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Appendix:Dhimalish comparative vocabulary list

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

The following comparative word list of Dhimalish languages (Lhokpu, Dhimal, and Toto) is from Grollmann & Gerber (2017: 53-65).

List

[edit]
No. Gloss Lhokpu Dhimal Toto Comments
1 head puhlum puriŋ parɔ́
2 hair (on head) puhsam pusiŋ puriŋ
3 hair (body) mul muisa musa
4 face doːŋ [< Dz. dong] rhai ŋuaŋ ‘mouth, face’ loanword in Lhokpu
5 forehead cewa [(?) < Dz. pcäu] kapal [< IA] tiŋŋuaŋ loanwords
6 chin kato ~ katoŋ kato
7 cheek jamlaŋ galbhuŋ yuwai cf. ‘jaw’
8 jaw dunsui, kagam jambai cf. ‘cheek’
9 mouth noi nui ŋuaŋ ‘mouth, face’
10 lip ŋulsa ‘upper lip’, wesa ‘lower lip’ dirbe
11 tongue l̥ésa detoŋ lɛbɛ́
12 tooth sui, kahmã ‘molar’ tasi satáŋ
13 gums sitiri accidental gap
14 uvula bɔŋröi accidental gap
15 nose n̥áʰ nhapu ‘nose, reputation, honour’ naböi
16 ear natok nhatoŋ nanuŋ
17 eye mikto ~ mik mi mico
18 eyebrow miktsik mimui ‘eyebrow, eyelash’ migrɔ́
19 eyelash mikmul mimui ‘eyebrow, eyelash’ migröi
20 neck õyhto ‘back of neck’ nirgai ‘throat, neck’ [< IA] ŋɛtɔ́ŋ loanword in Dhimal
21 throat haltiŋ, sahtel ‘wind pipe’ totai, nirgai ‘throat, neck’ [< IA], ghoghoroŋ ‘throat, gullet’
22 Adam's apple chupu [(?) < Dz.] accidental gap
23 body zu [< Dz. zû] sarir, jiu [< IA] jupa loanwords
24 shoulder puŋ̊a, kaŋtam ‘shoulder blade’, toklap ‘shoulder blade’ kambe ‘shoulder, river bank’, kandhe [< IA] bɔcɔŋ
25 arm kur ‘hand, arm’, lak ~ laŋ ‘hand, arm’ khur ‘hand, arm’ cf. ‘hand’
26 elbow koito ~ goito khuiju lɛŋtosé ‘ankle, elbow, joint’ cf. ‘ankle’
27 hand kur ‘hand, arm’, lak ~ laŋ ‘hand, arm’ khur ‘hand, arm’ kuü ~ kui cf. ‘arm’
28 finger buŋr̥át ‘finger (except thumb and little finger)’, getsa ‘little finger’, tepaː ‘thumb’ khursiŋ ‘fingernail, finger’, aŋguli [< IA] kɔré, kɔpu ‘thumb, big toe’ cf. ‘toe’, ‘river’
29 palm kurlak ‘palm of hand’, doŋlak ‘sole of foot’ taŋpa ‘sole of the foot’ accidental gap
30 leg doŋ ‘leg, foot’ khokoi ‘leg, foot’ cf. ‘palm’, ‘foot’, ‘calf’
31 thigh lḁ́teŋ tiro [< IA] waibé loanword in Dhimal
32 knee tsikpuç giro ‘joint’ [< IA], khokoiko giro turü loanword in Dhimal
33 calf pintak, kiŋkuŋ ‘shin’, ŋadoŋ ‘lower leg’ kɔköi ‘leg below the knee’ accidental gap
34 foot doŋ ‘leg, foot’ khokoi ‘leg, foot’ ‘cf. leg’, ‘calf’
35 toe doŋr̥át kɔpu ‘thumb, big toe’ accidental gap, cf. ‘finger’, ‘river’
36 heel tiŋpa [< Dz. tim] gudini loanword in Lhokpu
37 ankle tetleŋ lɛŋtosé ‘ankle, elbow, joint’ accidental gap
38 nail siŋ ~ sin siŋ, khursiŋ ‘finger, fingernail’ kusiŋ ‘fingernail, toenail’
39 breast nun dudu [< IA], tumta ‘chest, breast’ tuŋsiŋ ‘breast, chest’ cf. ‘chest’
40 chest taŋtuk, r̥íŋpiŋ ‘rips’, kehriŋ ‘short rips’ tumta ‘chest, breast’ tuŋsiŋ ‘breast, chest’ cf. ‘breast’
41 belly lémá ~ lém̥á hamu ~ ham ~ himu ‘stomach, belly’ pemá ‘belly, abdomen’
42 abdomen yíːmpu ‘abdomen’ pemá ‘belly, abdomen’ accidental gap
43 navel diŋboi bodhi böidí
44 back jap ‘backside, back’ [< Dz. jap], tseŋr̥ui ‘spinal column’ gandi kenü ‘spine, backbone’, morü ‘backbone’
45 penis net, leŋ ‘erected penis’ tau, tatui löisiŋ cf. ‘testicles’
46 vagina tu cucu lüsiŋ
47 clitoris dziklap lisinti
48 testicles lḁ́ːu ~ láːu seʔguli, tauseʔ ‘lit. penis-fruit’ cf. ‘penis’
49 anus ebur burli ‘to spit out liquid’ piso cf. also Lhokpu tsibur ‘urethra’
50 skin cap [(?) < Dz. cap ‘protect’] dhale ‘skin, bark, outer covering’
51 vein dzilɖi jhire
52 bone ruç hara [< IA] ruto, -rü loanword in Dhimal
53 intestines leriŋ, mariŋ ‘big intestines’, tsanriŋ ‘small intestines’ tereŋ ‘small intestines’, bhuti ‘large intestines’ yɔŋbé
54 stomach poçtil hamu ~ ham ~ himu ‘stomach, belly’ buibé ‘stomach’
55 heart tuymu kondaŋ, mən ~ mon ‘feeling, heart, mind’ [< IA]
56 lung yosa sukulu suru
57 brain núi pundhui
58 liver ínsa tumsiŋ lampu
59 blood gi, gitiː hiti yutí ‘blood, milk’
60 spittle katiː thoʔsi, dhuiti totí
61 faeces lisi, emli ‘to press, massage’ em- ‘to shit’
62 urine tsiko soʔsoʔ ~ soʔcoʔ cici
63 sperm tsanl̥íː, pojaka l̥íː, daːti [< Dz. dâchu] kheʔti [(?) < kheʔli ‘to stick to something, to catch on something’]
64 milk omáŋˀ [(?) < Dz. ’ôm] dudhe [< IA] yutí ‘blood, milk’ loanwords
65 tear miktiː miti mití
66 sweat oŋtiː, oŋ- ‘to sweat’ bhemti ‘sweat (lit. heat-water)’ cf. ‘to char, roast, toast’
67 vomit rotiː oʔti
68 marrow dzam ~ zam ‘reddish marrow of arm bones, leg bones, etc.’, tseŋnui ‘spinal cord (lit. “back-brain”)’ dum ~ duŋ
69 water tiː, tiyo, cho [(?) < Dz. chu] ci ti
70 cloud muku ‘cloud, fog’ baˈdel [< IA] loanword in Dhimal
71 rain waç wai wɛtí ~ wâtí
72 wind birmaʰ ~ pirmaʰ bherma
73 lightning tarma ‘lightning and thunder’ accidental gap
74 thunder cutar ‘rumbling thunder’, metar ‘crashing thunder’, tarma ‘lightning and thunder’, m̥úk ŋil- ‘to thunder [m̥úk = “dragon”]’ doŋ, gaˈraŋguˈruŋ [< IA]
75 sky tirbaŋ diŋba
76 sun yan̥í bela [< IA] loanword in Dhimal
77 moon tal̥íʰ ‘moon’ tali ‘moon’ tarí
78 star ʈóŋ phuru püma
79 day n̥íː ~ n̥í ni hani ‘today’
80 night lip ‘night/to fall (night)’ nhisiŋ lisuŋ ‘nighttime’, lip- ‘to fall (night)’
81 year lo [< Dz. lo], -nim (as classifier) baʔsar ~ baʔhar [< IA] loanword in Dhimal
82 mountain koŋ paˈhar [< IA] loanword in Dhimal
83 stone luŋˀ -loŋ ‘class’ luŋtü
84 earth bo ‘dry earth’, dam ‘mud’ [< Dz. <ḥdam> dam] bhonoi ‘earth, soil’ ladiŋ ‘mud’
85 forest tsak, diːŋ jhar [< IA], jəŋgəl [< IA], cakiya ‘red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus)’
86 river tiluː jhoraɁ [(?) < jholi ‘fo float away’] cf. ‘finger’, ‘toe’
87 road lam dama naŋtɛ́
88 animal sa ‘meat, animal’, semceːn [< Dz. semce] jinis ‘creature, thing’ [< IA], maini ‘female animal’, daŋkha ‘male animal’ zānuyār, zinisi [(?) < IA], dambê ‘male animal’
89 dog dze khiya kiya
90 pig pak paya paká
91 horse taːpa [(?) < Dz. tapa ‘rider’] õya kota loanword in Lhokpu
92 cow piːk piya piká
93 goat r̥áː [(?) < Dz. ra] meɁsa loanword in Lhokpu
94 chicken keːk- kiya kɛká
95 rat, mouse cu juhã jüwɔ́
96 otter dzimu kuŋraŋ uda [< IA] loanword in Dhimal
97 monkey ti, cagaː ‘langur’ [< Dz. pcaka ‘langur (lit. “white monkey”)’] nhõya, dudhe nhõya ‘langur (lit. “milk-monkey”)’ ŋɔká
98 bird ca jihã jiya
99 raptor lḁ́ŋ ‘eagle’ sigun ‘vulture’
100 fish n̥á ~ hã haya ŋaya
101 snake dzalma, riːpu ‘big constrictor’, l̥íkpulḁ́kpu ‘green tree snake’ pũya pǘyɔ
102 frog lḁ́ː ~ lḁ́ːto, rukma ‘toad’, l̥ón̥á ‘jumping frog’ comphe
103 insect pet ~ bet peɁsa petá
104 worm dorbet doriya ‘earthworm’
105 spider tatal̥ík makarai [< IA] loanword in Dhimal
106 louse sir sira ‘head louse’, tinha ‘pubic louse’
107 fly jaŋnak, tsohẙáːu ‘mosquito’, tsilma ‘little mosquito’, mutum ‘mosquito’ jahã ‘mosquito’, tuirham ~ tuirhaŋ jaŋa, tüwa
108 horsefly toma, raçma ‘hornet’, riçma ‘wasp’, n̥uyma ‘black, dangerous wasp with red head’ accidental gap
109 bee sirma ~ shirma, sohma ‘big bee’, bũːlu ‘bumblebee’ bãya
110 ant dziŋrip kokoriŋka ~ kokoriko ‘small, white ant’
111 leech l̥íːm, kaŋpu ‘red leech’, bedeːleŋ ‘tiger stripes leech’ limiya
112 leopard cadzik [(?) < Dz. zi] lokara, guŋgi ‘leopard cat’ loanword in Lhokpu
113 tiger kuŋ khuwãhã kuŋwa
114 bear n̥ái(sa) naibiri ‘(sloth) bear’ nayá
115 elephant n̥ár nariya hâti [< IA]
116 male -pa, po-, -ra wa- ~ -wa -wa
117 female -ma, met- ~ -met, me be- ~ -be -mé
118 young -tsan, -piŋ ‘animal that has not yet given birth’ -can ceŋ ‘offspring’
119 horn ʈaŋ daŋ ‘horn, pincer, antler’ daŋ
120 wing baː bakoi bagreŋ
121 thorn tsuç cui ‘thorn, fishbone’
122 tail meʔeː methoŋ
123 hoof toŋsiŋ accidental gap
124 tree, wood siŋ siŋ siŋɛ́
125 leaf lap lhaʔpha loŋ
126 branch gel daleŋ [< IA] loanword in Dhimal
127 root ra jari [< IA] loanword in Dhimal
128 bark siŋka toŋ ‘tree bark’ siŋko dhale ‘tree bark’
129 bamboo pasiŋ, nitsiŋ, tosiŋ, konsiŋ, patsiŋ, l̥ísiŋ pasim daŋtiŋ, pasiŋ, wɔtɛŋ
130 flower punti, pun lheʔ maibe, sɛ ‘bloom, flower, blossom, bud’
131 fruit se, bup bhar ‘fruit, blossom’, seli ‘to bear fruit’, -se ‘fruit (used in compounds)’ -se ‘fruit (used in compounds)’
132 grass tsiː ghase [< IA] daŋtiŋ ‘type of grass/bamboo’ loanword in Dhimal
133 mushroom sham̥ú [< Dz. <śamu> shamu] musar loanword in Lhokpu
134 liquor arak, yúː jãɖ ‘rice beer’ [< IA], gora ‘rice liquor/alcohol’ yu ‘beer’
135 rice (paddy) rat m maʔoŋ
136 rice (uncooked) marku, amku ‘uncooked grain of any cereal’ mun ‘beaten rice’, uŋkhu ‘uncooked rice’ aŋku
137 rice (cooked) marto [< Dz. to ‘food, rice’] m ama
138 millet ja ‘finger millet’, tsak ‘foxtail millet’, lóŋ, moi membe [< Dz. membja] accidental gap
139 flour biː tole
140 salt di dese ni
141 chili mur, murih marci
142 fat, grease sau accidental gap
143 meat sa biha biyá
144 egg tui tui köitü
145 poison n̥íŋ accidental gap
146 person ŋan, laː ‘person, friend’ dyaŋ
147 name miŋ miŋ ‘name, reputation, self’ miŋ
148 father payo aba apa
149 mother mayo amai ayu
150 brother pu [e], tsa [y] me [e], dada [e, < IA], one [y] duwa [e], e [y]
151 sister na [e], tsa [y] bai [e], one [y] ana [e], yiŋ [y]
152 father’s brother paŋ kaka [y, < IA] jitɔ [e], paŋ [y] loanword in Dhimal
153 father’s sister niː peusai [y, < IA] pisé loanword in Dhimal
154 mother’s brother ku, ajaŋ [< Dz. ’azha ‘uncle’] mamai [y, < IA] kuku loanword in Dhimal
155 mother’s sister yuː mausi [y, < IA] möisé loanword in Dhimal
156 grandfather ta aju âtâ
157 grandmother ya ajai aja
158 son ratsan can, wacan ‘young man, boy’ ceŋwa
159 daughter mettsan camindi ceŋmé
160 brother’s son tsanɖa bhagina [< IA] cerewa [e’s], jituwa [y’s] loanword in Dhimal
161 brother’s daughter tsanm̥ét bhagini [< IA] ceremé [e’s], jitumé [y’s] loanword in Dhimal
162 sister’s son l̥íra bhagina [< IA] da loanword in Dhimal
163 sister’s daughter l̥ímet bhagini [< IA] damé loanword in Dhimal
164 grandson tsu(ra) cu cuwa
165 granddaughter tsu(met) cu cumé
166 son-in-law makpa [< Tib. magpa] mhawa mawa loanword in Lhokpu
167 daughter-in-law nama nama nama
168 house kim saɁ sa
169 village yüi [< Dz. ’ü] dera löi loanword in Lhokpu
170 field (irrigated) accidental gap
171 field (dry) diŋ miliŋ, liŋ ‘field, cultivated land’
172 fire me me me
173 ashes buː buʔsuri
174 embers mekhon aiti accidental gap, cf. ‘smoke’
175 smoke meku duhã [< IA], jagulai loanword in Dhimal, cf. ‘embers’
176 arrow ker tir [< IA] loanword in Dhimal
177 bow l̥íʔ ~ líʔ accidental gap
178 needle sui accidental gap
179 mortar raŋtak ‘grinding stone’ thasim ‘large mortar’, jhosim ‘small mortar’
180 stick accidental gap
181 rope ɖiː diˈham ‘rope, twin’
182 one it- eʔ- *it- (i ~ iccɔ ~ ippu ~ icce)
183 two nih- nheʔ- *nis- (ni ~ nisɔ ~ nipu ~ nise)
184 three sum- sum- *suN- (suŋ ~ sumcɔ ~ suŋpu ~ suŋse)
185 four liː- dya- di-
186 five ha- ~ hã- na- ŋa-
187 six ʈuk- tu- *tuk- (tu ~ tukcɔ ~ tukpu ~ tuse)
188 seven n̥ít- nhiʔ- ni- ~ ní-cɔ ~ nípu ~ ní-se
189 eight get- yeʔ- yâ-
190 nine ku- koha- ku-
191 ten teh- te-
192 twenty, score (it)kal, nisu [< Dz. nyishu] na-ganda ikai
193 hundred hãkal ‘five score’, sho itpu eʔ-sai [< IA] ŋakai ‘five score’ loanword in Dhimal
194 white loŋ- ‘be white’ jeːli ‘be white, be fair-skinned’
195 black nak- ‘be black’ daːli ‘be black’, kiculhoʔli ‘be pitch black’
196 red ek- ‘be red’ iːli ‘be red’
197 yellow seːpu [< Dz. sêp] yauli ‘be yellow’ loanword in Lhokpu
198 blue liŋ- ‘be blue/green’, naktsik- ‘be dark blue’ nelpa [< IA] loanword in Dhimal
199 green liŋ- ‘be blue/green’ siŋka ‘green, uncooked, not ripe, fresh’
200 hear hin- hiŋli ~ hinli
201 see tiŋ- tiŋli ne-
202 look hut- khaŋli kaŋ-
203 smell m̥é ‘odour’ nhamli ‘to smell [vi]’, nhumli ‘to smell [vt]’ nu- ‘to smell [vt]’
204 know so- ‘know how to, be able to’, yet- ‘know, be able to, understand’ nalli ‘to know somebody, recognise’, gili ‘know, find out, understand’, doli ‘to be able’
205 say to ~ toʔ ‘quote’ doʔli jaŋ- ‘to say, tell’
206 ask hit- hiʔli
207 dream maŋ- səpəna tiŋli maŋbü-
208 weep kar- khar- ‘to cry’ kai-
209 laugh tsah- leŋli ‘laugh, smile’ leŋ-
210 request, beg reːk- rheːli ‘to ask for, request’
211 must goh- [< Tib. dgos] goi- [(?) < Tib. dgos] -ne loanwords
212 stand tseŋ-, japtso(h)- ‘to stand with arms crossed on back’ jaɁli jâr- ‘to stand, stand up’
213 sit dzoɁ- ~ dzoŋ- yumli ~ yuŋli yuŋ-
214 live waŋ- whaŋli ‘to go in, enter’ wâ- ‘to insert, put’
215 sleep vi(h)- jimli jiŋ-
216 wake up l̥óːk- ‘to get up’ lhoːli ‘to get up, wake up [vi]’ lo- ‘to get up, emerge’
217 ascend ʈan- accidental gap
218 descend yuç- ~ yuh- ‘to descend’, lõɁ- ~ loŋ- ‘to fall down’ khuɁli ‘get down, descend’, loŋli ‘to fall down’ ü- ‘to come down, descend’
219 come beɁ- ~ bey- ‘to come (only if not visible, only level or up, not down)’, ya- ‘to come (only if visible)’ loli ‘to come, arrive, return’ le- ~ lei- ‘to come here, come down’, waŋ- ‘to come up, come from far’
220 go (away) te- ‘to go’, kat- ‘go out/away’ puli ‘to go, leave, set out’, haneli ‘to go, leave’, khaɁli ‘to escape, flee, subside, ease up ’ ha- ~ har-
221 send, move ri- ‘to send’ rhili ‘to move, transport’
222 fly líŋ- ~ l̥íŋ- uraili [< IA] loanword in Dhimal
223 run juk-, l̥óŋˀ- ~ lṍ̥ Ɂ- ‘to run away, flee, get lost’, liːm- ‘to get lost’ dimli ‘to hurry, walk quickly’
224 emerge ton- ‘to go out, leave’ [< Dz. <ḥthon> thön] oleli ‘to emerge, come out’, laŋli ‘to leave, go ahead’, hareli ‘to lose, fail’ lo- ‘to get up, emerge’ loanword in Lhokpu
225 be born ce- jeŋli ‘to happen, be ashamed, be born’
226 die si- sili si-
227 be old kanka ‘old (of people)’, dzapa ‘old (of things)’, dzaː waraŋ ‘old man’, beraŋ ‘old woman’
228 be drunk m̥áː- ‘to be drunk’ mhali ‘to be intoxicated’ (gora mhaka ‘drunk’)
229 be ill duk-, ret- ‘to hurt’ muili ‘to be sick (of animals’, birami [< IA], desan ‘sick person’
230 have diarrhoea leː- teːli ‘to plaster, smear with a mixture of dung, water and mud’
231 be good el- elli
232 be bad aː- aˈkheɁli ‘to be dirty, nasty, bad, vulgar’ [kheɁli = ‘to stick to, to catch on something’]
233 be big dik- ‘be big’, boŋceŋ ‘big’, rin̥ka ‘long (humans and things)’ theli ‘be big’, barka ‘big’, jhauka ‘big, large’ öidaŋ ‘long’, tɛ́bɔ ‘big’
234 be small neka ‘small (of things)’, minka ‘small (of animals)’ atuili, thiːli, mhuili
235 be sweet di(ː)- diːli the- ‘to taste sweet’
236 be bitter kip-, ker- khaːli ‘be bitter’
237 be sour rat- daɁli
238 be cold cuŋ-, keŋ- cuŋli, irli, hirhirli coŋköi ‘to be cold, be wet’
239 be hot op- dhaŋli, boʔboʔli ‘to be warm and friendly’
240 be ripe miŋli ‘to be ripe, be cooked, be grey (of hairs)’ me- (but only with furuncles) accidental gap
241 be new nãwa [< IA] loanword in Dhimal
242 eat tsa- cali ca-
243 drink tuŋ- amli ‘to drink, smoke, chew’ aŋ-
244 give pi- pili pi-
245 make pa- pali pa- ‘to fuck’
246 tie raːli ‘to tie up, bind’, jhiŋli ‘to tie up or together’, cuɁli ‘to tie in a knot’ accidental gap
247 lick deʔli ‘to lick, eat a small amount, taste’ accidental gap
248 bite tsoh-, wok- ‘to bite off’ ciːli ‘to bite, cause harm (supernatural)’ maŋpuü- ‘to bite (human actor)’, dâ-
249 scratch wak- rhaili, khaːli, thalli ‘to itch’ yâ-
250 grind mhaili, boːli accidental gap
251 wash du- ‘to wash (in general)’ [< IA], lḁ́- ‘to wash (face)’, zak- ‘to wash (head)’, cak- ‘to clean’ dhuli ‘to wash (face)’ [(?) < IA], jhaːli ‘to wash, wet’ dhu- [(?) < IA]
252 dig ók- toli, okhoili ‘to dig up (roots)’ dai-
253 bury liːptek ‘traditional cylindrical stone sepulchre’ liɁli tiŋ-
254 throw doç ‘to throw from below, by swinging’ doili ‘to rock, swing, hang [vt]’
255 pour do(h)- ‘to pour water’ dholi ‘to pour a drink’
256 blow mũç- ~ mut- phoɁli, mhoɁli
257 sew joli cɛŋ- accidental gap
258 weave yem tir- ‘to weave on the loom’ thirli ti-
259 sell piɁli accidental gap
260 put, place lat-, pík-, tek-, n̥án- daɁli ‘to spread out, lay out’, taɁli ‘to put, set down, save, keep’, whaɁli ‘to put, to insert’, laɁli ‘to quit, leave’
261 burn (vt.) oɁpali, oŋli ‘to burn, char, cook on coals’ accidental gap, cf. ‘sweat’
262 burn (vi.) oʔli accidental gap, cf. ‘be hot’
263 cut (puhsam) tok- ‘to cut hair’ poːli ‘to cut, snip, sever’, palli ‘to cut down, chop down’, dholi ‘to cut (e.g. umbilical cord)’, selli ‘to chop wood’, cuɁli ‘to cut, pierce’, ceːli ‘to cut (e.g. grass)’
264 hunt sa sat- ‘to hunt (lit. to kill game)’ sikar ghali ‘to hunt (lit. to play hunt)’
265 kill sat- seʔli sâ-

References

[edit]
  • Grollmann, Selin and Pascal Gerber. 2017. Linguistic evidence for a closer relationship between Lhokpu and Dhimal: Including some remarks on the Dhimalish subgroup. Bern: University of Bern.
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