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Appendix:Proto-Munda reconstructions

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

The Proto-Munda reconstructions in this page are from Sidwell & Rau (2015) and Rau (2019).

Sidwell & Rau (2015)

[edit]

The following Proto-Munda lexical proto-forms have been reconstructed by Sidwell & Rau (2015: 319, 340-363).[1] Two asterisks are given to denote the tentative, preliminary state of the proto-language reconstruction.

Gloss Proto-Munda
belly **(sə)laɟ
big **məraŋ
to bite **kaˀp
black **kE(n)dE
blood **məjam
bone **ɟaːˀŋ
to burn (vt.) **gEˀp
claw/nail **rəmAj
cloud **tərIˀp
cold **raŋ
die (of a person) **gOˀj
dog **sOˀt
to drink (water) **uˀt, **uˀk
dry (adj./stat.) **(ə)sAr
ear **lutur, **luˀt
earth/soil **ʔOte
to eat **ɟOm
egg **(ə)tAˀp
eye **maˀt
fat/grease/oil **sunum
feather **bəlEˀt
fire **səŋal
fish (n.) **ka, **kadO(ŋ)
fly (v.) **pEr
foot **ɟəːˀŋ
give **ʔam
hair (of head) **suˀk
hand **tiːˀ
to hear/listen **ajɔm
heart, liver **(gə)rE, **ʔim
horn **dəraŋ
I **(n)iɲ
to kill **(bə)ɡOˀɟ
leaf **Olaːˀ
to lie (down) **gətiˀc
long **ɟəlƏŋ
louse (head) **siːˀ
man/husband, person/human **kOrOˀ
meat/flesh **ɟəlU(Uˀ)
moon **harkE, **aŋaj
mountain/hill **bəru(uˀ)
mouth **təmOˀt
name **ɲUm
neck **kO, **gOˀk
new **təmI
night **(m)ədiˀp
nose **muːˀ
not **əˀt
one **mOOˀj
rain **gəma
red **ɟəŋAˀt
road, path **kOrA
root (of a tree) **rEˀt
sand **kEˀt
see **(n)El
sit **kO
skin **usal
sleep **gətiˀc
smoke (n.) **mOˀk
to speak, say **sun, **gam, **kaj
to stand **tənaŋ, **tƏŋgə
stone **bərƏl, **sərEŋ
sun **siŋi(iˀ)
tail **pata
thigh **buluuˀ
that (dist.) **han
this (prox.) **En
thou/you **(n)Am
tongue **laːˀŋ
tooth **gənE
tree **ɟiːˀ
two **baːˀr
to walk, go **sEn
to weave **ta(aˀ)ɲ
water **daːˀk
woman/wife **selA, **kəni
yellow **saŋsaŋ

Rau (2019)

[edit]

The following list of Proto-Munda reconstructions, along with supporting reflexes, is from Rau (2019).[2]

No. Gloss Proto-Munda Gorum Sora Remo Gutob Kharia Juang Gtaʔ Santali Mundari Ho Korwa Korku
1 water *daˀk ɖaʔ daːʔ dak' ɖaʔ ɖaʔ ɖag ndiaʔ dak' daː daʔ daːʔ ɖa
2 bone *ɟaŋ za̰ŋ əɟaːŋ siʔsaŋ sisaŋ jaŋ ɟaŋ ncia jaŋ jaːŋ jaŋ jaːŋ
3 tongue *laŋ laŋ əlaːŋ leaŋ laʔŋ laŋ elaŋ nlia alaŋ aːlaːŋ (leʔ) aːlaːŋ laŋ
4 tiger *kᵊla kulaʔ ˈkinaː ŋku gikil kiɽoʔ kiɭog nku kul kulaː kula kuːl kula
5 weave (v) *taɲ taɲ taɲ taNy taɲ taɲ teɲ teŋ teɲ
6 climb (v) *daˀc ɖaˀɟ daɟ ɖaĭ ɖaj ɖaɲ ɖæʔ de̠c' dej' deʔ deʔ (cuɖe)
7 horn *dəraŋ ɖeraŋ ˈdeˑraŋ deruŋ ɖereŋ ɖiraŋ dereɲ diriŋ diriɲ dereŋ
8 hand *tiiˀ siʔ siːʔ titi titi tiʔ iti nti ti ti tiː tiʔiː ʈi
9 louse *siiˀ (aŋiˀd) iʔi gisi gisi seʔ ɛsɛ gsi se siku siku guhiː siku
10 foot *ɟv₇ŋ zḭŋ ɟeːˀŋ suŋ suŋ juŋ iɟiŋ nco jaŋga jaŋga (naŋga)
11 head *bok₂oˀp baˀb boːˀb bob bob bokoˀb bokob bhaʔ bo̠ho̠k' bo boːʔ boʔ
12 eye *məˀt maˀd moːˀd/mad moʔ moʔ moˀɖ ɛmɔɖ muaʔ mẽ̠t' med' meɖ meɖ med
13 cut (v) *gəˀt gaˀd gad goʔ goɖ gaˀɖ gwaʔ ge̠t' ged' geɖ geɖ geʈ
14 thatch *v₉laŋ/ᵊlaŋ alaŋ əlaŋ lɔŋ uloŋ oloŋ oloŋ nlo
15 eat (v) *ɟv₁₀m zum ɟom sum som jom ɟim coŋ jo̠m jom jom jom jom
16 drunk *bul bṵl buʔul bu bil bul buli busaʔ bul bul bul bubul bubul
17 thigh *buluuˀ bulu buluː buli/bili bili bhulu bulu bulu bulu bulu bulu buːl bulu
18 ripe *bv₁₃lv₁₁ bulu bulu belom bilim ble bele bili bili bhiːliː bili
19 raw *bv₁₄rəl buro burol borol boron brwa be̠re̠l berel berel berel boboɽ
20 stone *səreŋ areŋ areŋ soreŋ sereŋ sereɲ
21 fuel *sv₁₄ŋəl/*sᵊŋəl aŋal aŋəl suŋo suŋol soŋgol sɛŋon sua se̠ŋge̠l seŋgel seŋgel seNgel
22 spread (vt) *bel bil bel/bɪːl be-sak' be-saʔ bel bɛn beʔ bel bil bil bel (bi)bil
23 burn (v) *bal bal baːl bal ba bal bal bal baːl baːl
24 tie (v) *tol tol tol tu tol tol tor tu to̠l tol tol tol ʈol
25 grind (v) *riˀt riˀd rid riʔ riɖ riɖ riɖ rig rit' ri'd riɖ riːɖ
26 fever/pain *k₂v₄su/*k₂ᵊsu asu asuː/əsuː siʔ isi kosu/kusu kasu aʔsu haso haːsu hasu hasuː kaSu
27 shoot (v) *tuɲ tiŋ tuɲ tiŋ tiŋ tuɲ tuɲ ʈwiŋ tuɲ tuiŋ tuŋ ʈuɲj
28 chicken *sim kənsiːm gisiŋ gisiŋ siŋkoy sɛŋkɔe gsæŋ sim sim sim siːm
29 wipe (v) *ɟoˀt zoˀd ɟoˀd susuʔ sosoɖ joˀɖ cuʔ jo̠t' jod' joɖ joɖ oːjo
30 fruit / to bear fruit (v) *ɟo(o)ˀ zoʔ ɟoːʔ suʔ cu jo̠ jo joː joʔ joː
31 sweep (v) *ɟoˀk zoʔ ɟoː suk' sog joʔ ɟɛnɔg coʔ jo̠k' joʔ joʔ ju-khɽi
32 hail/pebble *arel aril areːl are arel arel aɭɛn hare arel aːɽil aril aːril
33 night *juˀp uɖuˀb orub minɖip' noNdib iɖiˀb minɖig ayup' aːyub ayub ayub ayup
34 cloud *tv₁₅ruˀp taruˀb tarub tirib tirib tiriˀb trig rimil rimil rimil liNbir
35 leaf *v₁la(aˀ/ˀk)/ᵊla(aˀ/ˀk) olaʔ oːlaː ulak' olag ulaʔ olag uliaʔ palha paːlhaːo pala (sakam) paːla
36 skin *usal usal usal usa isaːl usal chalo ugsa chal saːli
37 laugh (v) *lv₁₈ᴺdv₂₀ liɖa (ɖoɖo) luɖo laɖa lara lwaʔ lanɖa laːnɖaː landa laːNd lanɖa
38 forehead/front *sv₂maŋ amaŋ ammaŋ gutumoŋ sumoŋ/amuŋ somoŋ/somo/sumaŋ ɛmɔŋ ssæ samaŋ saːmaːŋ sanamaŋ samaŋ samma
39 fear *bv₁₆toŋ butoŋ batoːŋ butuŋ butoŋ bɔtɔŋ (P) betɔŋan bʈoʔ botoŋ (bor)
40 cook (v) *ɖv₂₁ɲ ɖeɲ diɲ ɖoNĭ ɖoɲ ɖeɲ ɖɛɲ ɖue
41 snake *bv₃ɲ(ˀ) bubuˀd biɲ/biŋ bubuʔ buɽbui(ʔ) buɲam bubuŋ boʔ biɲ biŋ biɲ biːŋ biɲj
42 plough (v) *sv₂₂ (or) (or) se sui si si si si siu siː siː
43 lick (v) *ɟal zaleˀb ɟaːl salep' sal jal janɔ cca jal jal jal (jaɽaːʔ) jal
44 winnow (v) *gum gumar gum (giteʔ) gim gum guŋ/guɲ goŋ gum gum gum gum gum
45 sow (v) *bɨˀt buˀd büd biʔ biɽ biˀɖ bir big bit' bid' biɖ biʈ
46 boil (v) *v₂₃sin asin əsin nsiŋ isin isin isinɔ nsiŋ isin isin isin isiŋ isin
47 cover (v) *dal ɖal dal ɖalu ɖal ɖal ɖan ɖa dapal/dalo̠p' dapal/dālob dapal/dalop daːl
48 grab (v) *saˀp (sakab) sop' sob (suˀb) sɔb saʔ sap' saːb sab saːb saːp
49 bury (v) *tv₂₄l tul til ti til til tir (til) (til) tiːl
50 stand (v) *tv₁₉ŋv₂₅n/tv₁₉nv₂₅ŋ tinaŋ tanaŋ toŋ tunon tuŋon toŋon thwaN teŋgon tiŋun tiŋgu ʈengene
51 die (v) *goˀc/goj (kiˀd) (kajed) goĭ goj goˀj gɔɟ gweʔ go̠c' goj goj goej go
52 run (v) *ɲv₂₆r jer jer ur yar wir ɲir nir nir ɲir niɽe
53 new *tᵊme tḛmi tamme time time tonme tmi (nãwã) (nawã) (nama) (uni)
54 buffalo A:*boŋtel; B:*bitkil boŋtel boŋtel buŋte boŋtel boŋtel buNʈi bitkil biʈkhil
55 dry *v₁₄sər asar asar nsor usor kosor kosor nswar
56 bite (v) *k₂aˀp (kuˀb) (küb/kib/kaib) op ob hapkay haʔ hap' haːb hab haːp khap
57 blow (v) *peˀt peˀd ped peʔ peɖ pɛˀɖ perɔ piʔ phe̠t'
58 burn (vi) *geˀp geˀb tuŋgeːb gep' geb geb giʔ
59 blood A:*miɲam; B:majom miam miɲam iam iɲam iɲam/iɲɑm mia maNyaNM maːyom mayom mayum
60 buy/sell (vt) *soŋ suŋ soŋ soŋ soŋ so
61 sweet *sv₆bv₁₂l subu subul sebol sebel sibil sibil sebel simil
62 kindle (v) *tv₃ŋ tuŋ tuŋaːl tuŋgal toŋ tiŋgi tiŋ tiɲ ʈingi
63 stomach *lv₂₉ˀc (loːˀɟ) suloĭ suloj la(i)ˀj (lai) slweʔ lac' laːiˀ laːiʔ laːiːʔ laːj
64 big *mv₄raŋ maraŋ/məraŋ munaʔ (moɖo) mnaʔ maraŋ maraŋ maraŋ
65 white *əsel asel osel e̠se̠l esel esel hesel esel
66 lungs *bv₁₆rv₁₇(ˀp/ˀk) buroˀb bəroː buruk' buroʔ (buru) breʔ bo̠ro̠ (borkod') (borkoɖ) boro (bor)
67 liquor *v₁₅li ali əli/ali ili ili ili ili
68 husked rice *ruᴺku(ˀp/ˀk) ruŋk rʊŋkʊ ruŋku rukug ruŋkuˀb/rumkuˀb ruŋkub rkoʔ (rukhaɽ)
69 meat *ɟəlu ɟeluː sili/seli seli cili jel jilu jilu jilu
70 mango (ripe) *uli uːl uli ili (holɛ) uli ul uli uli uːl
71 fly A:*roj; B:*roko aroj əroːj (ayoŋ/ayuŋ) uroi (kɔnɖɔi) nɖroe ro̠ roko roko roʔo ruku
72 turmeric/yellow *saŋsaŋ saŋsaŋ sansaŋ saŋsaŋ saŋsaŋ saŋsaŋ saŋsaŋ ssia sasaŋ sasaŋ sasaŋ sasan
73 ear *lutur luˀd luˀd luntur litir lutur lutur/lutuʔ nlug lutur lutur lutur lutur lutur
74 nose *muuˀ muʔ muːʔ nseʔmiʔ miʔ romoŋ/romoˀɖ motɛɟ mmu muN mu/muhu muwa/muʈa huːmuː muː
75 sun *siŋi siŋi siŋi siŋ siŋ sni siɲ siŋi siŋi siːŋ
76 cover (v) *daˀp ɖaˀb dab ɖab dab dap' daːp daːb
77 ear of corn *gəle gali gale gileker gile gɔlɛ (ɔnɔ) (konto-ja) gele gele gele geleʔ (kelʈa)
78 two *bar bagu bar mbaʔr umbar ubar umba mbar bar baria bar baːr
79 additive particle *ɟa; ɟaaˀ; ɟaˀt zaˀd ɟaː sa sa ja ɟan ja jaː jaː ja'' ja
80 say (v) *gam gam gam gam gam gam gamu gamu
81 peacock *maraˀk marraʔ maːraː maraʔ maraʔ marag marak' maːraː maraː maraːq mara
82 long/tall *ɟv₃₆lv₃₇N zuleŋa ɟeleːn sileŋ sileɲ "jhelo(g || b || m)" ɟaliŋ clæ jeleɲ jiliŋ jiliɲ
83 ebony *tv₁₅rel tarel tire ti(ɽr)(ei)l tɛrɛn tre terel tiril tiril
84 gazelle *sv₆l₁₂ˀp alu'b əleːb sulup sulub selhob silib sloʔ selep' silib silib seleb
85 cross (v) *pəˀt pa'd pad poʔ poɖ paro(m) (pakea) pwaʔ par paːrom parom parom paːr
86 trample (v) *ten tin ten ten (ʈe) ten ʈhen ten ten ten
87 chase (v) *sv₃₀n san san sensen san (saŋgem) sen sen sen sen sen(e)
88 get (v) *ɲam ɲam ɲam ɲam naːm nam ɲaːm na
89 fall/rain (v) *gur gur gur gur gir gur gur gur gur gur gur guru
90 drink/swallow (v) *uˀt uˀd ur/uɖ ug ut' ud' uːɖ uːʈ
91 defecate (v) *iˀc ḭj / iˀɟ gad-iɟ ik' ig iˀj ij æg ic' ij' iiʔ iːq ich
92 contain/block (v) *bəˀt baˀd bad boʔ bod boaʔ be̠t' bed' beɖ
93 scrape (v) *laˀk laʔ lag laʔ lag liaʔ lak' laʔ laʔ
94 squeeze/milk (v) *roˀc (ra'd) (rad) riʔ roj roˀj roɟ rweʔ roco roeʔ roːeʔ roej ro(ː)c
95 porcupine *ɟiŋ(k) kənɟɪːŋ gisiŋreʔe jiŋray ɟiŋɛ gcæiŋ jhĩk jiki jiki jiːk jikɽa
96 fry/scrape (v) *gaˀc gaˀɟ gaɟ gaĭ gaj gaˀj gaj gæʔ ge̠c' geʔ
97 burn (chilies) (v) *per per per per pir pe̠ṛen (pertol)
98 be sated (v) *bv₃₁/*bv₃₁sv₃₂ buʔ beˀ busu busu "bes(o || u)" bisu bse bi(ʔ) biː(ʔ)/biu biː biː
99 hair *uˀp uʔ/(uppur) ugbok' iʔboʔ (ului) ugboʔ/ogboʔ up' ub' ub uːb huːp
100 name *ɲv₃₃m inum əɲam nimi imi (i)ɲimi mni ɲum/ɲutum num/nutum numu/nutum jimu
101 fish *k₂a(aˀ) ajuʔ əjoː aɽoŋ/CFːaʔ aʔɖoŋ kaɖoŋ karoŋ haʔɽo/CFːhaʔ hako haːi hai/haku hakuː kaːku
102 wind *k₂ojo uĭɖak' oioi koyo koio hueɽiaʔ hoyoŋ hoyo hoyo hoe koyo
103 sambar (deer) *sv₃₉r ki(N)sar kinsar saram/săram/sram/siram suram sɛram sra saram saːraːm saram (ruy)
104 husking mortar *sv₄₄(vˀ)l a̰l onoːl/OnAl sabu saʔal sol (hesab) saboʔ seːl/sehel sẽːl sel
105 bamboo joint *maˀt maˀd mad moʔ moɖa mɔɖɔ (leʔ-mweʔ) mat' maːd' maɖ maːɖ maːʈ
106 pull/drag (vt) *or or or (an) ur-guʔ or or or or o(ː)ɽ
107 slip (vi)/be slippery *ɟv₄₀ləˀt ɟaloː/ɟəloː(ɟ) sulo(ʔ) sulod joloɖ cluaʔ (jilet'/jalat') jilaːd' jilad jeleɖ (silir)
108 rain (n/vi) *gv₄₁ma gum arel-gum gim gima ? gaːmaː gama ghamaʔ
109 sip (v) *sv₄₂rv₄₂ˀp soɖo'b sərub surub suruˀb surupi srog sirup' siriːb
110 mouth *tv₄₃məˀt toˀd/tom tˀod/tam tumoʔ tumoʔ tomoˀɖ tɔmɔd tmwaʔ
111 distribute (v) *tv₄₅ˀɟ taˀɟ tij teʔsaʔgur tej taˀj taɟ toeʔ
112 unripe mango *k₂aˀc[e/ə]r/*k₂aˀk[e/ə]r aˀɟer ayer/ager aʔer kayar kae hiaʔir
113 irrigated field *lv₄₆joŋ lioŋ ljo lioŋ ljo loyoŋ loyoŋ
114 hill *buru bura bəru/baru/bur biri biroŋ/buroŋ biru bri buru buru buru buːruː
115 forest *biri bura bəru/baru/bur biri biroŋ/buroŋ biru bir bir bir bir bhiːr
116 elephant *rəəˀ raʔ raʔ roʔo
117 cloud *rimil rimil rimil rimil
118 six *tur turgi turru tiʔri tir tib(h)ru tur turui tur(u)iaː turui(ya) turuy(a)
119 seven *gul gulgi gulɟi giʔ gil gu (eae) (e(aː)) (ai(ya)) (ey(ya))
120 eight *tam tamgi tamɟi/tanɟi tomam tamgi tham
121 nine *tim timgi timɟi timgi so(n)tiŋ
122 ten *gv₄₈l galgi galɟi goː gol gel go gel gel(ea) gel gel(ya)
123 paddy *baaˀ baba baːbaː baʔ bua baːbaː baba (aːbaːga) baba
124 child *k₂on aŋon oˀoːn ɔ̃ʔɔ̃ oʔn konon kɔn ūhuŋo hon hon hon hon ko(ː)n
125 god *kitv₃ŋ kituŋ kittuŋ kitoŋ kituŋ kiʔtuŋ kitoŋ
126 inside *alv₃ŋ/*ᵊlv₃ŋ aluŋ əluŋ aluŋ aluŋ aluŋ alo
127 dirt *k₂umv₄₉/*k₂ᵊmv₄₉ mar imar (muili) hmar humu humuː kumu

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
  2. ^ Rau, Felix. (2019). Munda cognate set with proto-Munda reconstructions (Version 0.1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo.
[edit]
Vocabulary lists of Southeast Asian languages
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p-Kra-Dai • p-Kra • Laha • Qabiao • Gelao • p-Kam-Sui • Kam-Sui (Hunan) • p-Lakkia • Biao • p-Tai • Zhuang (Tiandeng) • Bouyei • p-Be • Jizhao • p-Hlai • Jiamao

Austronesian

p-Austronesian