for paper | 張 | *tiõ1 | tiũ1 | tiɔ̃1 | tiŋ1 | tiõ1 | tiõ1 | tiɔ1 |
CLF for tree | 叢 | *tsaŋ2 | tsaŋ2 | tsaŋ2 | tsaŋ2 | tsaŋ2 | tsaŋ2 | |
climb | □ | *peʔ7 | peʔ7 | pɛʔ7 | peʔ7 | peʔ7 | ||
clogs | 屐 | *kiaʔ8 ~ *kʰiaʔ8 | kiaʔ8 ~ kʰiaʔ8 | kiaʔ8 | kʰia4 | kiaʔ8 | kiaʔ8 | kia4 |
cloth | 布 | *pou5 | pɔ5 | pɔ5 | pu5 | pou5 | pou5 | pɛu5 |
cloud | 雲 | *hun2 | hun2 | hun2 | hueŋ2 | huŋ2 | huŋ2 | huŋ2 |
coarse | 粗 | *tsʰou1 | tsʰɔ1 | tsʰɔ1 | tsʰu1 | tsʰou1 | tsʰou1 | tsʰɛu1 |
cockroach | □ | *tsuaʔ8 | tsuaʔ8 | tsuaʔ8 | tsua4 | tsuaʔ8 | tsuaʔ8 | tsua4 |
collect | 收 | *siu1 | siu1 | siu1 | su1 | siu1 | siu1 | siu1 |
colour | 色 | *sik7 | siak7 | sik7 | saʔ7 | sek7 | sek7 | sek7 ~ sik7 |
comb | 梳 | *sioi1 | sue1 | se1 | sɔ1 | siu1 | siu1 | sɔi1 |
come | 來 | *lai2 | lai2 | lai2 | lɛ2 | lai2 | lai2 | lai2 |
comfortable | 爽 | *suoŋ3 | sɔŋ3 | sɔŋ3 | suaŋ3 | suaŋ3 | suaŋ3 | suaŋ3 |
complain | 怨 | *uan5 | uan5 | uan5 | uaŋ5 | uaŋ5 | uaŋ5 | |
concave (1) | □ | *naʔ7 | nãʔ7 | naʔ7 | ||||
concave (2) | 塌 | *tʰap7 | tʰaʔ7 | tʰap7 | tʰap7 | tʰap7 | ||
conceal | 囥 | *kʰõ5 | kʰŋ5 | kʰŋ5 | kʰŋ5 | kʰɯŋ5 | kʰɯŋ5 | kɔ5 |
confused | 亂 | *luan6 ~ *nuĩ6 | luan5 | luan6 | luaŋ1 | luaŋ4 | luaŋ4 | luaŋ7 |
continuous | 續 | *siok8 | siɔk8 | siɔk8 | soʔ8 | sok8 | sok8 | sɔk8 |
convex | 吐 | *tʰou3 | tʰɔ3 | tʰɔ3 | tʰou3 | tʰou3 | ||
cook by boiling | 煮 | *tsɯ3 | tsɯ3 | tsi3 | tsi3 | tsɯ3 | tsu3 | tsu3 |
cooked | 熟 | *sɯk8 | siak8 | sik8 | sek8 | sek8 | siak8 | |
cooked rice | 飯 | *puĩ6 | pŋ5 | puĩ6 | pŋ1 | puŋ6 | pɯŋ6 | pui1 |
copper | 銅 | *taŋ2 | taŋ2 | taŋ2 | taŋ2 | taŋ2 | taŋ2 | taŋ2 |
corpse | 屍 | *si1 | si1 | si1 | si1 | si1 | si1 | si1 |
correct (adj.) | 正 | *tsiã5 | tsiã5 | tsiã5 | tsã5 | tsiã5 | tsiã5 | tsia5 |
correct (v.) | 改 | *koi3 | kue3 | ke3 | kɛ3 | koi3 | koi3 | kɔi3 |
cotton | 棉 | *mĩ2 | mĩ2 | bĩ2 | miŋ2 | mi2 | mi2 | mi2 |
country | 國 | *kok7 | kɔk7 | kɔk7 | koʔ7 | kok7 | kok7 | kuek7 |
county | 縣 | *kuõi6 | kuĩ5 | kuãi6 | kuŋ1 | kuĩ6 | kuãi6 | kuai1 |
cover (v.) | □ | *kʰam5 ~ kʰõi5 | kʰam5 | kʰam5 | kaŋ3 | kʰãi5 | kʰãi5 | |
covering basket | 罩 | *ta5 ~ *tau5 ~ *tsau4 | tau5 | ta5 | tɔ5 | tsau4 | tsau4 | tsau4 |
cow | 牛 | *ŋu2 | ɡu2 | ɡu2 | ɡu2 | ɡu2 | ɡu2 | ŋu2 |
crab | 蟹 | *hoi4 | hue4 | he6 | he4 | hoi4 | hoi4 | hɔi4 |
crack (n.) | 縫 | *pʰaŋ6 | pʰaŋ5 | pʰaŋ6 | pʰaŋ5 | pʰaŋ6 | pʰaŋ6 | pʰaŋ1 |
crack (v.) | 必 | *pit7 | pit7 | pit7 | peʔ7 | pek7 | pik7 | |
craftsman | 匠 | *tsʰiõ6 | tsʰiũ5 | tsʰiɔ̃6 | tsʰiŋ5 | tsiaŋ4 | tsʰiõ6 | tsʰiɔ1 |
crawl | 爬 | *pe2 | pe2 | pɛ2 | pa2 | pe2 | pe2 | pɛ2 |
crisp | 酥 | *sou1 | sɔ1 | sɔ1 | sou1 | sou1 | ||
cross river | 渡 | *tou6 | tɔ5 | tɔ6 | tu1 | tou6 | tou6 | tɛu1 |
crucian carp | 鯽 | *tsit7 (?) | tsit8 | tsit8 | tsiaʔ7 | tsek7 | tsik7 | tsiek7 |
cry | □ | *kʰau5 | kʰau5 | kʰau5 | kʰau5 | kʰau5 | kʰau5 | |
cup | 杯 | *pue1 | pue1 | pue1 | pue1 | pue1 | pue1 | puɛ1 |
cupboard | 櫥 | *tu2 | tu2 | tu2 | tu2 | tu2 | tu2 | |
cut (fingernails) | 鉸 | *ka1 | ka1 | ka1 | ka1 | ka1 | ka1 | |
cut (hairs) | 剃 | *tʰi5 | tʰiʔ7 | tʰi5 | tʰi5 | tʰi5 | tʰi5 | tʰi5 |
cut (v.) | 割 | *kuaʔ7 | kuaʔ7 | kuaʔ7 | kua5 | kuaʔ7 | kuaʔ7 | kua7 |
cut down | 劈 | *pʰik7 | pʰiak7 | pʰik7 | pʰiaʔ7 | pʰek7 | pʰek7 | pʰik7 |
damp (1) | □ | *tam2 | tam2 | tam2 | taŋ2 | tam2 | tam2 | tam2 |
damp (2) | 濕 | *sip7 | sip7 | sip7 | seʔ7 | sip7 | sip7 | sip7 |
dare | 敢 | *kã3 | kã3 | kã3 | kã3 | kã3 | kã3 | ka3 |
dark | 暗 | *am5 | am5 | am5 | aŋ5 | am5 | am5 | am5 |
dash water (on person) | □ | *tsaŋ2 | tsaŋ2 | tsaŋ2 | tsaŋ2 | tsaŋ2 | ||
day | 日 | *dit8 | lit8 | dzit8 | leʔ8 | zek8 | zik8 | ziek8 |
deaf | 聾 | *laŋ2 | laŋ2 | laŋ2 | laŋ2 | laŋ2 | laŋ2 | laŋ2 |
deep | 深 | *tsʰim1 | tsʰim1 | tsʰim1 | tsʰeŋ1 | tsʰim1 | tsʰim1 | tsʰim1 |
deer | 鹿 | *lok8 ~ *lɯk8 ~ *tɯk8 | lɔk8 | lɔk7 | loʔ8 | lek8 | tek8 | tiak8 |
deer’s horn | 茸 | *dioŋ2 | liɔŋ2 | dziɔŋ2 | zioŋ2 | zioŋ2 | zioŋ2 | ziɔŋ2 |
dense | 密 | *bat8 | bat8 | bat8 | baʔ8 | bak8 | ||
determine | 決 | *kuat7 | kuat7 | kuat7 | kiaʔ7 | kuak7 | kuak7 | kʰiek7 |
dew | 露 | *lou6 | lɔ5 | lɔ6 | lu5 | lou6 | lou6 | lɛu1 |
difficult | 惡 | *oʔ7 | oʔ7 | oʔ7 | ɤ5 | oʔ7 | oʔ7 | ɔ7 |
diligent | 勤 | *kʰɯn2 | kʰun2 | kʰin2 | kʰeŋ2 | kʰeŋ2 | kʰiŋ2 | kʰieŋ2 |
dirty | □□ | *nap7 sap7 (?) | lap7 sap7 | laʔ7 saʔ7 | naʔ7 sap7 | naʔ7 sap7 | lap8 tsai4 | |
disassemble | 拆 | *tʰiaʔ7 | tʰiaʔ7 | tʰiaʔ7 | tʰia5 | tʰiaʔ7 | tʰiaʔ7 | tʰia7 |
dish | 配 | *pʰuø5 | pʰə5 | pʰue5 | pʰue5 | pʰue5 | pʰuɛ5 | |
dislike and avoid | 嫌 | *hiam2 | hiam2 | hiam2 | hiam2 | hiam2 | hiam2 | |
dive | 沕 | *bi6 | bi5 | bi6 | bi1 | bi6 | bi6 | |
dog | 狗 | *kau3 | kau3 | kau3 | kau3 | kau3 | kau3 | |
door | 門 | *muĩ2 | bŋ2 | buĩ2 | mŋ2 | muŋ2 | mɯŋ2 | mui2 |
dragon | 龍 | *lɯŋ2 | liŋ2 | liɔŋ2 | loŋ2 | leŋ2 | leŋ2 | liaŋ2 |
dream | 夢 | *maŋ6 | baŋ5 | baŋ6 | baŋ5 | maŋ6 | maŋ6 | maŋ1 |
dried meat | 臘 | *laʔ8 | laʔ8 | laʔ8 | la4 | laʔ8 | laʔ8 | la4 |
drill | 鑽 | *tsuĩ5 | tsŋ5 | tsuĩ5 | tsuŋ5 | tsɯŋ5 | tsɯŋ5 | tsui5 |
drink (1) | 食 | *tsiaʔ8 | tsiaʔ8 | tsiaʔ8 | tsia4 | tsiaʔ8 | tsiaʔ8 | tsia4 |
drink (2) | 啉 | *nim1 (?) | lim1 | lim1 | nim1 | nim6 | ||
dry | □ | *ta1 | ta1 | ta1 | ta1 | ta1 | ta1 | |
dry in the sun | 曝 | *pʰak8 | pʰak8 | pʰak8 | pʰaʔ8 | pʰak8 | pʰak8 | pʰak8 |
duck | 鴨 | *aʔ7 | aʔ7 | aʔ7 | a5 | aʔ7 | aʔ7 | a7 |
duckweed | 薸 | *pʰio2 | pʰio2 | pʰio2 | pʰiɤ2 | pʰio2 | pʰio2 | pʰiɔ2 |
dumplings’ stuffing | 餡 | *ã6 | ã5 | ã6 | haŋ1 | ã6 | ã6 | a1 |
dye | 染 | *nĩ3 | nĩ3 | lĩ3 | niŋ3 | ni3 | ni3 | ni3 |
eagle | 鷹 | *iŋ1 | iŋ1 | iŋ1 | eŋ1 | eŋ1 | eŋ1 | iŋ1 |
ear | 耳 | *hi4 ~ *hĩ4 | hi3 | hi6 | hiŋ4 | hĩ4 | hĩ4 | hi4 |
early | 早 | *tsa3 | tsa3 | tsa3 | tsa3 | tsa3 | tsa3 | tsa3 |
earth; soil | 塗 | *tʰou2 | tʰɔ2 | tʰɔ2 | tʰu2 | tʰou2 | tʰou2 | tʰɛu2 |
earthen jar | 缸 | *kõ1 | kŋ1 | kŋ5 | kaŋ1 | kɯŋ1 | kɯŋ1 | kɔ1 |
easy | □ | *koi6 | kue5 | koi6 | koi6 | |||
eat | 食 | *tsiaʔ8 | tsiaʔ8 | tsiaʔ8 | tsia4 | tsiaʔ8 | tsiaʔ8 | tsia4 |
edge | 墘 | *kĩ2 | kĩ2 | kiŋ2 | kĩ2 | kĩ2 | ki2 | |
eel | 鱔 | *tsʰua4 ~ *sian4 | tsʰuã4 | siaŋ6 | tsʰuã4 | siaŋ4 | siaŋ4 | tsʰua4 |
egg | 卵 | *nuĩ4 | nŋ4 | luĩ6 | nuŋ4 | nɯŋ4 | nɯŋ4 | nui4 |
eggplant | 茄 | *kio2 | kio2 | kio2 | kiɤ2 | kio2 | kio2 | kiɔ2 |
eight | 八 | *poiʔ7 | pueʔ7 | peʔ7 | pe5 | poiʔ7 | poiʔ7 | pɔi7 |
elder brother | 兄 | *hiã1 | hiã1 | hiã1 | hiã1 | hiã1 | hiã1 | hia1 |
elder brother’s wife | 嫂 | *so3 | so3 | so3 | sɤ3 | so3 | so3 | sɔ3 |
embryo | 胎 | *tʰø1 | tʰə1 | tʰe1 | tʰɛ1 | tʰo1 | tʰo1 | tʰai1 |
empty | 空 | *kʰaŋ1 | kʰaŋ1 | kʰaŋ1 | kʰaŋ1 | kʰaŋ1 | kʰaŋ1 | |
end | 終 | *tsioŋ1 | tsiɔŋ1 | tsiɔŋ1 | tsoŋ1 | tsoŋ1 | tsoŋ1 | tsɔŋ1 |
enter | 入 | *dip8 | lip8 | dzip8 | leʔ8 | zip8 | zip8 | zip8 |
estimate | 估 | *kou3 | kɔ3 | kɔ3 | kou3 | kɛu3 | ||
excrement | 屎 | *sai3 | sai3 | sai3 | sɛ3 | sai3 | sai3 | sai3 |
expensive | 貴 | *kui5 | kui5 | kui5 | kui5 | kui5 | kui5 | kui5 |
extinguish | 熄 | *set7 | sit7 | sit7 | seʔ7 | sek7 | sek7 | sik7 |
extremely | 極 | *kik8 | kiak8 | kik7 | keʔ8 | kek8 | kek8 | kik8 |
eye | 目 | *mak8 | bak8 | bak8 | baʔ8 | mak8 | mak8 | mak8 |
eyebrow | 眉 | *bai2 | bai2 | bai2 | bɛ2 | bai2 | bai2 | bai2 |
face | 面 | *min6 | bin5 | bin6 | beŋ5 | meŋ6 | miŋ6 | mieŋ1 |
fall down | 跋 | *puaʔ8 | puaʔ8 | puaʔ8 | pua4 | puaʔ8 | puaʔ8 | pua4 |
fan (v.) | □ | *pʰuaʔ7 | pʰua5 | pʰuaʔ7 | pʰuaʔ7 | |||
far | 遠 | *huĩ4 | hŋ3 | huĩ6 | huŋ4 | hŋ4 | hŋ4 | hui4 |
fart | 屁 | *pʰui5 | pʰui5 | pʰui5 | pʰui5 | pʰui5 | pʰui5 | pʰui5 |
fast; tight | 緊 | *kin3 | kin3 | kin3 | keŋ3 | keŋ3 | kiŋ3 | kieŋ3 |
fat | 肥 | *pui2 | pui2 | pui2 | pui2 | pui2 | pui2 | pui2 |
father’s elder brother | 伯 | *peʔ7 | peʔ7 | pɛʔ7 | pa5 | peʔ7 | peʔ7 | pɛ7 |
father’s younger brother | 叔 | *tsɯk7 | tsiak7 | tsik7 | tsɤ4 | tsek7 | tsek7 | tsip7 |
feed | 飼 | *tsʰi6 | tsʰi5 | tsʰi6 | tsʰi1 | tsʰi6 | tsʰi6 | tsʰi1 |
feel dizzy | 眩 | *hin2 | hin2 | heŋ2 | heŋ2 | hiŋ2 | hieŋ2 | |
festival | 節 | *tsoiʔ7 | tsueʔ7 | tseʔ7 | tse5 | tsoiʔ7 | tsoiʔ7 | tsɔi7 |
few | 少 | *tsio3 | tsio3 | tsio3 | tsɤ3 | tsio3 | tsio3 | tsiɔ3 |
field | 層 | *tsʰan2 | tsʰan2 | tsʰan2 | tsʰaŋ2 | tsʰaŋ2 | tsʰaŋ2 | tsʰaŋ2 |
filial | 孝 | *ha5 | ha5 | ha5 | ha5 | ha5 | ha5 | ha5 |
fill up (with earth or mud) | 坉 | *tʰun6 | tʰun5 | tʰun6 | tʰueŋ5 | tʰuŋ6 | tʰuŋ6 | |
fine; small | 幼 | *iu5 ~ *iũ5 | iu5 | iu5 | iu5 | iũ5 | iũ5 | iu5 |
finger | 指 | *tsãi3 | tsuĩ3 | tsãi3 | tsɛ3 | tsãi3 | tsãi3 | tsai3 |
fingernail | 甲 | *kaʔ7 | kaʔ7 | kaʔ7 | ka5 | kaʔ7 | kaʔ7 | ka7 |
fingerprint | 腡 | *lø2 | lə2 | le2 | lue2 | lo2 | lo2 | lɛ2 |
finished | 完 | *uan2 | uan2 | uan2 | buaŋ2 | uaŋ2 | uaŋ2 | zieŋ2 |
fire | 火 | *huø3 | hə3 | hue3 | hue3 | hue3 | hue3 | huɛ3 |
first | (第)一 | *it7 | it7 | it7 | eʔ7 | ek7 | ik7 | iek7 |
fish | 魚 | *hɯ2 | hɯ2 | hi2 | hi2 | hɯ2 | hu2 | hu2 |
fist | 拳 | *kun2 | kun2 | kun2 | kueŋ2 | kʰuŋ2 | kʰuŋ2 | kʰieŋ2 |
five | 五 | *ŋou4 | ɡɔ4 | ɡɔ6 | ɡu4 | ŋou4 | ŋou4 | ŋɛu4 |
flax | 苧 | *tioi4 | tue4 | te6 | tiɔ4 | tiu4 | tiu4 | |
flea | 蚤 | *tsau3 | tsau3 | tsau3 | tsɔ3 | tsau3 | tsau3 | tsau3 |
float | 浮 | *pʰu2 | pʰu2 | pʰu2 | pʰu2 | pʰu2 | pʰu2 | pʰu2 |
flower | 花 | *hue1 | hue1 | hua1 | hua1 | hue1 | hue1 | huɛ1 |
fly (n.) | 蠅 | *sin2 | sin2 | sin2 | seŋ2 | seŋ2 | siŋ2 | siŋ2 |
fly (v.) | 飛 | *puø1 | pə1 | pue1 | pue1 | pue1 | pue1 | puɛ1 |
foam | □ | *pʰuøʔ8 | pʰəʔ8 | pʰueʔ8 | pʰɤ5 | pʰueʔ8 | pʰueʔ8 | pʰuɛ4 |
follow | 綴 | *tuø3 | tə3 | tue3 | tue3 | tue3 | tue3 | |
foot; leg | 骹 | *kʰa1 | kʰa1 | kʰa1 | kʰa1 | kʰa1 | kʰa1 | kʰa1 |
forehead | 額 | *ŋhiaʔ8 | hiaʔ8 | hiaʔ8 | ia4 | hiaʔ8 | hiaʔ8 | ŋia4 |
forest | 林 | *nã2 | nã2 | lã2 | nã2 | na2 | lim2 | lim2 |
four | 四 | *si5 | si5 | si5 | si5 | si5 | si5 | si5 |
fragrant | 芳 | *pʰaŋ1 | pʰaŋ1 | pʰaŋ1 | pʰaŋ1 | pʰaŋ1 | pʰaŋ1 | pʰaŋ1 |
fresh | 鮮 | *tsʰĩ1 | tsʰĩ1 | tsʰĩ1 | siaŋ1 | tsʰĩ1 | tsʰĩ1 | tsʰi1 |
friend | 友 | *iu3 | iu3 | iu3 | iu3 | iu3 | iu3 | ziu3 |
frightened | 驚 | *kiã1 | kiã1 | kiã1 | kiã1 | kiã1 | kiã1 | kia1 |
front | 前 | *tsõi2 | tsuĩ2 | tsiŋ2 | tsiŋ2 | tsãi2 | tsãi2 | tsai2 |
fruit | 果 | *kuø3 | kə3 | kue3 | kɔ3 | kue3 | kuẽ3 | kuɛ3 |
fry | 炒 | *tsʰa3 | tsʰa3 | tsʰa3 | tsʰa3 | tsʰa3 | tsʰa3 | tsʰa3 |
frying pan | 鼎 | *tiã3 | tiã3 | tiã3 | tiã3 | tiã3 | tiã3 | tia3 |
full | 充 | *tsʰioŋ1 | tsʰiɔŋ1 | tsʰiɔŋ1 | tsʰoŋ1 | tsʰoŋ1 | tsʰoŋ1 | tsʰɔŋ1 |
full (of water) | 滇 | *tĩ4 | tĩ4 | tĩ6 | tiŋ4 | tĩ4 | tĩ4 | ti4 |
full with hunger satisfied | 飽 | *pa3 | pa3 | pa3 | pa3 | pa3 | pa3 | pa3 |
get | 得 | *tit7 | tit7 | tit7 | teʔ7 | tek7 | tik7 | tiek7 |
gill | 鰓 | *tsʰi1 | tsʰi1 | tsʰi1 | tsʰi1 | tsʰi1 | tsʰi1 | tsʰi1 |
ginger | 薑 | *kiõ1 | kiũ1 | kiɔ̃1 | keŋ1 | kiõ1 | kiõ1 | kiɔ1 |
ginseng | 參 | *søm1 ~ *sim1 | səm1 | sɔm1 | saŋ1 | sim1 | sim1 | sim1 |
give as | 送 | *saŋ5 | saŋ5 | saŋ5 | saŋ5 | saŋ5 | saŋ5 | saŋ5 |
give birth | 生 | *sẽ1 | sĩ1 | sɛ̃1 | sã1 | sẽ1 | sẽ1 | sɛ1 |
glutinous rice | 秫 | *tsut8 | tsut8 | tsut8 | tsoʔ8 | tsuk8 | tsuk8 | tsuk8 |
go | 去 | *kʰɯ5 | kʰɯ5 | kʰi5 | kʰi5 | kʰɯ5 | kʰu5 | kʰu5 |
go-between | 媒 | *mhue2 ~ *mhuø2 | m2 | bun2 ~ bue2 | bue2 | bue2 | bue2 | buɛ2 |
go out | 出 | *tsʰut7 | tsʰut7 | tsʰut7 | tsʰoʔ7 | tsʰuk7 | tsʰuk7 | tsʰuk7 |
gold | 金 | *kim1 | kim1 | kim1 | keŋ1 | kim1 | kim1 | kim1 |
good | 好 | *ho3 | ho3 | ho3 | hɤ3 | ho3 | ho3 | hɔ3 |
good fortune (1) | 吉 | *kiat7 | kiat7 | kiat7 | kiaʔ7 | kek7 | kiak7 | kiek7 |
good fortune (2) | 福 | *hok7 | hɔk7 | hɔk7 | hoʔ7 | hok7 | hok7 | hɔk7 |
goose | 鵝 | *ɡia2 ~ *ɡo2 | ɡia2 | ɡo2 | zia2 | ɡo2 | ɡo2 | ɡɔ2 |
grain | 粟 | *tsʰɯk7 | tsʰiak7 | tsʰik7 | tsʰoʔ7 | tsʰek7 | tsʰek7 | tsʰiak7 |
grandson | 孫 | *sun1 | sun1 | sun1 | sueŋ1 | suŋ1 | suŋ1 | suŋ1 |
grave | 墓 | *mou6 | bɔ5 | bɔŋ6 | bu5 | mo4 | mo4 | mɛu1 |
grind (v.) (1) | 磨 | *bua2 | bua2 | bua2 | bua2 | bua2 | bua2 | bua2 |
grind (v.) (2) | 研 | *ŋian2 ~ *ŋõi3 | ŋuĩ3 | ɡan3 | ziaŋ2 | ŋiaŋ2 | ŋiaŋ3 | liɛŋ2 |
guess | 約 | *ioʔ7 | ioʔ7 | ioʔ7 | ziɤ5 | ioʔ7 | ioʔ7 | |
guest | 客 | *kʰeʔ7 | kʰeʔ7 | kʰɛʔ7 | kʰa5 | kʰeʔ7 | kʰeʔ7 | kʰɛ7 |
guilt | 罪 | *tsuø4 | tsə4 | tse6 | tsue4 | tsue4 | tsue4 | tsui4 |
hair | 毛 | *mõ2 | bŋ2 | bɔ̃2 | mŋ2 | mo2 | mo2 | bɔ2 |
hairpin | 簪 | *tʰoi1 | tʰue1 | tʰe1 | tʰoi1 | tʰoi1 | tʰɔi1 | |
half | 半 | *puã5 | puã5 | puã5 | puã5 | puã5 | puã5 | pua5 |
hamper | 籮 | *lua2 | lua2 | lua2 | lua2 | lua2 | lua2 | lɔ2 |
hand | 手 | *tsʰiu3 | tsʰiu3 | tsʰiu3 | tsʰu3 | tsʰiu3 | tsʰiu3 | tsʰiu3 |
hang | 吊 | *tiau5 | tiau5 | tiau5 | tiɔ5 | tiau5 | tiau5 | tiau5 |
happy | 歡喜 | *huã1hi3 | huã1hi3 | huã1hi3 | huã1hi3 | huã1hĩ3 | hua1hi3 | |
harbour | 澳 | *uo5 | o5 | o5 | ɔ5 | õ5 | o5 | au5 |
hard | 橂 | *tõi6 | tuĩ5 | tan6 | tiŋ1 | tãi6 | tãi6 | tai1 |
hasty | 急 | *kip7 | kip7 | kip7 | keʔ7 | kip7 | kip7 | kʰip7 |
hat | 帽 | *bo6 | bo5 | bo6 | bɤ1 | bo6 | bo6 | mau4 |
hatch (eggs) | 孵 | *pu6 | pu5 | pu6 | pu1 | pu6 | pu6 | pu1 |
have | 有 | *u4 | u4 | u6 | bua4 | u4 | u4 | u4 |
having flaw | 缺 | *kʰiʔ7 | kʰiʔ7 | kʰiʔ7 | kʰi5 | kʰiʔ7 | kʰiʔ7 | kʰi7 |
head | 頭 | *tʰau2 | tʰau2 | tʰau2 | tʰɔ2 | tʰau2 | tʰau2 | tʰau2 |
heal | 醫 | *i1 ~ *ui1 | i1 | i1 | i1 | ui1 | ui1 | i1 |
heart | 心 | *sim1 | sim1 | sim1 | seŋ1 | sim1 | sim1 | sim1 |
heavy | 重 | *taŋ4 | taŋ4 | taŋ6 | taŋ4 | taŋ4 | taŋ4 | taŋ4 |
hemp | 麻 | *muã2 | muã2 | buã2 | muã2 | mua2 | mua2 | mua2 |
hoe | 鋤 | *tɯ2 | tɯ2 | ti2 | tʰui2 | tɯ6 | tu2 | tʰu2 |
hold | 承 | *sen2 | sin2 | sin2 | seŋ2 | seŋ2 | seŋ2 | siŋ2 |
hold in arms | 抱 | *pʰo4 | pʰo4 | pʰo6 | pʰɤ4 | pʰo4 | pʰo4 | pʰɔ4 |
hold in mouth | 含 | *kam2 | kam2 | kam2 | kaŋ2 | kam2 | kam2 | kam2 |
hold up with palm | 托 | *tʰuʔ7 | tʰuʔ7 | tʰuʔ7 | tʰoʔ7 | tʰoʔ7 | tʰoʔ7 | tʰɔ7 |
hollow | 泛 | *pʰã5 | pʰã5 | pʰã5 | pʰã5 | pʰã5 | huam5 | baŋ5 |
horn | 角 | *kak7 | kak7 | kak7 | kaʔ7 | kak7 | kak7 | kak7 |
horse | 馬 | *be3 | be3 | bɛ3 | ba3 | be3 | be3 | bɛ3 |
hot | 熱 | *duaʔ8 | luaʔ8 | dzuaʔ8 | ziaʔ8 | zuaʔ8 | zuaʔ8 | zua4 |
house | 厝 | *tsʰu5 | tsʰu5 | tsʰu5 | tsʰu5 | tsʰu5 | tsʰu5 | tsʰu5 |
household | 家 | *ke1 | ke1 | kɛ1 | ka1 | ke1 | ke1 | kɛ1 |
how (big) (1) | [ 若夥 ] | *lua4 | lua4 | lua6 | lua4 | ua4 | ||
how (big) (2)[2] | 若 | *zioʔ8 | zioʔ8 | zioʔ8 | ||||
how (many) | 幾 | *kui3 | kui3 | kui3 | kui3 | kui3 | kui3 | kui3 |
hundred | 百 | *peʔ7 | peʔ7 | pɛʔ7 | pa5 | peʔ7 | peʔ7 | pɛ7 |
hundred million | 億 | *ik7 | iak7 | ik7 | i5 | ek8 | ek8 | i7 |
hungry | 枵 | *iau1 | iau1 | iau1 | iɔ1 | iau1 | ||
husband | 翁 | *aŋ1 | aŋ1 | aŋ1 | aŋ1 | aŋ1 | ||
I | 我 | *ɡua3 | ɡua3 | ɡua3 | bua3 | ua3 | ua3 | ba3 |
ice | 冰 | *piã1 ~ *piŋ1 | piŋ1 | piŋ1 | peŋ1 | piã1 | piã1 | peŋ1 |
indigo | 藍 | *lam2 | lam2 | lam2 | laŋ2 | nam2 | nam2 | lam2 |
infect | 穢 | *uø5 | ə5 | ue5 | ue5 | uɛ5 | ||
ink | 墨 | *bak8 | bak8 | bak8 | baʔ8 | bak8 | bak8 | bak8 |
inkstone | 硯 | *ŋhĩ6 | hĩ5 | hĩ6 | niŋ1 | ŋi6 | ŋĩ6 | hi1 |
insane | 痟 | *sau3 ~ siau3 | siau3 | sɔ3 | siau3 | siau3 | sau7 | |
insect | 蟲 | *tʰaŋ2 | tʰaŋ2 | tʰaŋ2 | tʰaŋ2 | tʰaŋ2 | tʰaŋ2 | tʰaŋ2 |
insert | 插 | *tsʰaʔ7 | tsʰaʔ7 | tsʰaʔ7 | tsʰa5 | tsʰaʔ7 | tsʰaʔ7 | tsʰa7 |
inside | 裡 | *lai4 | lai4 | lai6 | li5 | lai4 | lai4 | lai4 |
insipid | 䭕 | *tsiã3 | tsiã3 | tsiã3 | tsiã3 | tsiã3 | tsiã3 | tsia3 |
intestine | 腸 | *tõ2 | tŋ2 | tŋ2 | tŋ2 | tɯŋ2 | tɯŋ2 | tɔ2 |
invert | 覆 | *pʰak7 | pʰak7 | pʰak7 | pʰak7 | pʰak7 | pʰak7 | |
invitation card | 帖 | *tʰiap7 | tʰiap7 | tʰiap7 | tʰiaʔ7 | tʰiap7 | tʰiap7 | tʰiap7 |
invite | 請 | *tsʰiã3 | tsʰiã3 | tsʰiã3 | tsʰiã3 | tsʰiã3 | tsʰiã3 | tsʰia3 |
invoke blessing | 祝 | *tsiok7 | tsiɔk7 | tsiɔk7 | tsoʔ7 | tsok7 | tsok7 | tsɔk7 |
iron | 鐵 | *tʰiʔ7 | tʰiʔ7 | tʰiʔ7 | tʰi5 | tʰiʔ7 | tʰiʔ7 | tʰi7 |
itchy | 癢 | *tsiõ4 | tsiũ4 | tsiɔ̃6 | tsiŋ4 | tsiõ4 | tsiõ4 | tsiɔ4 |
jade-stone | 玉 | *ɡɯk8 | ɡiak8 | ɡiɔk8 | ɡoʔ8 | ɡek8 | ɡek8 | ziak8 |
jellyfish | 䖳 | *tʰe6 | tʰe5 | tʰɛ6 | tʰe5 | tʰe6 | tʰe6 | tʰɛ1 |
jest at | □ | *ŋiat8 | ɡiat8 | ɡiat8 | ŋiak8 | |||
join | 合 | *hap8 | hap8 | hap8 | haʔ8 | hap8 | hap8 | hap8 |
joy | 樂 | *luok8 | lɔk8 | lɔk8 | lɤ4 | lak8 | lak8 | lɔk7 |
juice | 汁 | *tsiap7 ~ *tsap7 | tsap7 | tsiap7 | tsiaʔ7 | tsap7 | tsap7 | tsiap7 |
jump | □ | *tio2 | tio2 | tio2 | tiɔ2 | |||
keep | 守 | *tsiu3 | tsiu3 | tsiu3 | tsu3 | siu3 | siu3 | tsiɔ3 |
keep mouth shut | 默 | *mhik8 (?) | hmʔ8 | hmʔ8 | baʔ8 | mek8 | mek8 | mek8 |
kick | 踢 | *tʰat7 | tʰat7 | tʰat7 | tʰiaʔ7 | tʰak7 | tʰak7 | tʰak7 |
kill (1) | 治 | *tʰai2 | tʰai2 | tʰai2 | tʰɛ2 | tʰai2 | tʰai2 | tʰai2 |
kill (2) | 殺 | *suaʔ7 | suaʔ7 | suaʔ7 | saʔ7 | suaʔ7 | suaʔ7 | sua7 |
kiss (v.) | 斟 | *tsim1 | tsim1 | tsim1 | tsim1 | tsim1 | ||
knife | 刀 | *to1 | to1 | to1 | tɤ1 | to1 | to1 | tɔ1 |
knock | □ | *kʰa5 | kʰa5 | kʰa5 | kʰɤ5 | kʰa5 | ||
know | 知 | *tsai1 | tsai1 | tsai1 | tsɛ1 | tsai1 | tsai1 | tsai1 |
ladle | 桸 | *hia1 | hia1 | hia1 | hia1 | hia1 | hia1 | |
lady | 娘 | *niõ2 | niũ2 | liɔ̃2 | niŋ2 | nio2 | nio2 | niɔ2 |
lake | 湖 | *ou2 | ɔ2 | ɔ2 | hu2 | ou2 | ou2 | ɛu2 |
lame | 瘸 | *kʰuø2 | kʰə2 | kʰɤ2 | kʰue2 | kʰue2 | kʰuɛ2 | |
lamp | 燈 | *tiŋ1 | tiŋ1 | tiŋ1 | teŋ1 | teŋ1 | teŋ1 | teŋ1 |
language; speech | 話 | *ue6 | ue5 | ua6 | bua1 | ue6 | ue6 | uɛ1 |
late | 晏 | *uã5 | uã5 | uã5 | muã5 | uã5 | ua5 | |
laugh | 笑 | *tsʰio5 | tsʰio5 | tsʰio5 | tsʰɤ5 | tsʰio5 | tsʰio5 | tsʰiɔ5 |
law | 法 | *huap7 | huat7 | huat7 | huaʔ7 | huak7 | huap7 | bak7 |
lazy | □ | *tuã4 | tuã4 | tuã6 | tuã4 | tuã4 | tuã4 | tua4 |
leaf | 箬 | *nhioʔ8 | hioʔ8 | hioʔ8 | liɤ4 | hioʔ8 | hioʔ8 | hiɔ4 |
lean upon | 倚 | *ua3 | ua3 | ua3 | ua3 | ua3 | ua3 | ua3 |
learn | 學 | *oʔ8 | oʔ8 | oʔ8 | ɤ4 | oʔ8 | oʔ8 | ɔ4 |
learned | 博 | *pʰuok7 | pʰɔk7 | pʰɔk7 | pʰoʔ7 | pʰak7 | pʰak7 | pɔk7 |
leisure | 閑 | *õi2 | uĩ2 | iŋ2 | iŋ2 | ãi2 | õi2 | ai2 |
letter | 批 | *pʰoi1 | pʰue1 | pʰe1 | pʰe1 | pʰoi1 | pʰoi1 | pʰɔi1 |
lick with tongue | 舐 | *tsi4 | tsi4 | tsi6 | tsi4 | tsi4 | tsi4 | |
lie down | 倒 | *to3 | to3 | to3 | tɤ3 | to3 | to3 | |
light | 輕 | *kʰin1 | kʰin1 | kʰin1 | kʰeŋ1 | kʰeŋ1 | kʰiŋ1 | kʰieŋ1 |
light green | 綠 | *lɯk8 | liak8 | lik8 | loʔ8 | lek8 | lek8 | liak8 |
lips | 唇 | *tun2 | tun2 | tun2 | tueŋ2 | tuŋ2 | tuŋ2 | tuŋ2 |
listen | 聽 | *tʰiã1 | tʰiã1 | tʰiã1 | tʰiã1 | tʰiã1 | tʰiã1 | tʰia1 |
litchi | 荔 | *noĩ6 | nuĩ5 | lãi6 | leŋ1 | li4 | li4 | li7 |
liver | 肝 | *kuã1 | kuã1 | kuã1 | kuã1 | kuã1 | kuã1 | kua1 |
long | 長 | *tõ2 | tŋ2 | tŋ2 | tŋ2 | tɯŋ2 | tɯŋ2 | tɔ2 |
loose | 冗 | *nɯŋ6 | liŋ5 | liŋ6 | loŋ1 | neŋ6 | leŋ6 | niaŋ1 |
lose (hairs) | 脫 | *tʰut7 | tʰut7 | tʰut7 | tʰoʔ7 | tʰuk7 | tʰuk7 | tʰuk7 |
louse | 蝨 | *sat7 | sat7 | sap7 | saʔ7 | sak7 | sak7 | sak7 |
low | 下 | *ke4 | ke4 | kɛ6 | kia4 | ke4 | ke4 | |
lung[3] | 肺 | *pʰui5 ~ *hui5 | hui5 | hi5 | pʰui5 | hui5 | hui5 | hui5 |
make profit | 趁 | *tʰan5 | tʰan5 | tʰan5 | tʰaŋ5 | tʰaŋ5 | tʰaŋ5 | tʰaŋ5 |
mango | 檨 | *suõi6 ̃(?) | suan5 | suã̃i6 | suã̃i6 | suã̃i6 | ||
many | □ | *tsoi6 | tsue5 | tse6 | tse1 | tsoi6 | tsoi6 | tsɔi1 |
marry | 嫁 | *ke5 | ke5 | kɛ5 | ka5 | ke5 | ke5 | kɛ5 |
mast | 桅 | *ui2 | ui2 | ui2 | bui2 | ui2 | ui2 | |
meat | 肉 | *nhɯk8 | hiak8 | nek8 | nek8 | hip8 | ||
medical plaster | 膏 | *ko1 | ko1 | ko1 | kɤ1 | ko1 | ko1 | kɔ1 |
medicine | 藥 | *ioʔ8 | ioʔ8 | ioʔ8 | ziɤ4 | ioʔ8 | ioʔ8 | iɔ4 |
melon | 瓜 | *kue1 | kue1 | kua1 | kua1 | kue1 | kue1 | kuɛ1 |
metallic ore | 礦 | *kʰuoŋ5 | kʰŋ5 | kʰɔŋ5 | kuã3 | kʰuaŋ5 | kʰuaŋ5 | kʰuaŋ5 |
mill | 磨 | *mo6 | bo5 | bo6 | bɤ1 | mo6 | mo6 | mɔ1 |
mirror | 鏡 | *kiã5 | kiã5 | kiã5 | kiã5 | kiã5 | kiã5 | kia3 |
miss (v.) | 念 | *niam6 | liam5 | liam6 | liaŋ1 | niam4 | niam4 | niam1 |
mist; fog | 霧 | *bu6 ~ *bou6 | bu5 | bu6 | bu5 | bu6 | bu6 | bɛu5 |
mix | 攙 | *tsʰam1 | tsʰam1 | tsʰam1 | tsʰaŋ1 | |||
mixed | 雜 | *tsap8 | tsap8 | tsap8 | tsaʔ8 | tsap8 | tsap8 | tsap8 |
mole | 痣 | *ki5 | ki5 | ki5 | ki5 | ki5 | ki5 | ki5 |
money | 錢 | *tsĩ2 | tsĩ2 | tsĩ2 | tsiŋ2 | tsĩ2 | tsĩ2 | tsi2 |
monkey | 猴 | *kau2 | kau2 | kau2 | kɔ2 | kau2 | kau2 | kau2 |
moon; month | 月 | *ɡuøʔ8 | ɡəʔ8 | ɡueʔ8 | bue4 | ɡueʔ8 | ɡueʔ8 | buɛ4 |
mortar | 臼 | *kʰu4 | ku4 | kʰu6 | kʰu4 | kʰu4 | kʰu4 | kʰu4 |
mosquito | 蠓 | *maŋ3 | baŋ3 | baŋ3 | baŋ3 | maŋ3 | maŋ3 | maŋ3 |
moss | 苔 | *tʰi2 | tʰi2 | tʰi2 | tʰi2 | tʰi2 | tʰi2 | tʰi2 |
mother’s brother | 舅 | *ku4 | ku4 | ku6 | ku4 | ku4 | ku4 | ku4 |
mountain | 山 | *suã1 | suã1 | suã1 | suã1 | suã1 | suã1 | sua1 |
mouth | 喙 | *tsʰui5 | tsʰui5 | tsʰui5 | tsʰui5 | tsʰui5 | tsʰui5 | |
move | 動 | *taŋ4 | taŋ4 | taŋ6 | taŋ4 | taŋ4 | taŋ4 | tʰaŋ4 |
move by lever | 撬 | *kiau4 | kiau4 | kiau6 | kiɤ4 | kiau4 | kiau4 | kiau4 |
mushroom | 菇 | *kou1 | kɔ1 | kɔ1 | ku1 | kou1 | kou1 | kɛu1 |
mute | 啞 | *e3 | e3 | ɛ̃3 | a3 | e3 | e3 | ɛ3 |
name | 名 | *miã2 | biã2 | biã2 | miã2 | miã2 | miã2 | mia2 |
narrow | 狹 | *oiʔ8 | ueʔ8 | eʔ8 | e4 | oiʔ8 | oiʔ8 | ɔi4 |
near | 近 | *kɯn4 | kun4 | kin6 | keŋ4 | keŋ4 | kiŋ4 | kieŋ4 |
neck | 頷 | *am4 | am2 | am6 | am4 | am4 | am4 | |
nest | 岫 | *siu6 | siu5 | siu6 | siu5 | siu6 | siu6 | siu1 |
net | 網 | *maŋ4 | baŋ4 | baŋ6 | baŋ4 | maŋ4 | maŋ4 | maŋ4 |
new | 新 | *sin1 | sin1 | sin1 | seŋ1 | seŋ1 | siŋ1 | sieŋ1 |
nine | 九 | *kau3 | kau3 | kau3 | kɔ3 | kau3 | kau3 | kau3 |
north | 北 | *pak7 | pak7 | pak7 | paʔ7 | pak7 | pak7 | pak7 |
nose | 鼻 | *pʰi6 ~ *pʰĩ6 | pʰi5 | pʰĩ6 | pʰi5 | pʰĩ6 | pʰĩ6 | pʰi1 |
not | 唔 | *m6 | m5 | m6 | ŋ1 | m4 | m4 | |
not to have; no; not | 無 | *bo2 | bo2 | bo2 | bɤ2 | bo2 | bo2 | bɔ2 |
oar | 槳 | *tsiõ3 | tsiũ3 | tsiɔ̃3 | tsiõ3 | tsio3 | ||
obey | 服 | *hok8 | hɔk8 | hɔk8 | hoʔ8 | hok8 | hok8 | hɔk8 |
oil | 油 | *iu2 | iu2 | iu2 | iu2 | iu2 | iu2 | iu2 |
old (1) | 老 | *lau4 | lau4 | lau6 | lɤ3 | lau4 | lau4 | lau4 |
old (2) | 舊 | *ku6 | ku5 | ku6 | ku1 | ku6 | ku6 | ku1 |
one | 蜀 | *tsit8 ~ *tsɯk8 | tsit8 | tsit8 | tseʔ8 | tsek8 | tsek8 | ziak8 |
oneself | 家己 | *ka1ki6 (?) | kai4ki5 | ka1ki2 | ka1ki6 | ka1ki5 | ka4ki1 | |
only | 獨 | *tok8 | tɔk8 | tɔk8 | toʔ8 | tok8 | tok8 | tɔk8 |
open | 開 | *kʰui1 | kʰui1 | kʰui1 | kʰui1 | kʰui1 | kʰui1 | kʰui1 |
open (eyes) | 擘 | *peʔ7 | pɛʔ7 | pa5 | peʔ7 | peʔ7 | pɛ7 | |
outside | 外 | *ɡua6 | ɡua5 | ɡua6 | ɡua6 | ɡua6 | bua1 | |
owe | 欠 | *kʰiam5 | kʰiam5 | kʰiam5 | kʰiaŋ5 | kʰiam5 ~ kʰim5 | kʰeŋ5 | kʰiam5 |
oyster | 蠔 | *o2 | o2 | o2 | ɤ2 | o2 | o2 | ɔ2 |
pair (of shoes) | 雙 | *saŋ1 ~ *siaŋ1 | saŋ1 | siaŋ1 | saŋ1 | saŋ1 | saŋ1 | siaŋ1 |
palm | 掌 | *tsiõ3 | tsiũ3 | tsiɔ̃3 | tsŋ3 | tsiõ3 | tsiõ3 | tsiɔ3 |
peel (v.) | 擘 | *peʔ7 | peʔ7 | pɛʔ7 | pa5 | peʔ7 | peʔ7 | pɛ7 |
pen | 筆 | *pit7 | pit7 | pit7 | peʔ7 | pek7 | pik7 | piek7 |
person | 儂 | *naŋ2 | laŋ2 | laŋ2 | laŋ2 | naŋ2 | naŋ2 | naŋ2 |
pick up | 抾 | *kʰioʔ7 | kʰioʔ7 | kʰioʔ7 | kʰiɤ5 | kʰioʔ7 | kʰioʔ7 | kʰiɔ7 |
picture | 畫 | *ue6 | ue5 | ua6 | bua1 | ue6 | ue6 | uɛ1 |
pig | 豬 | *tɯ1 | tɯ1 | ti1 | tɯ1 | tu1 | tu1 | |
pigeon | 鴿 | *kap7 | kap7 | kap7 | kaʔ7 | kap7 | kap7 | kap7 |
pillar | 柱 | *tʰiau4 | tʰiau4 | tʰiau6 | tʰiɔ4 | tʰiau4 | tʰiau4 | tʰiau4 |
pinch (1) | 夾 | *ŋoiʔ7 ~ *koiʔ7 | ɡueʔ7 | ɡɛ̃ʔ7 | kaʔ7 | kiap8 | kiap7 | kɔi7 |
pinch (2) | □ | *niam5 | liam5 | niam5 | niam5 | niam7 | ||
placenta of womb | 衣 | *ui1 | ui1 | ui1 | ui1 | ui1 | ||
play (n.) | 戲 | *hi5 | hi5 | hi5 | hi5 | hi5 | hi5 | hi5 |
play (v.) | □□ | *tʰit7 tʰo2 | tʰit7 tʰo2 | tsʰit7 tʰo2 | tʰek7 tʰo2 | tʰik7 tʰo2 | tiŋ7 tʰɔŋ2 | |
plow | 犂 | *loi2 | lue2 | le2 | le2 | loi2 | loi2 | lɔi2 |
plum | 梅 | *mue2 (?) | m2 | m2 ~ bue2 | ŋ2 | bue2 | bue2 | buɛ2 |
poison (n.) | 毒 | *tak8 | tak8 | tak8 | toʔ8 | tak8 | tak8 | tak8 |
port | 港 | *kaŋ3 | kaŋ3 | kaŋ3 | kaŋ3 | kaŋ3 | kaŋ3 | kaŋ3 |
pour liquid into cup | □ | *tʰin2 | tʰin2 | tʰin2 | tʰeŋ2 | tʰiŋ2 | ||
precious | 寶 | *po3 | po3 | po3 | pɤ3 | po3 | po3 | pɔ3 |
press (v.) | □ | *diʔ8 | tsʰiʔ8 | dziʔ8 | ziʔ8 | ziʔ8 | ||
press down | □ | *teʔ7 | teʔ7 | tɛʔ7 | ta5 | teʔ7 | teʔ7 | tɛ7 |
pretend | □ | *tẽ5 | tĩ5 | tɛ̃5 | tã5 | tẽ5 | tẽ5 | tɛ5 |
price | 價 | *ke5 | ke5 | kɛ5 | ka5 | ke5 | ke5 | kɛ5 |
prosper | 旺 | *uoŋ6 | ɔŋ5 | ɔŋ6 | buaŋ1 | uaŋ4 | uaŋ4 | baŋ4 |
pull out | 挽 | *maŋ3 | ban3 | ban3 | baŋ3 | maŋ3 | maŋ3 | maŋ3 |
pulse | 脈 | *meʔ8 | beʔ8 | bɛ̃ʔ8 | mã4 | meʔ8 | meʔ8 | bɛ4 |
pungent | 辣 | *luaʔ8 | luaʔ8 | luaʔ8 | lua4 | luaʔ8 | luaʔ8 | lua4 |
punish | 罰 | *huat8 | huat8 | huat8 | huaʔ8 | huak8 | huak8 | huak8 |
purchase grain | 糴 | *tiaʔ8 | tiaʔ8 | tiaʔ8 | tia4 | tiaʔ8 | tiaʔ8 | tia4 |
rabbit | 兔 | *tʰou5 | tʰɔ5 | tʰɔ5 | tʰou5 | tʰou5 | tʰɛu5 | |
rain | 雨 | *hou4 | hɔ4 | hɔ6 | hu4 | hou4 | hou4 | hɛu4 |
rainbow | □ | *kʰɯŋ4 | kʰiŋ4 | kʰiŋ6 | kʰueŋ1 | kʰeŋ4 | kʰeŋ4 | kʰiaŋ4 |
rain-hat | 笠 | *loiʔ8 | lueʔ8 | leʔ8 | le4 | loiʔ8 | loiʔ8 | lɔi4 |
raise (head) | □ | *ɡiaʔ7 (?) | kaʔ8 | ɡiaʔ7 | kʰia5 | kiaʔ8 | ||
raise; go up | 上 | *tsiõ4 ~ *tsʰiõ4 | tsʰiũ4 | tsʰiɔ̃6 | tsŋ4 | tsiõ4 | tsiõ4 | tsiɔ4 |
rank | 級 | *kip7 ~ *kʰip7 | kip7 ~ kʰip7 | kip7 | kʰeʔ7 | kʰip7 | kʰip7 | kʰip7 |
ransom | 贖 | *siok8 ~ *sɯk8 | siɔk8 | siɔk8 | soʔ8 | sok8 | sok8 | siak8 |
rat | 鼠 | *tsʰɯ3 | tsʰɯ3 | tsʰi3 | tsʰi3 | tsʰɯ3 | tsʰu3 | tsʰu3 |
ravine | 坑 | *kʰẽ1 | kʰĩ1 | kʰɛ̃1 | kʰã1 | kʰẽ1 | kʰẽ1 | kʰɛ1 |
read | 讀 | *tʰak8 | tʰak8 | tʰak8 | tʰaʔ8 | tʰak8 | tʰak8 | tʰak8 |
real | 真 | *tsin1 | tsin1 | tsin1 | tseŋ1 | tseŋ1 | tsiŋ1 | tsieŋ1 |
reaping hook | 鐮 | *liam2 ~ *nõi2 | nuĩ2 | liam2 | niam2 | liam2 | liam2 | |
receive | 接 | *tsiʔ7 | tsiʔ7 | tsiʔ7 | tsiaʔ7 | tsiʔ7 | tsiʔ7 | tsi7 |
recognise | 認 | *din6 | lin5 | dzin6 | leŋ1 | zeŋ6 | ziŋ6 | zieŋ1 |
red | 紅 | *aŋ2 | aŋ2 | aŋ2 | aŋ2 | aŋ2 | aŋ2 | aŋ2 |
remain | 留 | *lau2 | lau2 | lau2 | lɔ2 | lau2 | lau2 | lau2 |
remember | 記 | *ki5 | ki5 | ki5 | ki5 | ki5 | ki5 | ki5 |
remove to another place | 徙 | *sua3 | sua3 | sua3 | sua3 | sua3 | sua3 | sua3 |
residence | 宅 | *tʰeʔ8 | tʰeʔ8 | tʰɛʔ8 | tʰa4 | tʰeʔ8 | tʰeʔ8 | tsai1 |
rest | 息 | *set7 | sit7 | sit7 | seʔ7 | sek7 | sek7 | sik7 |
rice gruel | 糜 | *muø2 | bə2 | bãi2 | mŋ2 | mue2 | mue2 | muɛ2 |
rice in grain | 米 | *bi3 | bi3 | bi3 | bi3 | bi3 | bi3 | bi3 |
rice plant | 粙 | *tiu4 | tiu4 | tiu6 | tiu4 | tiu4 | tiu4 | |
rice seedlings | 秧 | *õ1 | ŋ1 | ŋ1 | ŋ1 | ŋ1 | ŋ1 | iɔ1 |
rice water | 飲 | *am3 | am3 | am3 | aŋ3 | am3 | am3 | am3 |
rice-cake | 餜 | *kuø3 | kə3 | kue3 | kue3 | kue3 | kue3 | kɔ3 |
ride | 騎 | *kʰia2 | kʰa2 | kʰia2 | kʰi2 | kʰia2 | kʰia2 | kʰia2 |
right; correct | 著 | *tioʔ8 | tioʔ8 | tioʔ8 | tʰiɤ4 | tioʔ8 | tioʔ8 | tiɔ4 |
ringworm | 癬 | *tsʰuã3 ~ *sian3 | sian3 | sian3 | siaŋ3 | siaŋ3 | siaŋ3 | tsʰua3 |
rinse mouth | □ | *lɔk8 (?) | lɔk8 | lɔk8 | lɔŋ4 | |||
river | 溪 | *kʰoi1 | kʰue1 | kʰe1 | kʰe1 | kʰoi1 | kʰoi1 | kʰɔi1 |
road | 路 | *lou6 | lɔ5 | lɔ6 | lu1 | lou6 | lou6 | lɛu1 |
robber | 賊 | *tsʰat8 | tsʰat8 | tsʰat8 | tsʰaʔ8 | tsʰak8 | tsʰak8 | tsʰak8 |
roll up (sleeves) | □ | *piʔ7 | piʔ7 | piʔ7 | pi5 | |||
root | 根 | *kɯn1 | kun1 | kin1 | keŋ1 | keŋ1 | kiŋ1 | kieŋ1 |
rope | 索 | *soʔ7 | soʔ7 | soʔ7 | sɤ5 | soʔ7 | soʔ7 | sɔ7 |
round | 圓 | *ĩ2 | ĩ2 | ĩ2 | mŋ2 | ĩ2 | ĩ2 | i2 |
rub with hands | 挲 | *so1 | so1 | so1 | so1 | so1 | sɔ1 | |
rudder | 舵 | *tua4 | tua4 | tua6 | tɔ2 | tua4 | tua4 | tua4 |
ruler | 尺 | *tsʰioʔ7 | tsʰioʔ7 | tsʰioʔ7 | tsʰɤ5 | tsʰioʔ7 | tsʰioʔ7 | tsʰiɔ7 |
run | 走 | *tsau3 | tsau3 | tsau3 | tsɔ3 | tsau3 | tsau3 | tsau3 |
run over | □ | *kʰoiʔ7 | kʰueʔ7 | kʰeʔ7 | kʰoiʔ7 | kʰoiʔ7 | ||
s/he | 伊 | *i1 | i1 | i1 | i3 | i1 | i1 | i1 |
sail (n.) | 篷 | *pʰaŋ2 | pʰaŋ2 | pʰaŋ2 | pʰaŋ2 | pʰaŋ2 | pʰaŋ2 | pʰaŋ2 |
saliva | 瀾 | *nuã4 | nuã4 | luã6 | nuã4 | nua4 | nua4 | nua4 |
salt (n.) | 鹽 | *iam2 | iam2 | iam2 | iaŋ2 | iam2 | iam2 | iam2 |
salt (v.) | 鹽 | *sĩ6 | sĩ5 | sĩ6 | siŋ5 | |||
salty | 鹹 | *kiam2 | kiam2 | kiam2 | kiaŋ2 | kiam2 | kiam2 | kiam2 |
sand | 沙 | *sua1 | sua1 | sua1 | sua1 | sua1 | sua1 | sua1 |
saw | 鋸 | *kɯ5 | kɯ5 | ki5 | ki5 | kɯ5 | ku5 | ku5 |
scab | 疕 | *pʰi3 | pʰi3 | pʰi3 | pʰi3 | pʰi3 | pʰi3 | pʰi3 |
scald | 燙 | *tʰõ5 | tʰŋ5 | tʰɯŋ5 | tʰɯŋ5 | tʰɔ5 | ||
scale (of fish) | 鱗 | *lan2 | lan2 | lan2 | leŋ2 | laŋ2 | laŋ2 | laŋ2 |
scold | 罵 | *mẽ6 (?) | ma5 | bɛ̃6 | mã5 | me6 | me6 | mɛ1 |
scrape | 刮 | *kueʔ7 | kuaʔ7 | kuaʔ7 | kue5 | kueʔ7 | kueʔ7 | kuɛ7 |
sea | 海 | *hai3 | hai3 | hai3 | hɛ3 | hai3 | hai3 | hai3 |
search | □ | *tsʰuø6 | tsʰə5 | tsʰue6 | tsʰue5 | tsʰue6 | tsʰue6 | tuɛ5 |
seasonal market | 墟 | *hɯ1 | hɯ1 | hi1 | hi1 | hɯ1 | hu1 | |
second | (第)二 | *di6 | li5 | dzi6 | li1 | zi4 | zi4 | zi1 |
see (1) | 看 | *kʰuã5 (?) | kʰuã5 | kʰuã5 | kʰuã5 | --- | ||
see (2) | 睇 | *tʰõi3 (?) | tʰõi3 | tʰõi3 | ||||
segment (of orange) | □ | *niam6 | liam6 | niam6 | niam4 | niam1 | ||
seize | 奪 | *tøʔ8 | təʔ8 | tuaʔ8 | toʔ8 | toʔ8 | toʔ8 | tuak8 |
sell | 賣 | *boi6 | bue5 | be6 | be1 | boi6 | boi6 | bɔi1 |
sell grain | 糶 | *tʰio5 | tʰio5 | tʰio5 | tʰiɤ5 | tʰio5 | tʰio5 | |
send | 寄 | *kia5 | kia5 | kia5 | kia5 | kia5 | kia5 | kia5 |
separate into divisions | 撥 | *puaʔ7 ~ *pʰuaʔ7 | puaʔ7 | puaʔ7 | pua5 | pʰuaʔ7 | pʰuaʔ7 | bua7 |
set up | 設 | *siat7 | siat7 | siat7 | siaʔ7 | siak7 | siak7 | siek7 |
seven | 七 | *tsʰit7 | tsʰit7 | tsʰit7 | tsʰeʔ7 | tsʰek7 | tsʰik7 | tsʰiek7 |
sew | □ | *tʰĩ6 | tʰĩ5 | tʰĩ6 | tʰiŋ5 | tʰĩ6 | tʰĩ6 | tʰi1 |
shake (head) | 搖 | *io2 | io2 | io2 | iɤ2 | io2 | io2 | iɔ2 |
shallow | 淺 | *tsʰian3 | tsʰian3 | tsʰian3 | tsʰiŋ3 | tsʰiaŋ3 | tsʰieŋ3 | |
shape | 形 | *hiŋ2 | hiŋ2 | hiŋ2 | heŋ2 | heŋ2 | heŋ2 | hiŋ2 |
sharp | 利 | *lai6 | lai5 | lai6 | lɛ1 | lai6 | lai6 | lai1 |
sharp-pointed | 尖 | *tsiam1 | tsiam1 | tsiam1 | tsiaŋ1 | tsiam1 | tsiam1 | tsiam1 |
sheep; goat | 羊 | *iõ2 | iũ2 | iɔ̃2 | ziŋ2 | iõ2 | iõ2 | iɔ2 |
ship | 船 | *tsun2 | tsun2 | tsun2 | tsueŋ2 | tsuŋ2 | tsuŋ2 | tsuŋ2 |
shirt | 衫 | *sã1 | sã1 | sã1 | sã1 | sã1 | sã1 | sa1 |
shoe | 鞋 | *oi2 | ue2 | e2 | e2 | oi2 | oi2 | ɔi2 |
shop | 店 | *tiam5 ~ *tõi5 | tuĩ5 | tiam5 | tiŋ5 | tiam5 | tiam5 | tiam5 |
short | 短 | *tø3 | tə3 | te3 | tue3 | to3 | to3 | tɛ3 |
short (as man) | 矮 | *oi3 | ue3 | e3 | e3 | oi3 | oi3 | ɔi3 |
shoulder | 肩 | *kõi1 | kuĩ1 | kan1 | kiŋ1 | kãi1 | kõi1 | kieŋ1 |
shrimp | 蝦 | *he2 | he2 | hɛ2 | ha2 | he2 | he2 | hɛ2 |
shut | 關 | *kuẽ1 | kuĩ1 | kuã1 | kuã1 | kuẽ1 | kuẽ1 | kuaŋ1 |
shuttlecock | 毽 | *kian5 | kian5 | kian5 | kiaŋ5 | kiaŋ4 | kiaŋ4 | kieŋ5 |
sick | 病 | *pẽ6 | pĩ5 | pɛ̃6 | pã1 | pẽ6 | pẽ6 | pɛ1 |
sieve (n.) | 篩 | *tʰai1 | tʰai1 | tʰai1 | tʰɛ1 | tʰai1 | tʰai1 | tʰai1 |
silkworm | 蠶 | *tsʰam2 ~ *tsʰõi2 | tsʰam2 | tsʰan2 | tsʰaŋ2 | tsʰãi2 | tsʰãi2 | tsʰai2 |
silver | 銀 | *ŋɯn2 | ɡun2 | ɡin2 | zeŋ2 | ŋeŋ2 | ŋiŋ2 | ŋieŋ2 |
sink | 沉 | *tiam2 ~ *tim2 | tiam2 | tiam2 | teŋ2 | tim2 | tim2 | tʰiam2 |
sit | 坐 | *tsø4 | tsə4 | tse6 | tse4 | tso4 | tso4 | tsɛ4 |
six | 六 | *lak8 ~ *lɯk8 (?) | lak8 | lak8 | laʔ8 | lek8 | lak8 | lak8 |
skin | 皮 | *pʰuø2 | pʰə2 | pʰue2 | pʰue2 | pʰue2 | pʰue2 | pʰuɛ2 |
skirt | 裙 | *kun2 | kun2 | kun2 | kueŋ2 | kuŋ2 | kuŋ2 | kuŋ2 |
sky | 天 | *tʰĩ1 | tʰĩ1 | tʰĩ1 | tʰiŋ1 | tʰĩ1 | tʰĩ1 | tʰi1 |
slant | □ | *kʰi1 | kʰi1 | kʰi1 | kʰi1 | kʰi1 | kʰi1 | |
sleeve | 䘼 | *uĩ3 | ŋ3 | uĩ3 | mŋ3 | ŋ3 | ŋ3 | ui3 |
slice (of melon) | □ | *tø5 | tə5 | te5 | te5 | tɛ5 | ||
slim | □ | *san3 | san3 | san3 | saŋ3 | saŋ3 | saŋ3 | saŋ3 |
slip down | 崩 | *paŋ1 | paŋ1 | paŋ1 | paŋ1 | paŋ1 | paŋ1 | paŋ1 |
slippery | 滑 | *kut8 | kut8 | kut8 | koʔ8 | kuk8 | huk8 | kut8 |
slow | 慢 | *man6 | ban5 | ban6 | baŋ1 | maŋ6 | maŋ6 | maŋ1 |
small | 細 | *soi5 | sue5 | se5 | se5 | soi5 | soi5 | sɔi5 |
small jar | 罐 | *kuan5 | kuan5 | kuan5 | kuaŋ5 | kuaŋ5 | kuaŋ5 | kuaŋ5 |
smell (n.) | 味 | *bi6 | bi5 | bi6 | bi1 | bi6 | bi1 | |
smell (v.) | 鼻 | *pʰi6 ~ *pʰĩ6 | pʰi5 | pʰĩ6 | pʰi1 | pʰĩ6 | pʰĩ6 | pʰi1 |
smell of fish | 臊 | *tsʰo1 | tsʰo1 | tsʰo1 | tsʰɤ1 | tsʰo1 | tsʰo1 | |
smelly | 臭 | *tsʰau5 ~ *tsʰiau5 | tsʰau5 | tsʰau5 | tsʰiɔ5 | tsʰau5 | tsʰau5 | tsʰiau5 |
smoke; tobacco | 薰 | *hun1 | hun1 | hun1 | hueŋ1 | huŋ1 | huŋ1 | huŋ1 |
smooth with iron | 熨 | *ut7 | ut7 | ut7 | uk7 | uk7 | ||
snail | 螺 | *lø2 | lə2 | le2 | lue2 | lo2 | lo2 | lɛ2 |
snake | 蛇 | *tsua2 | tsua2 | tsua2 | tsua2 | tsua2 | tsua2 | tsua2 |
snow | 雪 | *søʔ7 | səʔ7 | seʔ7 | sue5 | soʔ7 | soʔ7 | sɔi7 |
socks | 襪 | *buøʔ8 | bəʔ8 | bueʔ8 | bue4 | bueʔ8 | ɡueʔ8 | bak8 |
soft | 軟 | *nuĩ3 | lŋ3 | luĩ3 | nuŋ3 | nɯŋ3 | nɯŋ3 | nui3 |
son | 囝 | *kiã3 | kã3 | kiã3 | kiã3 | kiã3 | kiã3 | kia3 |
song | 歌 | *kua1 | kua1 | kua1 | kɔ1 | kua1 | kua1 | kua1 |
son-in-law | 婿 | *sai5 | sai5 | sai5 | sɛ5 | sai5 | sai5 | si5 |
sound | 音 | *im1 | im1 | im1 | eŋ5 | im1 | im1 | im1 |
sour | 酸 | *suĩ1 | sŋ1 | suĩ1 | suŋ1 | sɯŋ1 | sɯŋ1 | sui1 |
south | 南 | *nam2 | lam2 | lam2 | laŋ2 | nam2 | nam2 | nam2 |
sparse | □ | *ka5 | ka5 | ka5 | ka5 | |||
speak (1) | 呾 | *tã5 | tã5 | tã5 | ||||
speak (2) | 說 | *suøʔ7 | səʔ7 | sueʔ7 | sue5 | sueʔ7 | sueʔ7 | suɛ7 |
speak (3) | 講 | *koŋ3 (?) | kaŋ3 | kɔŋ3 | kŋ3 | kɔ3 | ||
splash (v.) | 噴 | *pʰun5 | pʰun5 | pʰun5 | pʰueŋ5 | pʰuŋ5 | pʰuŋ5 | pʰuŋ5 |
splint | 篾 | *miʔ8 | biʔ8 | biʔ8 | bi4 | biʔ8 | biʔ8 | mi4 |
spread (a mat) | 舒 | *tsʰɯ1 | tsʰɯ1 | tsʰi1 | su1 | tsʰɯ1 | tsʰu1 | si1 |
spring | 春 | *tsʰun1 | tsʰun1 | tsʰun1 | tsʰueŋ1 | tsʰuŋ1 | tsʰuŋ1 | tsʰuŋ1 |
sprinkle | □ | *hiu5 ~ *hĩ5 (?) | hiu5 | hiu5 | huŋ5 | hĩ5 | hĩ5 | hi5 |
sprout | 發 | *puʔ7 (?) | puʔ7 | puʔ7 | pue5 | huak7 | huak7 | pu7 |
squat (v.) | 跍 | kʰu2 | kʰu2 | kʰu2 | kʰu2 | kʰu2 | kʰu2 | |
stack up | 疊 | *tʰaʔ8 | tʰaʔ8 | tʰaʔ8 | tʰa4 | tʰaʔ8 | tʰaʔ8 | tʰa4 |
stalk (of fruit) | 蒂 | *ti5 ~ *tiʔ7 | ti5 | ti5 | ti5 | tiʔ7 | tiʔ7 | ti7 |
stand | 徛 | *kʰia4 | kʰa4 | kʰia6 | kʰia4 | kʰia4 | kʰia4 | kʰia4 |
star | 星 | *tsʰẽ1 | tsʰĩ1 | tsʰɛ̃1 | tsʰã1 | tsʰẽ1 | tsʰẽ1 | tsʰɛ1 |
steal | 偷 | *tʰau1 | tʰau1 | tʰau1 | tʰɔ1 | tʰau1 | tʰau1 | tʰau1 |
steam | 蒸 | *tsiŋ1 | tsiŋ1 | tsiŋ1 | tseŋ1 | tseŋ1 | tseŋ1 | tsiŋ1 |
steelyard | 秤 | *tsʰin5 | tsʰin5 | tsʰin5 | tsʰeŋ5 | tsʰeŋ5 | tsʰiŋ5 | tsʰieŋ5 |
steep | 徛 | *kia4 | kia4 | kia6 | kʰia5 | kia4 | kia4 | |
step on | 踏 | *taʔ8 | taʔ8 | taʔ8 | ta4 | taʔ8 | taʔ7 | ta4 |
stir | □ | *la4 | la4 | la6 | la4 | la4 | la3 | |
stone | 石 | *tsioʔ8 | tsioʔ8 | tsioʔ8 | tsɤ4 | tsioʔ8 | tsioʔ8 | tsiɔ4 |
stop up | 窒 | *tʰat7 | tʰat7 | tʰat7 | tʰak7 | |||
straight | 直 | *tit8 | tit8 | tit8 | teʔ8 | tek8 | tik8 | tiek8 |
straw mat | 蓆 | *tsʰioʔ8 | tsʰioʔ8 | tsʰioʔ8 | tsʰɤ4 | tsʰioʔ8 | tsʰioʔ8 | tsʰiɔ4 |
street | 街 | *koi1 | kue1 | ke1 | ke1 | koi1 | koi1 | kɔi1 |
stretch out (hand) | 伸 | *tsʰun1 | tsʰŋ1 | tsʰun1 | tsʰuŋ1 | tsʰuŋ1 | tsʰuŋ1 | tsʰuŋ1 |
stride (v.) | 伐 | *huaʔ8 | huaʔ8 | huaʔ8 | huaʔ8 | huaʔ8 | hua4 | |
strike (a match) | □ | *ueʔ8 | ueʔ8 | uɛ2 | ||||
strike (v.) | 拍 | *pʰak7 | pʰaʔ7 | pʰaʔ7 | pʰaʔ7 | pʰaʔ7 | pʰaʔ7 | pʰa7 |
strike fire | □ | *kʰiat7 | kʰiat7 | kʰiat7 | kʰiak8 | |||
sugar | 糖 | *tʰõ2 | tʰŋ2 | tʰŋ2 | tʰŋ2 | tʰɯŋ2 | tʰɯŋ2 | tʰɔ2 |
sultry | □ | *hip7 | hip7 | hip7 | hip7 | hip7 | ip7 | |
summer | 夏 | *he6 | he5 | hɛ6 | ha1 | he6 | he6 | hɛ1 |
sun | 熱頭 | *dit8 tʰau2 | lit8 tʰau2 | dzit8 tʰau2 | leʔ8 tʰɔ2 | zek8 tʰau2 | zik8 tʰau2 | ziek8 tʰau2 |
surplus | 剩 | *sen6 | sin5 | sin6 | seŋ6 | seŋ2 | siŋ4 | |
sweat (of hand) | 液 | *sioʔ8 | sioʔ8 | sioʔ8 | siɤ4 | sioʔ8 | sioʔ8 | zɛ4 |
swim | 泅 | *siu2 | siu2 | siu2 | siu2 | siu2 | siu2 | siu2 |
table (1) | 桌 | *toʔ7 | toʔ7 | toʔ7 | tɤ5 | |||
table (2)[4] | 床 | *tsʰõ2 | tɤ5tsʰŋ2 | tsʰɯŋ2 | tsʰɯŋ2 | tsʰɔ2 | ||
tadpole | □ | *kuai1 | kuai1 | kuai1 | kui1 | |||
tail | 尾 | *buø3 | bə3 | bue3 | bue3 | bue3 | bue3 | buɛ3 |
take off (clothes) | 褪 | *tʰuĩ5 | tʰŋ5 | tʰuĩ5 | tʰɯŋ5 | tʰɯŋ5 | tʰui5 | |
take wife | 娶 | *tsʰua6 | tsʰua5 | tsʰua6 | tsʰua5 | tsʰua6 | tsʰua6 | |
tall | 懸 | *kuõi2 | kuĩ2 | kuãi2 | kuŋ2 | kuĩ2 | kuãi2 | kuai2 |
tame | 乖 | *kuai1 | kuai1 | kuai1 | kuɛ1 | kuai1 | kuai1 | kuai1 |
taro | 芋 | *ou6 | ɔ5 | ɔ6 | u1 | ou6 | ou6 | ɛu1 |
tax | 稅 | *suø5 | sə5 | sue5 | sue5 | sue5 | sue5 | suɛ5 |
tea | 茶 | *te2 | te2 | tɛ2 | ta2 | te2 | te2 | tɛ2 |
teach | 教 | *ka5 | ka5 | ka5 | ka5 | ka5 | ka5 | ka5 |
teeming | 鬧熱 | *nau6 diat8 | lau5 liat8 | lau6 dziat8 | lɔ1 ziaʔ8 | lau6 ziak8 | lau6 ziak8 | nau1 ziek8 |
temple | 廟 | *bio6 | bio5 | bio6 | biɤ1 | bio6 | bio4 | miau4 |
ten | 十 | *tsap8 | tsap8 | tsap8 | tsaʔ8 | tsap8 | tsap8 | tsap8 |
ten thousand | 萬 | *ban6 | ban5 | ban6 | baŋ1 | buaŋ6 | buaŋ6 | baŋ1 |
tendon | 筋 | *kɯn1 | kun1 | kin1 | keŋ1 | keŋ1 | kiŋ1 | kieŋ1 |
thank | 謝 | *sia6 | sia5 | sia6 | sia1 | sia6 | sia6 | sia1 |
that[5] | 許 | *hɯ3 | hit7 | hit7 | hi3 | hɯ3 | hi3 | |
thatch | 茅 | *mhau2 | bau2 | hm2 ~ m2 | hŋ2 | mau2 | mau2 | mau2 |
they[6] | [ 伊儂 ] | *i1 naŋ2 | in1 | in1 | i1 naŋ2 | iŋ1 | i1 naŋ2 | |
thick | 厚 | *kau4 | kau4 | kau6 | kɔ4 | kau4 | kau4 | kau4 |
thick (congee) (1) | 洘 | *kʰo3 | kʰo3 | kʰoʔ7 | kʰɤ3 | kʰɔ3 | ||
thick (congee) (2) | □ | *kit8 | kek8 | kik8 | kiek8 | |||
thick board (1) | 枋 | *paŋ1 | paŋ1 | paŋ1 | paŋ1 | paŋ1 | paŋ1 | |
thick board (2) | 板 | *pan3 ~ *põi3 | pan3 | pan3 | paŋ3 | pãi3 | põi3 | pai3 |
thin | 薄 | *poʔ8 | poʔ8 | poʔ8 | pɤ4 | poʔ8 | poʔ8 | pɔ4 |
think | 想 | *siõ3 ~ *siõ4 | siũ3 | siɔ̃3 | siŋ4 | siõ4 | sio4 | siɔ4 |
this[7] | 只 | *tsi3 | tsit7 | tsit7 | tsi3 | tsi3 | tsi3 | |
thousand | 千 | *tsʰõ̃i1 | tsʰuĩ1 | tsʰiŋ1 | tsʰiŋ1 | tsʰãi1 | tsʰãi1 | tsʰai1 |
thread | 線 | *suã5 | suã5 | suã5 | suã5 | suã5 | suã5 | sua5 |
three | 三 | *sã1 | sã1 | sã1 | sã1 | sã1 | sã1 | sa1 |
throat | 嚨 | *nã2 ~ lɯŋ2 | nã2 | lã2 | leŋ2 | liaŋ2 | ||
throw down | □ | *sak7 ~ *sɯk7 | sak7 | siak7 | saʔ7 | sek7 | sek7 | siak7 |
thunder | 雷 | *lui2 | lui2 | lui2 | lui2 | lui2 | lui2 | lui2 |
tickle | □ | *ŋiau1 ~ *niau1 | ŋiãu1 | ɡiãu1 | niau1 | niau1 | ||
tie (a knot) | 結 | *kat7 | kat7 | kat7 | kaʔ7 | kak7 | kak7 | kiek7 |
tie up | 縛 | *pak8 | pak8 | pak8 | paʔ8 | pak8 | pak8 | pak8 |
tiger | 虎 | *hou3 | hɔ3 | hɔ3 | hu3 | hõu3 | hou3 | hɛu3 |
tight | 緪 | *an2 | an2 | an2 | aŋ2 | aŋ2 | aŋ2 | |
tile | 瓦 | *hia4 | hia4 | hia6 | bua4 | hia4 | hia4 | hia4 |
tongue | 舌 | *tsiʔ8 | tsiʔ8 | tsiʔ8 | sua4 | tsiʔ8 | tsiʔ8 | tsi4 |
tooth | 齒 | *kʰi3 | kʰi3 | kʰi3 | kʰi3 | kʰi3 | kʰi3 | kʰi3 |
tortoise | 龜 | *ku1 | ku1 | ku1 | kui1 | ku1 | ku1 | ku1 |
transgress | 犯 | *huam4 | huan4 | huan6 | haŋ4 | huaŋ4 | huam4 | baŋ4 |
tree | 樹 | *tsiu6 | tsʰiu5 | tsʰiu6 | tsʰu5 | tsʰiu6 | tsʰiu6 | tsʰiu1 |
trousers | 褲 | *kʰou5 | kʰɔ5 | kʰɔ5 | kʰu5 | kʰou5 | kʰou5 | kʰɛu5 |
tubular container | 栱 | *koŋ3 | kɔŋ3 | kɔŋ3 | koŋ3 | |||
tuck | 楔 | *soiʔ7 | sueʔ7 | seʔ7 | se5 | soiʔ7 | soiʔ7 | |
turbid (1) | 醪 | *lo2 | lo2 | lo2 | lo2 | lo2 | ||
turbid (2) | 濁 | *tsuok8 | tsɔk8 | tsɔk8 | tsoʔ8 | tsuak8 | tsuak8 | tsuak8 |
turn around | 轉 | *tuĩ3 | tŋ3 | tuĩ3 | tuŋ3 | tɯŋ3 | tɯŋ3 | tui3 |
turn over | 反 | *põi3 | puĩ3 | pan3 | piŋ4 | pãi3 | pãi3 | pai3 |
twist | 旋 | *tsun4 | tsun4 | tsun6 | tsueŋ4 | tsuŋ4 | tsuŋ4 | |
two | 兩 | *nõ4 | nŋ4 | lɔ̃6 | nŋ3 | no4 | no4 | nɔ4 |
umbrella (1) | 傘 | *suã5 | suã5 | suã5 | suã5 | sua5 | ||
umbrella (2) | 遮 | *tsia1 | tsia1 | tsia1 | tsia1 | |||
uncooked | 生 | *tsʰẽ1 | tsʰĩ1 | tsʰɛ̃1 | tsʰã1 | tsʰẽ1 | tsʰẽ1 | tsʰɛ1 |
understand | □ | *pat7 | pat7 | pat7 | paʔ7 | pak7 | pak7 | pak7 |
unit of volume | 升 | *tsen1 | tsin1 | tsin1 | seŋ1 | seŋ1 | seŋ1 | siŋ1 |
untie | 敨 | *tʰau3 | tʰau3 | tʰau3 | tʰɔ3 | tʰau3 | tʰau3 | |
urine | 尿 | *dio6 | lio5 | dzio6 | liɤ1 | zio6 | zio6 | ziɔ1 |
use something to reach higher | □ | *kuø3 | kə3 | kue3 | kue3 | kue3 | ||
vase | 瓶 | *pan2 | pan2 | pan2 | paŋ2 | paŋ2 | paŋ2 | paŋ2 |
vegetable | 菜 | *tsʰai5 | tsʰai5 | tsʰai5 | tsʰɛ5 | tsʰai5 | tsʰai5 | tsʰai5 |
vomit | 吐 | *tʰou5 | tʰɔ5 | tʰɔ5 | tʰu5 | tʰou5 | tʰou5 | |
waist | 腰 | *io1 | io1 | io1 | iɤ1 | io1 | io1 | iɔ1 |
walk | 行 | *kiã2 | kiã2 | kiã2 | kiã2 | kiã2 | kiã2 | kia2 |
warm coat | 裘 | *hiu2 | hiu2 | hiu2 | hiu2 | hiũ2 | ||
wash | 洗 | *soi3 | sue3 | se3 | se3 | soi3 | soi3 | sɔi3 |
water (n.) | 水 | *tsui3 | tsui3 | tsui3 | tsi3 | tsui3 | tsui3 | tsui3 |
water (v.) | 沃 | *ak7 | ak7 | ak7 | aʔ7 | ok7 | ak7 | ak7 |
water in which rice has been washed | 潘 | *pʰun1 | pʰun1 | pʰun1 | pʰueŋ1 | pʰuŋ1 | pʰuŋ1 | pʰuŋ1 |
water lily | 蓮 | *lian2 ~ *nõi2 | nuĩ2 | lian2 | liaŋ2 | nai2 | noi2 | lieŋ2 |
wave (n.) | 湧 | *ɯŋ3 | iŋ3 | iŋ3 | ioŋ3 | eŋ3 | eŋ3 | iaŋ3 |
wave (v.) | □ | *iat8 | iat8 | iat8 | iaʔ8 | iaʔ8 | iaʔ8 | iek8 |
we[8] | [ 我儂 ] | *ɡua3 naŋ2 | ɡun3 | ɡun3 | uaŋ3 | uaŋ3 | ||
wear | 頌 | *tsʰɯŋ6 | tsʰiŋ5 | tsʰiŋ6 | tsoŋ1 | tsʰeŋ6 | tsʰeŋ6 | tsʰiaŋ1 |
weep | 啼 | *tʰi2 | tʰi2 | tʰi2 | tʰi2 | tʰi2 | tʰi2 | tʰi2 |
well (n.) | 井 | *tsẽ3 | tsĩ3 | tsɛ̃3 | tsã3 | tsẽ3 | tsẽ3 | tsɛ3 |
what | 乜 | *miʔ7 | mĩʔ7 | bĩ1 | meʔ7 | miʔ7 | mi7 | |
white | 白 | *peʔ8 | peʔ8 | pɛʔ8 | pa4 | peʔ8 | peʔ8 | pɛ4 |
wide | 闊 | *kʰuaʔ7 | kʰuaʔ7 | kʰuaʔ7 | kʰua5 | kʰuaʔ7 | kʰuaʔ7 | kʰua7 |
wife | 某 | *bou3 | bɔ3 | bɔ3 | bou3 | bou3 | ||
wind | 風 | *huoŋ1 | huaŋ1 | hɔŋ1 | hoŋ1 | huaŋ1 | huaŋ1 | huaŋ1 |
wind contrary | 逆(風) | *ŋik8 | ɡiak8 | ɡik8 | ziaʔ8 | ŋek8 | ŋek8 | ŋek8 |
winding | 彎 | *uan1 | uan1 | uan1 | uaŋ1 | uaŋ1 | uaŋ1 | uaŋ1 |
window | 窗 | *tʰeŋ1 ~ *tʰɯŋ1 | tʰaŋ1 | tʰaŋ1 | tʰɔ1 | tʰeŋ1 | tʰeŋ1 | tʰiaŋ1 |
wine | 酒 | *tsiu3 | tsiu3 | tsiu3 | tsiu3 | tsiu3 | tsiu3 | tsiu3 |
wing[9] | 翼 | *sip8 ~ *sit8 | sit8 | sit8 | seʔ8 | sek8 | sik8 | siek8 |
winnow (v.) | 簸 | *pua5 | pua5 | pua5 | pua5 | pua5 | pua5 | pua5 |
winter | 冬 | *taŋ1 | taŋ1 | taŋ1 | taŋ1 | taŋ1 | taŋ1 | taŋ1 |
wipe | 拭 | *tsʰit7 | tsʰit7 | tsʰit7 | tsʰek7 | tsʰik7 | tsʰiek7 | |
withdraw | 退 | *tʰø5 | tʰə5 | tʰe5 | tʰue5 | tʰo5 | tʰo5 | tʰɛ5 |
wonderful | 妙 | *miau6 | biau5 | biau6 | biɔ1 | miau4 | miau4 | miau3 |
wood[10] | 木 | *mak8 | bak8 | bak8 | boʔ8 | bak8 | bak8 | mɔk8 |
work (n.) | 工 | *kaŋ1 | kaŋ1 | kaŋ1 | kaŋ1 | kaŋ1 | kaŋ1 | kaŋ1 |
wrap up | 包 | *pau1 | pau1 | pau1 | pɔ1 | pau1 | pau1 | pau1 |
write | 寫 | *sia3 | sia3 | sia3 | sia3 | sia3 | sia3 | sia3 |
wrong | □ | *tã6 | tã5 | tã6 | tã6 | |||
year | 年 | *nhĩ2 | nĩ2 | lĩ2 | niŋ2 | ni2 | ni2 | hi2 |
yeast[11] | 麴 | *kʰak7 ~ *kʰɯk8 | kʰak7 | kʰak7 | kʰaʔ7 | |||
yellow | 黃 | *uĩ2 | ŋ2 | uĩ2 | ŋ2 | ŋ2 | ŋ2 | ui2 |
you | 汝 | *lɯ3 | lɯ3 | li3 | li3 | lɯ3 | lu3 | lu3 |
you (plural)[12] | [ 汝儂 ] | *lɯ3 naŋ2 | lin3 | lin3 | neŋ3 | niŋ3 | lu3 naŋ2 | |
younger brother | 弟 | *ti4 | ti4 | ti6 | ti4 | ti4 | ti4 | ti4 |
younger sister | 妹 | *muø6 | bə5 | bãi6 | mŋ1 | mue4 ~ mue6 | mue4 | muɛ1 |
See also
[edit]Footnotes
[edit]- ^ The Hǎikǒu form for this etymon [ŋia1] suggests the reconstruction of *ŋh-.
- ^ For the relationship between *lua4 and *zioʔ8, see Mei (1999: 13–15).
- ^ The reconstruction of *pʰui5 is based on the reflexes of Dàtián and Huìdōng ([pʰui5]).
- ^ There are two forms for referring ‘table’ in the Dàtián dialect: 桌 [tɤ5] and 桌床 [tɤ5 tsʰŋ2].
- ^ The Quánzhōu and Zhāngzhōu forms are fusions of *hɯ3 ‘that’ and *it7 ‘one’. See Mei (1999: 8) for discussions.
- ^ The Quánzhōu, Zhāngzhōu and Cháoyáng forms of this word are fusions of *i1 ‘s/he’ and *naŋ2 ‘person’ (cf. Norman 1983: 208; Mei 1999: 2–4). The Jiēyáng and Léizhōu dialects keep the original forms. See also the forms of ‘we’ and ‘you (plural)’.
- ^ For the etymology of this word, see Mei (1999: 21–23). The Quánzhōu and Zhāngzhōu forms are fusions of *tsi3 ‘this’ and *it7 ‘one’.
- ^ The modern forms of this word are believed to be fusions of *ɡua3 ‘I’ and *naŋ2 ‘person’ (cf. Norman 1983: 208; Mei 1999: 2–4). See also the forms of ‘you (plural)’ and ‘they’.
- ^ For the reconstruction of *sip8, see example 229 of Chapter 3.
- ^ The reconstruction of the *m- initial for this etymon is chiefly based on the reflex of Hǎifēng, i.e. [mak8].
- ^ For the reconstruction of *kʰɯk8, see example 352 of Chapter 3.
- ^ The modern forms of this word are believed to be fusions of *lɯ3 ‘you’ and *naŋ2 ‘person’ (cf. Norman 1983: 208; Mei 1999: 2–4). See also the forms of ‘we’ and ‘they’.
References
[edit]- Kwok, Bit-Chee (2018) Southern Min: comparative phonology and subgrouping (Routledge studies in East Asian linguistics), volume 2, New York: Routledge, →ISBN