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坐

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 座
坐 U+5750, 坐
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5750
← 坏
[U+574F] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 坑 →
[U+5751]

Translingual

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Stroke order
0 strokes

Han character

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坐 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 人人土 (OOG), four-corner 88104, composition ⿻土从 or ⿱𠦏一)

Derived characters

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Further reading

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 225, character 15
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4931
  • Dae Jaweon: page 460, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 423, character 12
  • Unihan data for U+5750

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 坐
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (坐) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
脞 *sʰal, *sʰoːlʔ
侳 *ʔsal, *ʔsoːls
挫 *ʔsoːls
夎 *ʔsoːls
遳 *sʰloːl
銼 *sʰoːls, *zoːl, *zoːɡ
剉 *sʰoːls
莝 *sʰoːls
趖 *soːl
矬 *zoːl
痤 *zoːl
睉 *zoːl
坐 *zoːlʔ, *zoːls
座 *zoːls
髽 *ʔsroːl

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 留 (“to stay”) + 土 (“ground”).

Etymology 1

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simp. and trad.
 坐
alternative forms
𡋲
𡊎
㘴
㘸 ancient
𡋐
𡋲
𡊎
㘴
㘸 ancient
𡋐
𠱯
𡉡
𰉗
𭍻
 

Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Tangut 𗶠 (*dzu̱², “to sit”), Japhug amdzɯ (“to sit”) (Jacques, 2014; Zhang, Jacques, and Lai, 2019).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • co5 - vernacular;
  • zo6 - literary.
Note:
  • co5 - vernacular;
  • zo3 - literary.
Note:
  • Meixian:
    • co1 - vernacular;
    • co4 - literary.
Note: suâi - modern pronunciation of sô̤i.
Note:
  • chē/chěr/chě/chēr, chǒ - vernacular;
  • chō/chǒ͘ - literary.
Note: zo6 - Chaozhou, Shantou.
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin: ze6 / zo7
      • Sinological IPA: /t͡sɛ³³/, /t͡sɔ⁵⁵/
Note:
  • ze6 - vernacular;
  • zo7 - literary.
Note:
  • zo5 - vernacular;
  • zo4 - literary.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 坐
    Mandarin Beijing /t͡suo⁵¹/
    Harbin /t͡suo⁵³/
    Tianjin /t͡suo⁵³/
    Jinan /t͡suə²¹/
    Qingdao /t͡suə⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /t͡suo³¹²/
    Xi'an /t͡suo⁴⁴/
    Xining /t͡su²¹³/
    Yinchuan /t͡suə¹³/
    Lanzhou /t͡suə¹³/
    Ürümqi /t͡suɤ²¹³/
    Wuhan /t͡suo³⁵/
    Chengdu /t͡so¹³/
    Guiyang /t͡so²¹³/
    Kunming /t͡so²¹²/
    Nanjing /t͡so⁴⁴/
    Hefei /t͡sʊ⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡suɤ⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /t͡ɕye̞³⁵/
    /t͡suə³⁵/
    Hohhot /t͡suɤ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /zu²³/
    Suzhou /zəu³¹/
    Hangzhou /d͡zo¹³/
    Wenzhou /zo³⁵/
    Hui Shexian /t͡sʰo³⁵/
    Tunxi /t͡sʰo²⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /t͡so⁵⁵/
    /t͡so¹¹/
    Xiangtan /d͡zo²¹/
    Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰo²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰo⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /t͡sʰo²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sɔ²²/
    /t͡sʰɔ²³/
    Nanning /t͡sʰɔ²⁴/
    Hong Kong /t͡sɔ²²/
    /t͡sʰɔ¹³/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /t͡so²²/
    /t͡se²²/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /sɔy²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /t͡so⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /t͡so³⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /t͡se³³/
    Rime
    Character 坐
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 從 (15)
    Final (韻) 戈 (95)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 徂果切
    Baxter dzwaX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/d͡zuɑX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/d͡zuɑX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/d͡zuɑX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/d͡zwaX/
    Li
    Rong         		/d͡zuɑX/
    Wang
    Li         		/d͡zuɑX/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/d͡zʱuɑX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		zuò
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		zo6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 坐 坐
    Reading # 1/3 2/3
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		zuò zuò
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ dzwaX › ‹ dzwaX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[dz]ˁo[j]ʔ/ /*m-[dz]ˁo[j]ʔ/
    English sit to set

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 坐
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 18064
    Phonetic
    component         		坐
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		3
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		坐
    Old
    Chinese         		/*zoːlʔ/

    Definitions

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    坐

    1. to sit; to take a seat
      坐下  ―  zuòxià  ―  to sit down
      請坐！／请坐！ [Hokkien]  ―  Chhiáⁿ chē! [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  Please take a seat!
    2. to go by; to travel by; to ride
      坐公交車不小心坐過頭 [MSC, trad.]
      坐公交车不小心坐过头 [MSC, simp.]
      zuò gōngjiāochē bù xiǎoxīn zuò guòtóu [Pinyin]
      to miss one's stop on the bus
      我坐飛機去上海。 [MSC, trad.]
      我坐飞机去上海。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒ zuò fēijī qù Shànghǎi. [Pinyin]
      I go to Shanghai by plane.
      她開車去，不坐火車去。 [MSC, trad.]
      她开车去，不坐火车去。 [MSC, simp.]
      Tā kāichē qù, bù zuò huǒchē qù. [Pinyin]
      She does not go by train, she drives.
    3. to bear fruit
    4. (literary) because of; on the ground of
    5. to be in charge of; to manage
    6. to uphold; to fight until the end without giving up
      坐鎮／坐镇  ―  zuòzhèn  ―  to assume personal command
    7. † to be convicted (of a crime)
    See also
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    • 上 (shàng, “to board”)
    Descendants
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    • → Ai-Cham: zai⁶

    Compounds

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    Etymology 2

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    simp. and trad.
    		 坐

    Pronunciation

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    Rime
    Character 坐
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 從 (15)
    Final (韻) 戈 (95)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 徂卧切
    Baxter dzwaH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/d͡zuɑH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/d͡zuɑH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/d͡zuɑH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/d͡zwaH/
    Li
    Rong         		/d͡zuɑH/
    Wang
    Li         		/d͡zuɑH/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/d͡zʱuɑH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		zuò
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		zo6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 坐
    Reading # 3/3
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		zuò
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ dzwaH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[dz]ˁo[j]ʔ-s/
    English seat n.

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 坐
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 18065
    Phonetic
    component         		坐
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		3
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese         		/*zoːls/

    Definitions

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    坐

    1. Alternative form of 座 (zuò)
    Usage notes
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    • This form was also proposed in the second round of simplification.

    References

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    Japanese

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    Kanji

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    坐

    (Jinmeiyō kanji)

    1. to sit
    2. to assume (a position)
    3. to hold still

    Readings

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    Usage notes

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    In modern Japanese, 坐 is mostly replaced by 座, due to the deprecation of non-tōyō kanji caused by the Japanese script reform.

    Japanese terms with 坐 replaced by daiyōji 座
    座骨
    座職
    座食
    座禅
    座像

    Compounds

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    Compounds

    References

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    Korean

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    Hanja

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    坐 (eumhun 앉을 좌 (anjeul jwa))

    1. hanja form? of 좌 (“to sit”)

    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    坐: Hán Việt readings: tọa/toạ
    坐: Nôm readings: ngồi, tòa/toà, tọa/toạ

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    References

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