Appendix:Proto-Be reconstructions
Appearance
The following list of 367 reconstructed Proto-Be forms is from Chen (2018: 167-182). (Proto-Be is previously known as Proto-Ong-Be).
Chen (2018) contains extensive comparative lexical data for the Be dialects of Changliu (長流), Yongxing (永興), Longtang (龍塘), Qiaotou (橋頭), Huangtong (皇桐), and Xinying (新盈).
List
[edit]English gloss | Chinese gloss | Proto-Ong-Be | Changliu (長流) | Yongxing (永興) | Longtang (龍塘) | Qiaotou (橋頭) | Huangtong (皇桐) | Xinying (新盈) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a type of bamboo | 某種竹子 | *kuanᴬ² | kuan² | maj⁴ kuan² | kuan² | -- | kuan² | kuan² |
bamboo shoots | 竹筍 | *naːŋᴬ² | naŋ² hɔn⁴ | naŋ² | naŋ² | naŋ² | naŋ² | naŋ² |
banana | 香蕉 | *mumᴬ² | mak⁸ mun² | mak⁸ mɔn² | mɐk⁸ mɔn² | mak⁸ mun² | mun² | mun² |
chaff | 米糠 | *vəːᴮᶜ² | ɓe⁴ | vɔ⁴ | vɔ⁴ | vo⁴ | vɔ⁴ | vɔ⁴ |
coconut | 椰子 | *ziaᴬ² | mɑk⁸ zia² | mak⁸ zia² | mɐk⁸ zia² | mak⁸ ʑia² | ma² ʑia² | ma² ʑia² |
ear of rice | 稻穗 | *ʑəːŋᴬ¹ | zəŋ¹ ŋaw⁴ | ziŋ¹ ŋaw⁴ | ziŋ¹ | ʑən¹ | lən¹ ŋaw⁴ | lən¹ |
flower | 花 | *huaᴬ¹ | hua¹ | hua¹ | hua¹ | hua¹ | (h)ua¹ | hua¹ |
foxtail millet | 小米 | *pʰaːŋᴮᶜ¹ | ɓaŋ⁴ laŋ¹ | vaŋ⁴ -t | vaŋ⁴ -t | faŋ³ | faŋ³ | pʰaŋ³ |
fruit | 果實 | *maːkᴰ² | mak⁸ | mak⁸ | mak⁸ | mak⁸ | mak⁸ | mak⁸ |
garlic | 蒜頭 | *tuanᴮᶜ¹ | hɑw³ mɑk⁸ tuan³ | haw³ mak⁸ tuan³ | haw³ mɐk⁸ tuan³ | haw³ tuan³ | tuan³ | tuan³ |
ginger | 薑 | *kiaŋᴬ¹ | kiaŋ¹ | kiaŋ¹ | kiaŋ¹ʼ | kiaŋ¹ | kiaŋ¹ | kiaŋ¹ |
glutinous rice | 糯米 | *nawᴬ¹ | zɑp⁸ naw¹ | zap⁸ naw¹ | zɐp⁸ʼ nɐw¹ʼ | ʑɔp⁸ naw¹ | ʑɔp⁸ naw¹ | lɔp⁸ naw¹ |
grass | 草 | *ɓatᴰ¹ | ɓɑt⁷ | ɓat⁷ʼ | ɓat⁷ʼ | ɓɔt⁷ | ɓɔt⁷ | ɓɔt⁷ |
green onions | 蔥 | *suːŋᴬ¹ | mɑk⁸ suŋ¹ | mak⁸ soŋ¹ | mɐk⁸ suŋ¹ʼ | suŋ¹ | suŋ¹ | suŋ¹ |
husked rice | 米 | *zəpᴰ² | zɑp⁸ | zap⁸ | zɐp⁸ʼ | ʑɔp⁸ | ʑɔp⁸ | lɔp⁸ |
indigo | 藍靛草 | *tsamᴬ² | tsam² ‘Indigofera suffruticosaʼ | -- | tsam² (L&Z) | -- | tsam² (LC) | -- |
jackfruit | 波羅蜜 | *miatᴰ² | mak⁸ miat⁸ | mak⁸ miat⁸ | mɐk⁸ miat⁸ | mak⁸ miat⁸ | ma² miat⁸ | ma² miat⁸ |
leaf | 葉 | *ɓəːᴬ² | ɓe² | ɓɔ² | ɓɔ² | ɓo² | ɓɔ² | ɓɔ² |
longan | 龍眼 | *pʰənᴮᶜ² | mɑk⁸ huan¹ pʰen⁴ | mak⁸ pʰun⁴ -v | mɐk⁸ pʰɔn⁴ | mak⁸ fɔn⁴ -v | ma⁸ fɔn⁴ | ma⁸ pʰɔ⁴ |
lychee | 荔枝 | *huanᴬ¹ | mɑk⁸ huan¹ | mak⁸ huan¹ | mɐk⁸ kʰuan¹ʼ | mak⁸ (h)uan¹ | ma² uan¹ | ma² huan¹ |
mulberry leaf | 桑葉 | *ɓuːnᴬ² | ɓe² ɓun² | ɓɔ² ɓun² | ɓɔ² ɓun² | ɓo² ɓun² | ɓɔ² ɓun² | -- |
mushroom | 蘑菇 | *hitᴰ² | lɔt⁸; hɔt⁸ (Xin) | hɔt⁸ han³ | hat⁸ʼ hɔn³ | hət⁸ | hit⁸ | hit⁸ |
pandanus fruit | 林投果 | *zaːᴮᶜ² | mɑk⁸ za⁴ | mai⁴ za⁴ | mai⁴ za⁴; mɐk⁸ za⁴ | mak⁸ ʑa⁴ | la⁴ | mak⁸ la⁴ |
papaya | 木瓜 | *ʑiaᴬ² | zia² pʰan¹ | -- | kia² pʰan¹; ŋia² pʰan¹ | mak⁸ ʑia² fan¹ | ʑia² fan¹ | ʑia² pʰan¹ |
pomelo | 柚子 | *ŋukᴰ² | mak⁸ ŋuak⁸ | mak⁸ ŋok⁸ | mɐk⁸ ŋok⁸ | mak⁸ ŋok⁸ | mak² ŋok⁸ (Maniao) | ma² ŋok⁸ |
rattan | 白藤 | *saʔᴰ¹ | sɑʔ⁷ | saʔ⁷ʼ | saʔ⁷ʼ | saʔ⁷ | saʔ⁷ | saʔ⁷ |
rice in the field | 稻 | *ŋaːwᴮᶜ² | ŋaw⁴ | ŋaw⁴ | ŋaw⁴ | ŋaw⁴ | ŋaw⁴ | ŋaw⁴ |
rice seedling | 稻秧 | *laːᴮᶜ¹ | la³ | la³ | la³ | la³ | la³ | la³ |
root | 樹根 | *ziakᴰ² | -- | ziak⁸ | ziak⁸ | maj⁴ ʑiak⁸ ‘Ficus microcarpaʼ | ma² liak⁸ ‘Ficus microcarpaʼ | ma² liak⁸ ‘Ficus microcarpaʼ |
seed | 種子 | *vənᴬ² | hɑw³ ɓen² | vən² | vɔn² | von² | vɔn² | vɔn² |
sesame | 芝麻 | *vəŋᴬ² | mɑk⁸ ɓɔŋ² | mak⁸ vɔŋ² | mɐk⁸ vɔŋ² | mak⁸ vɔŋ² | ma² vɔŋ² | ma² vɔŋ² |
sprout | 芽 | *ŋuːkᴰ² | ŋuk⁸ | ŋuk⁸ | ŋuk⁸ | -- | -- | -- |
starfruit | 楊桃 | *viaŋᴬ¹ | mɑk⁸ ɓiaŋ¹ | mak⁸ ɓiaŋ¹ | mɐk⁸ ɓiaŋ¹ʼ | mak⁸ viaŋ¹ | ma² viaŋ¹ | ma² viaŋ¹ |
straw | 稻草 | *muːŋᴬ² | muŋ⁴ | muŋ⁴ | muŋ⁴ | muŋ⁴ | muŋ⁴ | muŋ⁴ |
sugarcane | 甘蔗 | *majᴮᶜ¹ | mɑi³ | mai³ | mai³ | mai³ | mai³ | mai³ |
tea | 茶 | *saːᴬ² | sa² | sa² | sa² | sa² | sa² | sa² |
thatch | 茅草 | *tiaᴬ² | ɓɑt⁷ tia² | ɓat⁷ʼ tia² | ɓat⁷ʼ tia² | tia² | tia² | tia² |
tree | 樹 | *ɗunᴮᶜ¹ | ɗɔn³ | ɗɔn³ | ɗɔn³ | ɗun³ | ɗun³ | ɗun³ |
winter melon | 冬瓜 | *kuːpᴰ¹ | mɑk⁸ kup⁷ | mak⁸ kup⁷ʼ | mɐk⁸ʼ kup⁷ʼ | kua¹ kup⁷ | kua¹ kup⁷ | -- |
ant | 螞蟻 | *muːʔᴰ² | maj⁴ muʔ⁸ | maj⁴ muʔ⁸ | maj⁴ moʔ⁸ʼ | muʔ⁸ | muʔ⁸ | muʔ⁸ |
aquatic leech | 水蛭 | *ɓiːŋᴬ¹ | maj⁴ ɓiŋ¹ | maj⁴ ɓiŋ¹ | maj⁴ ɓiŋ¹ʼ | ɓiŋ¹ | ɓiŋ¹ | ɓiŋ¹ |
bee | 蜜蜂 | *saːŋᴮᶜ¹ | saŋ³ | saŋ³ | saŋ³ | saŋ³ | saŋ³ | saŋ³ |
big frog | 大青蛙、田雞 | *kupᴰ² | kɔp⁸ | kɔp⁸ | kɐp⁸ʼ | ʔop⁸ | ʔop⁸ | ʔop⁸ |
bird | 鳥 | *nukᴰ² | nuak⁸ | nok⁸ | nok⁸ | nok⁸ | nok⁸ | nok⁸ |
bug; worm | 蟲 | *miŋᴬ² | miŋ² | miŋ² | mɛŋ² | miŋ² | miŋ² | miŋ² |
centipede | 蜈蚣 | *zipᴰ² | zɔp⁸ | maj⁴ zɔp⁸ | maj⁴ zɐp⁸ʼ | ʑəp⁸ | ʑip⁸ | lip⁸ |
chicken | 雞 | *kajᴬ¹ | kɑj¹ | kɛj¹ | kɐj¹ʼ | kaj¹ | kaj¹ | kaj¹ |
chicken louse | 雞蝨 | *ziːnᴬ² | zen² | kaj¹ zin²; maj⁴ zin² | maj⁴ zin² | ʑin² | -- | -- |
cockroach | 蟑螂 | *laːpᴰ¹ | kʰa³ lap⁷ | miŋ² kʰi³ lap⁷ | mɛŋ² (ku²) ɗa⁵⁵ zap⁷ | tsi² ʑap⁷ | tsia² lap⁷ | tsia² lap⁷ |
cockscomb | 雞冠 | *tiːwᴮᶜ¹ | tiw³ kɑj¹ | tiw³ | tiw³; tiw³ kɐj¹ʼ | tiw³; tiw³ kaj¹ | tiw³ (kaj¹) | tiw³ kaj¹ |
cocoon | 繭 | *luːkᴰ¹ | luk⁷ | luk⁷ʼ niaŋ² | luk⁷ʼ niaŋ² | -- | luk⁷ (L&Z) | -- |
crab | 蟹 | *kʰumᴬ² | kʰɔm² | kʰɔm² | kʰɔm² | xum² | xum² | kʰum² |
crow | 烏鴉 | *ʔaːkᴰ¹ | nuak⁸ ʔak⁸ | nok⁸ ʔak⁸ | nok⁸ maj⁴ ʔak⁸ | maj⁴ ʔak⁸ | maj⁴ ʔak⁸ | maj⁴ ʔak⁸ |
deer | 鹿 | *tsukᴰ² | tsuak⁸ | tsok⁸ | tsok⁸ | tsok⁸ | tsok⁸ | tsok⁸ |
dog | 狗 | *maːᴬ¹ | ma¹ | ma¹ | ma¹ | ma¹ | ma¹ | ma¹ |
duck | 鴨子 | *ɓitᴰ¹ | ɓɑt⁷ | ɓɔt⁷ʼ | ɓɔt⁷ʼ | ɓət⁷ | ɓit⁷ | ɓit⁷ |
earthworm | 蚯蚓 | *nəwᴬ² | tsɛn⁴ new² | sɔn¹ nɔw² | sɐn¹ʼ nɔw² | nɔw² | nɔw² | nɔw² |
egg | 蛋 | *ȵumᴬ¹ | nɔm¹ | nam¹ | nɐm¹ʼ | num¹ | ȵum¹ | ʑum¹ |
elephant | 象 | *siaŋᴮᶜ² | siaŋ⁴ | siaŋ⁴ | siaŋ⁴ | -- | siaŋ⁴ | siaŋ⁴ |
fish | 魚 | *ɓaːᴬ¹ | ɓa¹ | ɓa¹ | ɓa¹ | ɓa¹ | ɓa¹ | ɓa¹ |
fish scales | 魚鱗 | *liʔᴰ¹ | lɯʔ⁷ ɓa¹ | liʔ⁷ʼ ɓa¹ | liʔ⁷ʼ ɓa¹ | liʔ⁸ -t ɓa¹ | liʔ⁷ | liʔ⁷ ɓa¹ |
fly | 蒼蠅 | *vaːŋᴮᶜ² | miŋ² -i maŋ⁴ | miŋ² vaŋ⁴ | mɛŋ² vaŋ⁴ | miŋ² vaŋ⁴ | miŋ² vaŋ⁴ | miŋ² vaŋ⁴ |
fur; feather | 毛 | *vunᴬ² | ɓɑn² | vɔn² | vɔn² | vun² | vun² | vun² |
goose | 鵝 | *pʰuːnᴮᶜ²; ɓuːnᴮᶜ² | ɓən⁴; ɓun⁴ | pʰun⁴ | pʰun⁴; ɓun⁴ | fun⁴ | fun⁴ | pʰun⁴ |
head louse | 頭蝨 | *katᴰ² | kɑt⁷ | kat⁷ʼ | kat⁷ʼ | kat⁷ | kat⁷ | kat⁷ |
horn | 角 | *vawᴮᶜ² | ɓɑw² | vaw² | vaw² | vaw² | vaw² | vaw² |
horse | 馬 | *maʔᴰ² | mɑʔ⁸ | maʔ⁸ | maʔ⁸ʼ | maʔ⁸ | maʔ⁸ | maʔ⁸ |
land leech | 螞蝗 | *ɗaːkᴰ¹ | maj⁴ ɗak⁷ | maj⁴ ɗak⁷ | maj⁴ ɗak⁷ | ɗak⁷ | ɗak⁷ | ɗak⁷ |
maggot | 蛆 | *tənᴮᶜ¹ | miŋ² ten³ | maj⁴ tɔn³ | maj⁴ tɔn³ | ton³ | tɔn³ | tɔn³ |
nest | 窩、巢 | *zuːkᴰ² | zuk⁸ | zuk⁸ | zok⁸ | ʑuk⁸ | luk⁸ | luk⁸ |
pangolin | 穿山甲 | *hinᴮᶜ² | hɑn⁴ | hɔn⁴ | hɔn⁴ | hən⁴ | hin⁴ | hin⁴ |
pig | 豬 | *muːᴬ¹ | mow¹ | mu¹ | mu¹ | mɔw¹ | mo¹ | mo¹ |
rabbit | 兔子 | *zəːnᴮᶜ¹ | zɯn³ | zin³ | zin³ | ʑən³ | lən³ | lən³ |
sheep | 羊 | *tuaŋᴬ² | -- | tuaŋ² | tuaŋ² | tuaŋ² | tuaŋ² | tuaŋ² |
shellfish | 蛤蜊、田螺 | *hiːᴬ¹ | hɑj¹ | hɔj¹ | hɐj¹ʼ | hɔj¹ | hɔj¹ | hɔj¹ |
shrimp | 蝦 | *zuaŋᴬ² | zuaŋ² | -- | zuaŋ² | ʑuaŋ² | luaŋ² | luaŋ² |
silkworm | 蠶 | *niaŋᴬ² | miŋ² niaŋ² | niaŋ² | niaŋ² | -- | -- | -- |
small frog | 小青蛙 | *tsianᴬ¹ | lək⁸ tsian¹ | maj⁴ tsian¹ | tsɛn¹ʼ | tsian¹ | lək⁸ tsian¹ | tsian¹ |
snake | 蛇 | *ŋiaᴬ² | ŋia² | ŋia² | ŋia² | ŋia² | ŋia² | ŋia² |
tadpole | 蝌蚪 | *ɗuːŋᴬ¹ | ɓa¹ ɗuŋ¹ | tshien¹ ɗuŋ¹ | ɓa¹ tsin¹ ɗoŋ¹ʼ | ku² ɗuŋ¹ | ku² ɗuŋ¹ | -- |
tail | 尾巴 | *tuːʔᴰ¹ | tuʔ⁷ | tuʔ⁷ʼ | tuʔ⁷ʼ | tuʔ⁸ -t | tuʔ⁷ | tuʔ⁷ |
tiger | 老虎 | *ʑuaᴬ¹ | zua¹ | zua¹ | zua¹ | -- | ʑua¹ ‘lionʼ (LC) | -- |
toad | 癩蛤蟆 | *kʰəkᴰ¹ | nuak⁸ kʰok⁷ | nok⁸ kʰok⁷ʼ | nok⁸ kʰok⁷ʼ | -- | nok⁸ xok⁷ | -- |
turtle | 龜 | *ɗuːᴮᶜ¹ | -- | -- | ɗɔw³ | ɗɔw³ | ɗɔw³ | ɗɔw³ |
wasp | 黃蜂 | *ɗawᴮᶜ² | miŋ² ɗɑw⁴ | ɗaw⁴ laŋ¹ | ɗaw⁴ | ɗaw⁴ | ɗaw⁴ | ɗaw⁴ |
water buffalo | 水牛 | *təːjᴮᶜ¹ | tej³ | tɛj³ | tɛj³ | təj³ | təj³ | təj³ |
yellow buffalo | 黃牛 | *ŋəːwᴬ² | ŋɔw² | ŋəw² | ŋəw² | ŋəw² | ŋu² | ŋu² |
back | 後背 | *ləjᴬ² | ɗa³ le(j)² | ɓak⁷ʼ lɔj² | ɓɐk⁷ʼ lɔj² | ɗa³ lɔj² | ɗa³ lɔj² | ɗaw³ lɔj² |
beard | 鬍子 | *mumᴮᶜ² | muŋ⁴ | ŋum⁴ | moŋ⁴ | mum⁴ | mum⁴ | mum⁴ |
blood | 血 | *ɓaʔᴰ¹ | ɓɑʔ⁷ | ɓaʔ⁷ʼ | ɓaʔ⁷ʼ | ɓaʔ⁸ | ɓaʔ⁷ | ɓaʔ⁷ |
buttock | 屁股 | *məːᴮᶜ² | mɔk⁸ me⁴ | ɓak⁷ʼ mo⁴ | ɓɐk⁷ʼ mo⁴ | ɓak⁷ mo⁴ | ɓak⁷ mo⁴ | ɓak⁷ mo⁴ |
chest | 胸膛 | *ʔukᴰ¹ | ɓak⁷ ʔuak⁷ | ɓak⁷ʼ ʔɔk⁷ | ɓɐk⁷ʼ ʔɔk⁷ | ɓak⁷ ʔɔk⁷ | ʔɔk⁷ | ɓak⁷ ʔɔk⁷ |
excrement | 屎 | *kaːjᴮᶜ² | kaj⁴ | kaj⁴ | kaj⁴ | kaj⁴ | kaj⁴ | kaj⁴ |
eye | 眼睛 | *ɗaːᴬ¹ | ɗa¹ | ɗa¹ | ɗa¹ | ɗa¹ | ɗa¹ | ɗa¹ |
face | 臉 | *naːᴮᶜ¹ | na³ | na³ | na³ | na³ | na³ | na³ |
fart | 屁 | *ɗutᴰ¹ | ɗut⁷ | ɗɔt⁷ʼ | ɗɔt⁷ʼ | ɗut⁷ | ɗut⁷ | ɗut⁷ |
gallbladder | 膽 | *ziːᴬ¹ | zɔj¹ | zɔj¹ | zɐj¹ʼ | ʑɔj¹ | ʑɔj¹ | lɔj¹ |
hand | 手 | *məːᴬ² | me² | mɔ² | mɔ² | mo² | mɔ² | mɔ² |
head | 頭 | *haːwᴮᶜ¹ | hɑw³ | haw³ | haw³ | haw³ | haw³ | haw³ |
heart | 心 | *timᴬ¹ | tɔm¹ | mak⁸ tɔm¹ | mɐk⁸ tɐm¹ʼ | mak⁸ təm¹ | mak⁸ tim¹ | tim¹ |
intestine | 腸 | *tseːᴮᶜ² | -- | -- | hoŋ⁴ tse⁴ | -- | tsɛ⁴ | tsɛ⁴ |
knee | 膝蓋 | *həwᴬ² | ɗa¹ kok⁷ hew² | ɗa¹ hɔw² | ɗa¹ʼ hɔw² | -- | -- | -- |
lung | 肺 | *vuŋᴬ² | ɓɔŋ² | voŋ² | voŋ² | vuŋ² | voŋ² | voŋ² |
mouth | 嘴 | *ɓaːkᴰ¹ | ɓak⁷ | ɓak⁷ | ɓak⁷ | ɓak⁷ | ɓak⁷ | ɓak⁷ |
navel | 肚臍 | *ɗəːᴬ² | pʰu⁴ le² | pʰu⁴ ɗɔ² | pʰu⁴ lɔ²; pʰu⁴ zɔ² | ɓa¹ ɗo² | ɓoʔ⁸ ɗɔ² | ma² ɗɔ² |
neck | 脖子 | *liŋᴮᶜ² | mɑk⁸ liŋ⁴ | mak⁸ liŋ⁴ | lɛŋ⁴ | liŋ⁴ | liŋ⁴ | liŋ⁴ |
nose | 鼻 | *zəŋᴬ¹ | zoŋ¹ | zɔŋ¹ | zɔŋ¹ʼ | ʑɔŋ¹ | soŋ³ lɔŋ¹ | lɔŋ¹ |
shoulder | 肩膀 | *viaᴮᶜ¹ | ɓak⁷ ɓia³ | ɓak⁷ʼ ɓia³ | ɓɐk⁷ʼ ɓia³ | ɓak⁷ via³ | ɓak⁷ via³ | ɓik⁷ via³ ‘armʼ |
skin | 皮膚 | *naŋᴬ¹ | nɑŋ¹ | naŋ¹ | nɐŋ¹ʼ | naŋ¹ | naŋ¹ | naŋ¹ |
sweat | 汗水 | *hənᴮᶜ² | hen⁴ | hɔn⁴ | hɔn⁴ | hon⁴ | hɔn⁴ | hɔn⁴ |
thigh | 大腿 | *vaːᴬ² | mɔk⁸ ɓa² | mak⁸ va² | mɐk⁸ va² | mak⁸ va² | maj⁴ va² | maŋ⁴ va² |
throat | 喉嚨 | *kəːᴬ² | ɗɔn⁴ ke² | ɗɔn⁴ ko² | ɗan⁴ ko² | ko²; ɗun⁴ ko² | ɗun⁴ ko² | ɗun⁴ ko² |
tongue | 舌頭 | *liːnᴮᶜ² | lin⁴ | lin⁴ | lin⁴ | lin⁴ | lin⁴ | lin⁴ |
tooth | 牙齒 | *tinᴬ¹ | tɔn¹ | tɔn¹ | tɐn¹ʼ | tən¹ | tin¹ | tin¹ |
urine | 尿 | *zuːᴬ¹ | zow¹ | zɔw¹ | zɐw¹ʼ | ʑɔw¹ | ʑɔw¹ | lɔw¹ |
waist | 腰 | *luːᴮᶜ¹ | lo³ | lɔw³ | lɔw³ | lɔw³ | lɔw³ | lɔw³ |
ash | 灰燼 | *ɗəwᴮᶜ² | ɗew⁴ | ɗɔw⁴ | ɗɔw⁴ | ɗɔw⁴ | ɗɔw⁴ | ɗɔw⁴ |
cloud | 雲 | *ɓaːᴮᶜ² | ɓa⁴ | ɓa⁴ | ɓa⁴ | ɓa⁴ | ɓa⁴ | ɓa⁴ |
dry field; hillside | 旱田、山坡地 | *vəːnᴮᶜ¹ | -- | -- | ɓin³ | vən³ | vən³ | vən³ |
fire | 火 | *vəːjᴬ² | ɓɛ(j)² | vɛj² | vɛj² | vəj² | vəj² | vəj² |
firewood | 柴 | *vəːnᴬ² | ɓən² | vən² | vən² | vən² | vən² | vən² |
fog; dew | 霧、露水 | *ŋiawᴮᶜ² | -- | ŋiaw⁴ | ŋiaw⁴ | ŋiaw⁴ | ŋiaw⁴ | ŋiaw⁴ |
grease | 動物脂肪 | *maːnᴬ² | man² | man² | man² | man² | man² | man² |
land | (土)地 | *matᴰ² | mɑt⁸ | mat⁸ | mɐt⁸ʼ | mat⁸ | mat⁸ | mat⁸ |
lime | 石灰 | *hoːj | hoj¹ | hoj¹ | hoj¹ | hoj¹ | hoj¹ | hoj¹ |
moon | 月亮 | *sajᴬ¹ | sɑj¹ | saj¹ | maj⁴ sɐj¹ʼ | saj¹ | maj⁴ saj¹ | maj⁴ saj¹ |
mountain; wild | 山、野外 | *saŋᴬ¹ | sɑŋ¹ | saŋ¹ | sɐŋ¹ʼ | saŋ¹ | saŋ¹ ‘wildʼ | saŋ¹ ‘wildʼ |
mud | 泥(土) | *ɓuŋᴬ² | ɓɔŋ² | ɓoŋ² ‘dustʼ | ɓoŋ² | ɓuŋ² | ɓoŋ² | ɓoŋ² |
paddy field | 水田 | *niaᴬ² | nia² | nia² | nia² | nia² | nia² | nia² |
rain | 雨 | *pʰunᴬ¹ | pʰɑn¹ | pʰɔn¹ | pʰɐn¹ʼ | fun¹ | fun¹ | pʰun¹ |
sand | 沙 | *taːŋᴬ¹ | taŋ¹ | taŋ¹ | taŋ¹ | taŋ¹ | taŋ¹ | taŋ¹ |
shadow | 影子 | *ŋuːjᴬ¹ | muj¹ | muj¹ | muj¹ʼ | ŋuj¹ | ŋuj¹ | ŋuj¹ |
sound; noise | 聲音 | *sawᴬ¹ | saw¹ | saw¹ | sɐw¹ʼ | saw¹ | saw¹ | saw¹ |
star | 星星 | *hitᴰ¹ | mɑk⁸ hɑt⁷ | mak⁸ hat⁷ʼ | mɐk⁸ kʰɔt⁷ʼ | mak⁸ hət⁷ ‘eggplantʼ | ma² hit⁷ ‘hailʼ | ma² hit⁷ ‘hailʼ |
stone | 石頭 | *ɗiːnᴬ² | ɗin² | ɗin² | ɗin² | ɗin² | ɗin² | ɗin² |
sun | 太陽 | *ɗaᴬ¹ vɨnᴬ² | ɗa¹ ɓɑn² | ɗa¹ vɔn² | ɗa¹ vɔn² | ɗa¹ vən² | ɗa³ -t vən² | ɗa¹ vən² |
water | 水 | *namᴮᶜ² | nɑm⁴ | nam⁴ | nam⁴ | nam⁴ | nam⁴ | nam⁴ |
wind | 風 | *vanᴮᶜ¹ | ɓɑn³ | van³ | van³ | van³ | van³ | van³ |
wings | 翅膀 | *ɓiːkᴰ¹ | ɓik⁷ | ɓik⁷ʼ | ɓik⁷ʼ | ɓik⁷ | ɓik⁷ | ɓik⁷ |
alive | 活 | *ʑuːᴮᶜ¹ | zow³ | zɔw³ | zɔw³ | ʑɔw³ | ʑɔw³ | ʑəw³ |
bad (not good) | 壞 | *tsəmᴮᶜ² | tsim⁴ | tsom⁴ | tsom⁴ | -- | -- | -- |
big | 大 | *ȵəːᴮᶜ¹ | ne³ | nɔ³ | -- | no³ | ȵɔ³ | ʑɔ³ |
bitter | 苦 | *kamᴬ² | kɑm² | kam² | kam² | kam² | kam² | kam² |
black | 黑 | *zamᴬ¹ | zɑm¹ | zam¹ | zɐm¹ʼ | ʑam¹ | ʑam¹ | lam¹ |
blue | 藍 | *laːmᴬ² | lam² | lam² | lam² | lam² | lam² | lam² |
bright | 亮 | *ɓaːŋᴬ¹ | ɓaŋ¹ | ɓaŋ¹ | ɓaŋ¹ | ɓaŋ¹ | ɓaŋ¹ | ɓaŋ¹ |
clean | 乾淨 | *ɓaŋᴮᶜ¹ | ɓɑŋ³ | ɓaŋ³ | -- | ɓaŋ³ | ɓaŋ³ | ɓaŋ³ |
clear | 清澈 | *həːᴬ¹ | he¹ | hɔ¹ | hɔ¹ | ho¹ | hɔ¹ | -- |
cold | 冷 | *niːtᴰ¹ | nit⁷ | nit⁷ | nit⁷ | nit⁷ | nit⁷ | nit⁷ |
dead | 死 | *ɗaːjᴬ¹ | ɗaj¹ | ɗaj¹ | ɗaj¹ | ɗaj¹ | ɗaj¹ | ɗaj¹ |
deaf | 聾 | *makᴰ² | mɑk⁸ | mak⁸ | mɐk⁸ʼ | mak⁸ | mak⁸ | mak⁸ |
delicious | 好吃 | *ʔeːnᴮᶜ¹ | ʔen³ | ʔien³ | ʔen³ | ʔɛn³ | ʔɛn³ | ʔɛn³ |
drunk | 醉 | *məːjᴬ² | mɛj² | mɛj² | mɛj² | məj² | məj² | məj² |
dry | 乾 | *ziaŋᴮᶜ¹ | ziaŋ³ | ziaŋ³ | ziaŋ³ | ʑiaŋ³ | liaŋ³ | liaŋ³ |
empty | 空 | *zəːjᴬ¹ | zɯj¹ | zi¹ | zi¹ | ʑəj¹ | ləj¹ | ləj¹ |
expensive | 貴 | *kʰəkᴰ² | kʰɔk⁸ | kʰɔk⁸ | kʰɔk⁸ʼ | xɔk⁸ | xɔk⁸ | kʰɔk⁸ |
far | 遠 | *liːᴬ¹ | lɔj¹ | lɔj¹ | lɐj¹ʼ | lɔj¹ | lɔj¹ | lɔj¹ |
fast; quick | 快 | *kʰuajᴮᶜ¹; meːŋᴮᶜ¹ | kʰuaj³ | kʰuaj³ | kʰuaj³ | mɛŋ³ | mɛŋ³ | mɛŋ³ |
fat; plump | 肥胖 | *pʰuːjᴬ² | pʰoj² | -- | pʰuj² | pʰuj² | fuj² | pʰuj² |
few; little | 少 | *tiːwᴮᶜ¹ | tiw³ | tiw³ | tiw³ | tiw³ | tiw³ | tiw³ |
firm; hard | 硬 | *zuaʔᴰ¹ | zuaʔ⁷ | zuaʔ⁷ʼ | zuaʔ⁷ʼ | ʑuaʔ⁷ | luaʔ⁷ | luaʔ⁷ |
flat; smooth | 平 | *pʰiŋᴬ² | pʰiŋ² | pʰiŋ² | pʰɛŋ² | fiŋ² | fiŋ² | pʰiŋ² |
fragrant | 香 | *hiaŋᴬ¹ | hiaŋ¹ | hiaŋ¹ | hiaŋ¹ | hiaŋ¹ | hiaŋ¹ | hiaŋ¹ |
full (after eating) | 飽 | *kəːmᴬ² | kom² | kum² | kum² | kəm² | kəm² | kəm² |
full; filled | 滿 | *ɗiːkᴰ¹ | ɗik⁷ | ɗik⁷ʼ | ɗit⁷ʼ | ɗik⁷ | ɗik⁷ | ɗik⁷ |
green | 綠 | *heːwᴬ¹ | hew¹ | hew¹ | hew¹ | -- | -- | -- |
heavy | 重 | *kʰənᴬ¹ | kʰen¹ | kʰɔn¹ | kʰɔn¹ | xon¹ | xɔn¹ | kʰɔn¹ |
hot; to heat | 熱 | *luːnᴮᶜ¹ | lun³ | lun³ | lun³ | lun³ | lun³ | lun³ |
itchy | 癢 | *kumᴬ² | kɔm² | kɔm² | kɔm² | kum² | kum² | kum² |
light (not heavy) | 輕 | *kʰəːᴮᶜ¹ | kʰe³ | kʰɔ³ | kʰɔ³ | xo³ | xɔ³ | kʰɔ³ |
low | 矮、低 | *ɗəmᴮᶜ¹ | ɗom³ | ɗom³ | ɗom³ | ɗom³ | ɗɔm³ | ɗɔm³ |
male | 雄性 | *haːwᴮᶜ² | -- | haw⁴ | haw⁴ | -- | haw⁴ | haw⁴ |
many | 多 | *liawᴮᶜ² | liaw⁴ | liaw⁴ | liaw⁴ | liaw⁴ | liaw⁴ | liaw⁴ |
mute | 啞 | *ŋupᴰ¹ | ŋop⁷ | ŋɔp⁷ʼ ‘quietʼ | ŋɔp⁷ʼ (L&Z) | ŋop⁷ | ŋop⁷ | ŋop⁷ |
narrow | 窄 | *tsikᴰ¹ | tsek⁷ | tsɛk⁷ʼ | tsɛk⁷ʼ | tsɛk⁷ | ʔɛp⁸ tsɛk⁷ | tsɛk⁷ |
new | 新 | *naːwᴮᶜ² | naw⁴ | naw⁴ | naw⁴ | naw⁴ | naw⁴ | naw⁴ |
old | 舊 | *kaːwᴮᶜ¹ | kaw³ | kaw³ | kaw³ | kaw³ | kaw³ | kaw³ |
old (not young) | 老 | *laːwᴮᶜ² | law⁴ | law⁴ | law⁴ | law⁴ | law⁴ | law⁴ |
raw | 生 | *zipᴰ¹ | zɔp⁷ | zɔp⁷ʼ | zɔp⁷ʼ | ʑəp⁷ | ʑip⁷ | lip⁷ |
red; crimson | 紅、赤紅 | *ziːŋᴬ¹ | ziŋ¹ | -- | ziŋ¹ʼ (L&Z) | ʑiŋ¹ | liŋ¹ (BL) | -- |
ripe | 熟 | *ŋawᴮᶜ¹ | ŋɑw³ | ŋaw³ | ŋaw³ | ŋaw³ | ŋaw³ | ŋaw³ |
rotten | 腐爛 | *ɗəːjᴬ² | ɗej² | ɗɛj² | ɗɛj² | ɗəj² | ɗəj² | ɗəj² |
rotten; broken | 壞 | *pʰaːjᴮᶜ² | pʰaj⁴ | pʰaj⁴ | pʰaj⁴ | faj⁴ | -- | pʰaj⁴ |
salty | 鹹 | *zaŋᴮᶜ¹ | zɑŋ³ | zaŋ³ | zaŋ³ | ʑaŋ³ | laŋ³ | laŋ³ |
shallow | 淺 | *ɗəːnᴮᶜ¹ | ɗɯn³ | ɗin³ | ɗin³ | ɗən³ | ɗən³ | ɗən³ |
sick | 病 | *pʰiŋᴮᶜ² | pʰiŋ⁴ | pʰiŋ⁴ | pʰɛŋ⁴ | fiŋ⁴ | fiŋ⁴ | pʰiŋ⁴ |
slim; thin | 瘦 | *suːmᴬ¹ | sum¹ | sum¹ | sum¹ʼ | sum¹ | sum¹ | sum¹ |
small | 小 | *niːʔᴰ¹ | niʔ⁷ | niʔ⁷ʼ | ni⁷ʼ | niʔ⁷ | -- | -- |
smelly | 臭 | *kəʔᴰ² | kɔʔ⁸ | koʔ⁸ | koʔ⁸ʼ | koʔ⁸ | kɔʔ⁸ | koʔ⁸ |
sour | 酸 | *huaᴮᶜ¹ | hua³ | hua³ | hua³ | hua³ | (h)ua³ | hua³ |
spicy | 辣 | *kəːnᴬ² | -- | kən² | kən² | kən² | kən² | kən² |
sticky | 黏 | *taŋᴬ¹ | ɗɑŋ¹ | ɗaŋ¹ | ɗɐŋ¹ʼ | ɗaŋ¹ | ɗaŋ¹ | -- |
straight (not crooked) | 直 | *ɗaʔᴰ² | ɗɑʔ⁸ | ɗaʔ⁸ | ɗa(ʔ)⁸ʼ; ɗəʔ⁸ʼ | -- | -- | ɗaʔ⁸ |
sweet | 甜 | *liamᴬ² | liam² | liam² | liam² | -- | -- | -- |
swollen | 腫 | *kətᴰ² | kɔt⁸ | kɔt⁸ | kuat⁸ʼ | kɔt⁸ | kɔt⁸ | kɔt⁸ |
thin (not thick) | 薄 | *viaŋᴬ¹ | ɓiaŋ¹ | ɓiaŋ¹ | ɓiaŋ¹ | viaŋ¹ | viaŋ¹ | viaŋ¹ |
tight | 緊 | *kəŋᴬ¹ | kɔŋ¹ | kɔŋ¹ | kɔŋ¹ʼ | kɔŋ² | -- | kɔŋ¹ |
tired | 累 | *nuajᴮᶜ¹ | -- | nuaj³ | nuaj³ | nuaj³ | nuaj³ | nuaj³ |
to arrive | 到(達) | *ɗəŋᴬ¹ | ɗɔŋ¹ | ɗɔŋ¹ | ɗɔŋ¹ʼ | ɗɔŋ¹ | ɗɔŋ¹ | ɗɔŋ¹ |
to ascend | 上(山) | *kəːnᴮᶜ¹ | kun³ | kin³ | kin³ | kən³ | kən³ | kən³ |
to ask | 問 | *təjᴮᶜ¹ | tej³ | tɔj³ | tɔj³ | tɔj³ | tɔj³ | tɔj³ |
to bark | (狗)吠 | *sawᴮᶜ¹ | sɑw³ | saw³ | saw³ | saw³ | saw³ | saw³ |
to bend | 彎曲 | *ʔeːwᴬ¹ | ʔew¹ | -- | ʔew¹ | ʔɛw¹ | ʔɛw¹ | ʔɛw¹ |
to blink | 眨 | *liapᴰ¹; ȵiapᴰ¹ | -- | liap⁷ʼ ɗa¹ | liap⁷ʼ ɗa¹; niap⁷ʼ ɗa¹ | niap⁷ ɗa¹ | ȵiap⁷ ɗa¹ | ʑiap⁷ ɗa¹ |
to blow | 吹 | *vəwᴮᶜ² | ɓew⁴ | vɔw⁴ | vɔw⁴ | vɔw⁴ | vɔw⁴ | vɔw⁴ |
to borrow | 借 | *naːjᴮᶜ¹ | naj³ | naj³ | naj³ | naj³ | naj³ | naj³ |
to braid | 編(辮子) | *laːwᴮᶜ¹ | law³ | law³ | law³ | law³ | law³ | law³ |
to burn | 燒(稻草) | *zuːtᴰ¹ | -- | zut⁷ | zut⁷ | ʑut⁷ | ʑut⁸ -t | lut⁷ |
to carry (by hand) | 提 | *ɗiːwᴮᶜ² | -- | ɗiw⁴ | -- | ɗiw⁴ | ɗiw⁴ | ɗiw⁴ |
to carry (on shoulders) | 挑(擔) | *haːpᴰ¹ | hap⁷ | hap⁷ | hap⁷ | hap⁷ | hap⁷ | hap⁷ |
to castrate | 閹 | *ɗoːnᴬ¹ | ɗon¹ | ɗon¹ | ɗon¹ | ɗon¹ | ɗon¹ | ɗon¹ |
to chop | 剁 | *tsupᴰ¹ | tsɔp⁷ | tsɔp⁷ʼ | tsap⁷ʼ | -- | -- | -- |
to come | 來 | *niaᴬ² | nia³ -t | nia² | nia² | nia² | -- | mia² |
to cough | 咳嗽 | *ʔajᴬ¹ | ʔɑj¹ | ʔaj¹ | ʔɐj¹ʼ haŋ¹ | ʔaj¹ haŋ¹ | ʔaj¹ | ko² ʔaj¹ |
to count | 數(數) | *tuanᴮᶜ¹ | tuan³ | tuan³ | tuan³ | tuan³ | tuan³ | tuan³ loan |
to cover | 蓋 | *kʰumᴮᶜ¹; kʰupᴰ¹ | kʰɔm³ | kʰɔm³; kʰɔp⁷ʼ | kʰɔp⁷ʼ | xɔp⁷ | xum³ | tsum³ -i |
to crawl | 爬 | *ləːʔᴰ² | -- | -- | -- | ləʔ⁸ | ləʔ⁸ | ləʔ⁸ |
to crow | 雞啼叫 | *taːnᴬ¹ | tan¹ | tan¹ | tan¹ | tan¹ | tan¹ | tan¹ |
to cry | 哭 | *ŋajᴮᶜ¹ | ŋɑj³ | ŋaj³ | ŋaj³ | ŋaj³ | ŋaj³ | ŋaj³ |
to cut | 剪 | *keːwᴬ¹ | kew¹ | kew¹ | kew¹ | kɛw¹ | kɛw¹ | kɛw¹ |
to descend | 下(山) | *zuŋᴬ² | zɔŋ² | zoŋ² | zoŋ² | ʑuŋ² | ʑoŋ² | loŋ² |
to dream; dream | 作夢; 夢 | *vənᴬ² | ɓen² | vən² | vɔn² | von² | vɔn² | vɔn² |
to eat | 吃 | *kənᴬ¹ | kɔn¹ | kɔn¹ | kɔn¹ʼ | kɔn¹ | kɔn¹ | kɔn¹ |
to fight | 打(架) | *kiːtᴰ¹ | kit⁷ | kit⁷ʼ | kit⁷ʼ | kit⁷ | kit⁷ | kit⁷ |
to float; floating | 漂浮 | *vawᴬ¹ | ɓɑw¹ | vaw¹ | ɓaw² -t | vaw¹ | vaw¹ | vaw¹ |
to flow | (水)流 | *ləːjᴬ¹ | le(j)¹ | li¹ | li¹ | ləj¹ | ləj¹ | ləj¹ |
to fly | 飛 | *vinᴬ¹ | ɓɑn¹ | ɓɔn¹ | ɓɐn¹ʼ | vin¹ | vin¹ | vin¹ |
to give | 給 | *seːᴬ¹ | -- | se¹ | se¹ | sɛ¹ | sɛ¹ | sɛ¹ |
to give away | 送 | *huŋᴮᶜ¹ | hɔŋ³ | hoŋ³ | hoŋ³ | huŋ³ | hoŋ³ | hoŋ³ |
to gnaw | 啃 | *kaʔᴰ¹ | kɑʔ⁷ | -- | -- | kaʔ⁷ | kaʔ⁷ | -- |
to go; to walk | 去、走 | *ɓiːᴬ¹ | ɓəj¹ | ɓɛj⁵⁵ | ɓɐj¹ʼ | ɓɔj¹ | ɓɔj¹ | ɓɔj¹ |
to grab | 抓 | *həːᴬ² | he² | hɔ² | hɔ² | ho² | hɔ² | hɔ² |
to hold objects in the mouth | 含 | *hamᴬ² | hɑm² | ham² | (h)am² | ham² | hɔm² | hɔm² |
to knock | 敲(門) | *kʰawᴬ¹ | kʰɑw¹ | kʰaw¹ | kʰɐw¹ʼ | kʰaw¹ | xaw¹ | kʰaw¹ |
to lick | 舔 | *liːmᴮᶜ² | -- | lim⁴ | zim⁴ | lim⁴ | lim⁴ | lim⁴ |
to lift | 抬 | *haːmᴬ¹ | ham¹ | ham¹ | ham¹ | ham¹ | ham¹ | ham¹ |
to make things dirty | 弄髒 | *luakᴰ¹ | luak⁷ | luak⁷ʼ | luak⁷ʼ | -- | luak⁷ (LC) | luak⁷ (BL) |
to open (doors) | 開(門) | *kʰəjᴬ² | kʰe(j)¹ | kʰɔj¹ | kʰɐj¹ʼ | xəj² | xəj² | kʰəj² |
to pick up | 撿 | *humᴬ¹ | hɔm¹ | hɔm¹ | hɐm¹ʼ | hum¹ | hum¹ | hum¹ |
to pickle | 醃 | *zəːmᴮᶜ² | -- | -- | zum⁴ | -- | ʑəm⁴ | ləm⁴ |
to pinch | 掐、捏 | *neːwᴮᶜ¹ | mut⁷ | new¹ | new³ | -- | -- | nɛw³ |
to play | 玩 | *ȵaːmᴬ¹ | nam¹ | nam³³ -t | -- | nam¹ | ȵam¹ | ʑam¹ |
to pound (rice) | 舂(米) | *naːmᴬ² | nam² | nam² | nam² | nam² | nam² | nam² |
to pull weeds | 拔(草) | *vukᴰ² | -- | vok⁸ | vok⁸ | vok⁸ | vok⁸ | -- |
to put down | 放 | *ɓiaŋᴮᶜ¹ | ɓiaŋ³ | ɓiaŋ³ | ɓiaŋ³ | ɓiaŋ³ | ɓiaŋ³ | ɓiaŋ³ |
to raise (children) | 養 | *tiaŋᴮᶜ² | tiaŋ⁴ | tiaŋ⁴ | tiaŋ⁴ | tiaŋ⁴ | tiaŋ⁴ | tiaŋ⁴ |
to return (home) | 回(家) | *ləŋᴬ¹ | -- | liŋ¹ | liŋ¹ʼ (L&Z) | -- | ləŋ¹ | ləŋ¹ |
to return (to pay back) | 還 | *pʰəːᴮᶜ² | pʰe⁴ | pʰɔ⁴ | pʰɔ⁴ | fo⁴ | fɔ⁴ | pʰɔ⁴ |
to ride (a horse) | 騎(馬) | *kʰəːjᴮᶜ² | kʰəj⁴ | kʰɛj⁴ | kʰəj⁴ | xəj⁴ | xəj⁴ | kʰəj⁴ |
to run | 跑 | *ɗiawᴬ² | ɗiaw² | ɗew² | ɗew² | ɗɛw² | ɗɛw² | ɗɛw² |
to scratch | 搔 | *ŋiawᴬ¹ | ŋiaw¹ | ŋiaw¹ | ŋiaw¹ʼ | ŋiaw¹ | ŋiaw¹ | ŋiaw¹ ‘itchyʼ |
to sell | 賣 | *ʔiŋᴮᶜ¹ | ʔiŋ³ | ʔiŋ³ | ʔɛŋ³ | ʔiŋ³ | ʔiŋ³ | ʔiŋ³ |
to sing (opera) | 唱 | *siaŋᴮᶜ¹ | siaŋ³ | siaŋ³ | siaŋ³ | siaŋ³ | siaŋ³ | siaŋ³ |
to sleep | 睡覺 | *lapᴰ¹ suanᴬ¹ | lɑp⁷ suan¹ | lap⁷ʼ | lap⁷ʼ sɐn¹ʼ | lap⁷ suan¹ | lap⁷ | lap⁷ suan¹ |
to lie down | 躺 | *lapᴰ¹ | lɑp⁷ | lap⁷ʼ | lap⁷ʼ | lap⁷ | lap⁷ | lap⁷ |
to smell | 聞 | *niːwᴮᶜ¹ | niw³ | niw³ | niw³ | niw³ | ŋiw³ | -- |
to speak | 說、講 | *kaːŋᴮᶜ¹ | kaŋ³ | kaŋ³ | kaŋ³ | kaŋ³ | kaŋ³ | kaŋ³ |
to stand | 站 | *zuːnᴬ¹ | zun¹ | zun¹ | zun¹ | nun¹ | ȵun¹ | ʑun¹ |
to steal | 偷 | *zəkᴰ² | zɔk⁸ | zɔk⁸ | zɔk⁸ʼ | ʑɔk⁸ | lɔk⁸ | lɔk⁸ |
to step on | 踩、踐踏 | *ɗəkᴰ¹ | ɗɔk⁷ | ɗɔk⁷ | ɗɔk⁷ | ɗɔk⁷ | -- | -- |
to swallow | 吞、嚥 | *ləːʔᴰ¹ | ləʔ⁷ | liʔ⁷ʼ | liʔ⁷ʼ | ləʔ⁷ | ləʔ⁷ | -- |
to swim | 游(泳) | *zəːjᴬ² | zɛ(j)² | -- | zɛj² | ʑəj² | ləj² | ləj² |
to take off; to remove; to untie | 脫、解開 | *keːʔᴰ¹ | keʔ⁷ | keʔ⁷ʼ | keʔ⁷ʼ | kɛʔ⁷ | kɛʔ⁷ | kɛʔ⁷ |
to take; to fetch | 拿 | *ʔuːᴬ¹ | ʔow¹ | ʔɔw¹ | ʔɔ¹ | ʔɔw¹ | ʔɔw¹ | -- |
to teach | 教 | *majᴬ¹ | -- | maj¹ | mɐj¹ʼ | maj¹ | maj¹ | -- |
to tie | 綁 | *katᴰ² | kɑt⁸ | kat⁸ | kɐt⁸ʼ | kat⁸ | kat⁸ | kat⁸ |
to transplant (rice seedling) | 種(稻) | *zəmᴬ¹ | zom¹ | zom¹ | zom¹ | ʑom¹ | lɔm¹ | lɔm¹ |
to vomit | 嘔吐 | *ɗuakᴰ² | ɗuak⁸ | -- | ɗuak⁸ | ɗuak⁸ | ɗuak⁸ | ɗuak⁸ |
to wash (clothes) | 洗(衣服) | *ɗakᴰ² | ɗak⁸ | ɗak⁸ | ɗɐk⁸ʼ | ɗak⁸ | ɗak⁸ | ɗak⁸ |
to wash (hands) | 洗(手) | *tuːkᴰ¹ | tuk⁷ | tuk⁷ʼ | tuk⁷ʼ | tuk⁷ | tuk⁷ | tuk⁷ |
to wear; to put on | 穿(衣) | *ɗiːŋᴬ¹ | ɗiŋ¹ | ɗiŋ¹ | ɗiŋ¹ʼ | ɗiŋ¹ | ɗiŋ¹ | ɗiŋ¹ |
to write | 寫字 | *tiaᴮᶜ¹ | tia³ | tia³ | tia³ | tia³ | tia³ | tia³ |
wet | 溼 | *tsakᴰ² | tsɑk⁸ | tsak⁸ | tsɐk⁸ʼ | tsak⁸ | tsak⁸ | tsak⁸ |
white | 白 | *pʰiakᴰ² | pʰiak⁸ | pʰiak⁸ | pʰiak⁸ | fiak⁸ | fiak⁸ | pʰiak⁸ |
wide | 寬 | *kʰuatᴰ¹ | kʰuat⁷ | kʰuat⁷ʼ | kʰuat⁷ʼ | xuat⁷ | xuat⁷ | kʰuat⁷ |
withered; wrinkle | 枯萎、皺紋 | *ȵeːwᴮᶜ¹ | new³ | new³ | new³ | nɛw³ | ȵɛw³ | ʑɛw³ |
yellow | 黃 | *laːŋᴬ¹ | laŋ¹ | laŋ¹ | laŋ¹ | laŋ¹ | laŋ¹ | laŋ¹ |
young | 年輕 | *ʔuːnᴮᶜ¹ | ʔun³ | ʔun³ | ʔun³ | ʔun³ | ʔun³ | ʔun³ |
bamboo hat; straw hat | 斗笠、草帽 | *laːŋᴮᶜ¹ | laŋ³ | laŋ³ | laŋ³ | laŋ³ | laŋ³ | laŋ³ |
bamboo mat | 蓆子 | *ziːwᴮᶜ² | ziw⁴ | ziw⁴ | ziw⁴ | ʑiw⁴ | liw⁴ | liw⁴ |
big cymbals | 大鈸 | *saːᴮᶜ¹ | sa³ pʰo⁵⁵ | -- | sa³ pʰo² | tsa¹ -i fɔ² | tsa³ | sa³ pʰo² |
boat | 船 | *zuaᴬ² | zua² | zua² | zua² | ʑua² | lua² | lua² |
bowl | 碗 | *huːjᴮᶜ² | hoj⁴ | huj⁴ | huj⁴ | huj⁴ | huj⁴ | huj⁴ |
bridge | 橋 | *kʰiːwᴬ² | kʰew² | kʰiw² | kʰiw² | xiw² | xiw² | kʰiw² |
car | 車 | *siaᴬ¹ | sia¹ | sia¹ | sia¹ | sia¹ | sia¹ | sia¹ |
chopping board | 砧板 | *tsimᴬ¹ | tsɔm¹ | tsɔm¹ | tsɐm¹ʼ | tsəm¹ | tsim¹ | tsim¹ |
chopsticks | 筷子 | *səːwᴮᶜ² | so⁴; səw⁴ (Xin) | səw⁴ | sə⁴ | səw⁴ | səw⁴ | səw⁴ |
cloth | 布 | *həpᴰ² | hɑp⁸ | hap⁸ | hɐp⁸ʼ | hɔp⁸ | hɔp⁸ | hɔp⁸ |
clothes | 衣服 | *ʑuaᴮᶜ¹ | kʰo³ zua³ | zua³ | zua³ | ʑua³ | xo³ ʑua³ | kʰo³ ʑua³ |
comb | 梳子 | *hajᴬ¹ | hɑj¹ | haj¹ | hɐj¹ʼ | haj¹ | haj¹ | haj¹ |
cooking pot; wok | 炒菜鍋 | *ɗuːᴬ¹ | ɗow¹ | ɗɔw¹ | ɗɐw¹ʼ | ɗɔw¹ | ɗɔw¹ | ɗɔw¹ |
cup | 杯 | *tsuːŋᴬ¹ | tsoŋ¹ | tsuŋ¹ | tsuŋ¹ʼ | tsuŋ¹ | tsuŋ¹ | tsuŋ¹ |
ditch | 水溝、灌溉溝渠 | *maŋᴬ¹ | maŋ¹ | maŋ¹ | mɐŋ¹ʼ | maŋ¹ | maŋ¹ | maŋ¹ |
fish hook | 魚鉤 | *tiːnᴮᶜ¹ | tin³ ɓa¹ | tin³ | tin³ | tin³ | tin³ | tin³ |
gong | 鑼 | *ləːᴬ² | pʰaŋ³ le² | ɗuŋ³³ lɔ² | ɗuŋ⁴ lɔ² | lɔ² | lɔ² | lɔ² |
hoe | 鋤頭(钁) | *kuakᴰ¹ | kuak⁷ | kuak⁷ʼ | kuak⁷ʼ | kuak⁷ | kuak⁷ | -- |
house | 房屋 | *zaːnᴬ² | zan² | zan² | zan² | ʑan² | ʑan² | lan² |
iron | 鐵 | *heːtᴰ¹ | het⁷ | hiat⁷ʼ | het⁷ʼ | hɛt⁷ | hɛt⁷ | hɛt⁷ |
kitchen range | 灶 | *tsaːwᴮᶜ¹ | tsaw³ lɔŋ² | tsaw³ | tsaw³ | tsaw³ | tsaw³ | tsaw³ |
knife | 刀子 | *miːtᴰ² | mit⁸ | mit⁸ | mit⁸ʼ | mit⁸ | mit⁸ | mit⁸ |
long bench | 長凳 | *ɗəŋᴮᶜ¹ | ɗɔŋ³ | ɗɔŋ³ | ɗɔŋ³ | ɗoŋ³ | ɗɔŋ³ | ɗɔŋ³ |
loom | 紡織機 | *ɗəːkᴰ² | zan² ɗɛk⁸ | ɗot⁸ ɗɛk⁸ | zan² ɗɛk⁸ʼ (L&Z) | -- | lan² ɗək⁸ (BL) | -- |
mortar | 石臼 | *hukᴰ² | huak⁸ | -- | hok⁸ | hok⁸ | hok⁸ | hok⁸ |
needle | 針 | *ŋaʔᴰ² | ŋɑʔ⁸ | ŋaʔ⁸ | ŋaʔ⁸ʼ | ŋaʔ⁸ | ŋaʔ⁸ | ŋaʔ⁸ |
paddle | 船槳 | *tsawᴬ²; loᴮᶜ¹ | lo³; tsɑw² | -- | -- | tsaw²; lɔ³ | -- | tsaw²; lɔ³ |
pants | 褲子 | *kʰoːᴮᶜ¹ | kʰo³ | kʰo³ | kʰo³ | xo³ | xo³ | kʰo³ |
pen | 筆 | *ɓitᴰ¹ | ɓɑt⁷ | ɓɔt⁷ʼ | ɓɔt⁷ʼ | ɓət⁷ | ɓit⁷ | ɓit⁷ |
pillar; pole | 柱子 | *huːᴮᶜ¹ | -- | kok⁷ʼ hɔw¹ | hɐw¹ʼ | hɔw¹ | hɔw¹ | hɔw¹ |
plow | 犁 | *ləjᴬ² | le(j)² | lɔj² | lɔj² | lɔj² | lɔj² | lɔj² |
rake | 耙 | *pʰaːᴬ² | pʰa² | pʰa² | pʰa² | fa² | fa² | pʰa² |
road | 路 | *sunᴬ¹ | sɔn¹ | sɔn¹ | sɐn¹ʼ | sun¹ | sun¹ | sun¹ |
shoes | 鞋子 | *haːjᴬ² | haj² | haj² | haj² | haj² | haj² | haj² |
shoulder pole | 扁擔 | *vaːnᴬ¹ | ɓan² | van² | van² | van² | van² | van² |
shuttle | 梭子 | *ɗaŋᴮᶜ² ɗəːkᴰ² | ɗɔŋ⁴ ɗɛk⁸ | -- | -- | ɗaŋ⁴ ɗək⁸ | ɗaŋ⁴ ɗək⁸ | -- |
silk | 絲 | *təjᴬ¹ | tej⁴ -t | ti¹ | ti¹ | təj¹ | təj¹ | təj¹ |
small cymbals | 小鈸 | *tseːᴮᶜ¹ | -- | tsɔm² tsɛ¹ | tsɔm² tsɛ¹ | -- | tsɛ¹ | tsɛ¹ |
straw cape | 簑衣 | *təːjᴮᶜ² | tɛj⁴ | tɛj⁴ | tɛj⁴ | təj⁴ | təj⁴ | təj⁴ |
table | 桌 | *taːŋᴬ² | taŋ² | taŋ² | taŋ² | -- | -- | -- |
temple | 廟 | *miːwᴮᶜ² | mew⁴ | miw⁴ | miw⁴ | miw⁴ | miw⁴ | lan² miw⁴ |
thatched cottage | 茅草房 | *zaːnᴬ² tiaᴬ² | zan² tia² | zan² tia² | zan² ɓat⁷ʼ tia² | ʑan² tia² | ʑan² tia² | lan² tia² |
thing; object | 東西、物件 | *kəwᴮᶜ² | kew⁴ | kɔw⁴ | kɔw⁴ | kɔw⁴ | kɔw⁴ | kɔ⁴ |
thread | 線 | *miːᴬ¹ | mɔj¹ | mɔj¹ | mɐj¹ʼ | mɔj¹ | mɔj¹ | mɔj¹ |
tile | 瓦(片) | *ŋuaᴮᶜ² | ŋua⁴ | ŋua⁴ | ŋua⁴ | ŋua⁴ | ŋua⁴ | ŋua⁴ |
village | 村子 | *vəːᴮᶜ¹ | ɓe³ | vɔ³ | vɔ³ | vo³ | vɔ³ | vɔ³ |
well | 井 | *ʑaŋᴬ¹ | zɑŋ¹ | zaŋ¹ | zɐŋ¹ʼ | ʑaŋ¹ | ʑaŋ¹ | ʑaŋ¹ |
windows | 窗 | *suaŋᴬ¹ | suaŋ¹ | suaŋ¹ | suaŋ¹ | suaŋ¹ | suaŋ¹ | ɓak⁷ suaŋ¹ |
winnowing basket | 篩子 | *zəŋᴬ² | zɔŋ² | zɔŋ² | zɔŋ² | ʑɔŋ² | lɔŋ² | lɔŋ² |
yoke | 牛軛 | *ʔikᴰ¹ | ʔek⁷ | ʔɛk⁷ʼ | ʔɛk⁷ʼ | ʔɛk⁷ | ʔɛk⁷ | ʔɛk⁷ |
cooked rice | 乾飯 | *ŋaːjᴬ² | ŋaj² | ŋaj² | ŋaj² | ŋaj² | ŋaj² | ŋaj² |
cooked rice; juuk | 飯; 稀飯 | *tiaᴮᶜ²; pʰiaᴮᶜ² | nam⁴ tia⁴ | tia⁴ | tia⁴ | nam⁴ fia⁴ | nam⁴ fia⁴ | nam⁴ pʰia⁴ |
meat; flesh | 肉 | *nanᴮᶜ² | nɑn⁴ | nan⁴ | nan⁴ | nan⁴ | nan⁴ | nan⁴ |
medicine | 藥 | *ʑiaᴬ¹ | zia¹ | zia¹ | zia¹ | ʑia¹ | ʑia¹ | ʑia¹ |
salt | 鹽 | *ȵaːwᴮᶜ¹ | naw³ | naw³ | naw³ | naw³ | ȵaw³ | ʑaw³ |
soup | 湯 | *soːᴮᶜ¹ | ho³ | so³ | so³ | so³ | so³ | so³ |
to have breakfast | 吃早餐 | *kənᴬ¹ tsauᴮᶜ¹ | kɔn¹ tia⁴ tsau³ | kɔn¹ tia⁴ tsau³ | -- | kɔn¹ tsau³ | kɔn¹ tsau³ | kɔn¹ tsau³ |
lunch | 吃中餐 | *kənᴬ¹ ɓakᴰ² | kɔn¹ ɓɑk⁸ | kɔn¹ ɓak⁸ | kɔn¹ʼ ɓɐk⁸ʼ ‘breakfastʼ | kɔn¹ ɓak⁸ | -- | kɔn¹ ɓak⁸ |
to have dinner | 吃晚餐 | *kəmᴮᶜ² | kɔn¹ kim⁴ | kɔn¹ kom⁴ | kɔn¹ʼ kom⁴ | kɔn¹ kom⁴ | kɔn¹ kɔm⁴ | kɔn¹ kɔm⁴ |
zongzi | 粽子 | *ʔoːtᴰ¹ | ʔot⁷ | ʔot⁷ | ʔot⁷ | ʔot⁷ | ʔot⁷ | ʔot⁷ |
child; offspring | 孩子 | *ləːkᴰ² | lɛk⁸ lɑk⁷ | lɛk⁸ lak⁷ʼ | lɛk⁸ʼ | lək⁸ | lək⁸ | lək⁸ |
grandchildren | 孫 | *laːnᴬ¹ | lan¹ | lan¹ | lan¹ | lan¹ | lan¹ | lan¹ |
man | 男人 | *kʰiaŋᴮᶜ² | -- | -- | lɛk⁸ʼ kʰiaŋ⁴ | ɗa³ xiaŋ⁴ | ɗa³ xiaŋ⁴ | ɗa³ kʰiaŋ⁴ |
woman | 女人 | *maːjᴮᶜ² ləːkᴰ² | -- | maj⁴ lɛk⁸ | maj⁴ lɛk⁸ʼ | maj⁴ lək⁸ | maj⁴ lək⁸ | maj⁴ lək⁸ |
younger sibling | 弟、妹 | *nuŋᴮᶜ² | noŋ⁴ | noŋ⁴ | nɔŋ⁴ | nuŋ⁴ | nuŋ⁴ (LC) | -- |
name | 名字 | *niːᴬ¹ | nɔj¹ | nɔj¹ | nɐj¹ʼ | nɔj¹ | nɔj¹ | nɔj¹ |
and | 和 | *heːmᴬ¹ | hem¹ | hem¹ | -- | hɛm¹ | hɛm¹ | hɛm¹ |
each other; mutual | 互相 | *kənᴬ² | kɔn² | kɔn² | kɔn² | kɔn² | kɔn² | kɔn² |
negator | 不 | *məːnᴬ² | mən² ‘to haveʼ | mən² ‘to haveʼ | mən² ‘to haveʼ | mən² | mən² | mən² |
a stretch of arms | 庹(兩臂伸長的長度) | *təmᴬ¹ | tom¹ | tom¹ | tom³⁵ | tɔm¹ | tɔm¹ | tɔm¹ |
above | 上(面) | *zuːŋᴬ¹ | pʰiaŋ³ zoŋ¹ | haŋ⁵⁵ zuŋ¹ | hɛŋ² zuŋ¹ʼ | ɗɔŋ² ʑuŋ¹ | -- | pʰiak⁸ loŋ¹ -v |
below | 下(面) | *ɗaːwᴬ² | pʰiaŋ³ ɗaw² | haŋ⁵⁵ ɗaw² | hɛŋ² ɗaw² | ɗoŋ¹ ɗaw²; ɗaw² nin⁴ | ɗaw² nin⁴ | pʰiak⁸ ɗaw² |
outside | 外面 | *ʔuːkᴰ¹ | pʰiaŋ³ ʔuk⁷ | haŋ⁵⁵ ʔik⁷ʼ | hɛŋ² ʔok⁷ʼ | ɗɔŋ² ʔuk⁷ | ʔuk⁷ nin⁴ | pʰiak⁸ ʔuk⁷ |
month | 月份 | *ŋiːtᴰ² | ŋit⁸ | ŋit⁸ | ŋit⁸ | ŋit⁸ | ŋit⁸ | ŋit⁸ |
year | 年 | *vəːjᴬ² | ɓɛi² | vɛi² | vɛi² | vəi² | vəi² | vəi² |
morning | 早上 | *tsaːwᴮᶜ¹ | zan² tsaw³ | ɗa¹ tsaw³ | ɗa¹ʼ ɓɐk⁸ʼ tsaw³ | tsaw³ tsaw³ | tsaw³ tsaw³ | tsaw³ tsaw³ |
afternoon | 下午 | *tsəwᴬ² | zan² tsew² | ɗa³ tsɔw² | -- | vən² tsɔw² | vən² tsɔw² | vən² tsɔw² |
night | 夜晚 | *kəmᴮᶜ² | kim⁴ | kom⁴ | kom⁴ | kom⁴ | kɔm⁴ | kɔm⁴ |
the day after tomorrow | 後天 | *zəːᴬ² | ɗɔŋ⁵⁵ ze² | ɗɔŋ⁵⁵ zɔ² | ɗɐŋ⁵⁵ zɔ² | ɗɔŋ²¹ ʑo² | ɗɔŋ³ lɔ² | ɗɔŋ³ lɔ² |
2 days after tomorrow | 大後天 | *luːᴮᶜ¹ | ɗɔŋ⁵⁵ lo³ | ɗɔŋ⁵⁵ lɔw³ | ɗɐŋ⁵⁵ lɔw³ | ɗɔŋ⁴ lɔw³ | ɗɔŋ³ lɔw³ | ɗɔŋ³ lɔw³ |
tomorrow | 明天 | *vɨnᴬ² tsəːkᴰ² | ɓɑn² tsɛk⁸ | vɔn² tsɛk⁸ | vɔn² tsɛk⁸ʼ | ɓak⁷ tsək⁸ | ɓak⁷ tsək⁸ | ɓak⁷ tsək⁸ |
yesterday | 昨天 | *vɨnᴬ² vaːᴬ² | ɓɑn² ɗa¹ -t | vɔn² va² | vɔn² va² | vən² va² | vən² va² | vən² va² |
‘the day before yesterday’ | 前天 | *həːnᴬ¹ | ɓɑn² hən¹ | vɔn² hin¹ | vɔn² hin¹ | vən² hən¹ | vən² hən¹ | vən² hən¹ |
2 days before yesterday | 大前天 | *vɨnᴬ² zəːkᴮᶜ¹ | -- | vɔn² zɛŋ³ | vɔn² zɛŋ³ | vən² ʑəŋ³ | vən² ləŋ³ | vən² ləŋ³ |
east | 東 | *ɗuŋᴬ¹ | ɗoŋ¹ | ɗoŋ¹ | ɗɔŋ¹ʼ | ɗuŋ¹ | ɗoŋ¹ | ɗoŋ¹ |
west | 西 | *tiːᴬ¹ | tɔj¹ | tɔj¹ | tɐj¹ʼ | tɔj¹ | tɔj¹ | tɔj¹ |
south | 南 | *nəmᴬ² | nim² | nom² | nom² | nom² | nɔm² | nɔm² |
north | 北 | *ɓəːʔᴰ¹ | ɓək⁷ | ɓik⁷ʼ | ɓik⁷ʼ | ɓək⁷ | ɓək⁷ | ɓək⁷ |
See also
[edit]- Appendix:Proto-Hlai reconstructions
- Appendix:Jiamao vocabulary lists
- Appendix:Jizhao Swadesh list
- Appendix:Proto-Hmong-Mien reconstructions
References
[edit]- Chen, Yen-ling. 2018. Proto-Ong-Be. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Hawaii at Manoa.