染
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]染 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 水弓木 (END), four-corner 34904, composition ⿱氿木(GJKV) or ⿱氿𣎳(HT))
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 519, character 4
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14621
- Dae Jaweon: page 907, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1188, character 7
- Unihan data for U+67D3
Chinese
[edit]trad. | 染 | |
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simp. # | 染 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 染 | |
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Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 氵 (“water”) + 九 (“hook”) + 木 (“tree”) – to hang (on a hook 九) from a tree (木) into water (氵), so as to dye.
Earlier forms more often graphically 氵 + 杂; in the modern form, the water radical is moved upward to the upper-left corner.
Etymology
[edit]Coblin (1986) compares this to Tibetan ཉམས་པ (nyams pa, “be stained, tarnished, spoiled”); Pan (1987) also notes Proto-Tai *ɲuɔmᴬ as well as Vietnamese nhuộm, both meaning "to dye".
Schuessler (2007) cites Downer (1986)'s opinion that form with 上 (shàng) tone is the verb, while form with 去 (qù) tone is the noun meaning "kind of cloth" (Lǐjì).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Northern Min (KCR): nǐng
- Eastern Min (BUC): niēng
- Southern Min
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): yenn3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄖㄢˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: rǎn
- Wade–Giles: jan3
- Yale: rǎn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: raan
- Palladius: жань (žanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʐän²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jim5
- Yale: yíhm
- Cantonese Pinyin: jim5
- Guangdong Romanization: yim5
- Sinological IPA (key): /jiːm¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: ngiam4
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵑɡiam²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiam
- Hakka Romanization System: ngiam
- Hagfa Pinyim: ngiam4
- Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯am⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: nǐng
- Sinological IPA (key): /niŋ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: niēng
- Sinological IPA (key): /nˡieŋ³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liám
- Tâi-lô: liám
- Phofsit Daibuun: liarm
- IPA (Quanzhou): /liam⁵⁵⁴/
- IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /liam⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jiám
- Tâi-lô: jiám
- Phofsit Daibuun: jiarm
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡ziam⁵³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /ziam⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
- liám/jiám - literary;
- ní - vernacular.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: riam2 / ni2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jiám / ní
- Sinological IPA (key): /d͡ziam⁵²/, /ni⁵²/
- riam2 - literary;
- ni2 - vernacular.
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: yenn3
- Sinological IPA (key): /y̯ẽ⁴¹/
- (Changsha)
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: nyemX, nyemH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.n[a]mʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*njomʔ/, /*njoms/
Definitions
[edit]染
Compounds
[edit]- 一塵不染 / 一尘不染 (yīchénbùrǎn)
- 不染纖塵 / 不染纤尘
- 二次感染
- 二次汙染 / 二次污染
- 交叉感染 (jiāochā gǎnrǎn)
- 作染
- 傳染 / 传染 (chuánrǎn)
- 傳染來源 / 传染来源
- 傳染力 / 传染力 (chuánrǎnlì)
- 傳染原 / 传染原
- 傳染病 / 传染病 (chuánrǎnbìng)
- 傳染途徑 / 传染途径
- 印染 (yìnrǎn)
- 合成染料
- 命染黃沙 / 命染黄沙
- 噪音汙染 / 噪音污染 (zàoyīn wūrǎn)
- 土壤汙染 / 土壤污染 (tǔrǎng wūrǎn)
- 塵埃傳染 / 尘埃传染
- 大氣汙染 / 大气污染
- 媒染劑 / 媒染剂
- 尿道感染
- 性染色體 / 性染色体 (xìng rǎnsètǐ)
- 愛染 / 爱染
- 感染 (gǎnrǎn)
- 感染症
- 接觸傳染 / 接触传染
- 操觚染翰
- 放射汙染 / 放射污染
- 日漸月染 / 日渐月染
- 日濡月染
- 有染 (yǒurǎn)
- 染人
- 染化
- 染坊
- 染干
- 染指 (rǎnzhǐ)
- 染指垂涎
- 染指於鼎 / 染指于鼎
- 染料 (rǎnliào)
- 染汙 / 染污
- 染渲
- 染畫 / 染画
- 染疫 (rǎnyì)
- 染病 (rǎnbìng)
- 染紅 / 染红 (rǎnhóng)
- 染絲之變 / 染丝之变
- 染缸
- 染習 / 染习
- 染翰
- 染翰操紙 / 染翰操纸
- 染翰操觚
- 染色 (rǎnsè)
- 染色體 / 染色体 (rǎnsètǐ)
- 染革
- 染風習俗 / 染风习俗
- 染髮 / 染发 (rǎnfà)
- 核汙染 / 核污染
- 水汙染 / 水污染 (shuǐwūrǎn)
- 汙染 / 污染 (wūrǎn)
- 汙染物 / 污染物 (wūrǎnwù)
- 沾染 (zhānrǎn)
- 油汙染 / 油污染
- 浸染 (jìnrǎn)
- 海水汙染 / 海水污染
- 渲染 (xuànrǎn)
- 滃染
- 漂染 (piǎorǎn)
- 漸染 / 渐染 (jiānrǎn)
- 潛伏感染 / 潜伏感染
- 濡染
- 火染旛竿
- 烘染
- 熏染 (xūnrǎn)
- 熱汙染 / 热污染
- 環境汙染 / 环境污染 (huánjìng wūrǎn)
- 病染膏肓
- 目擩耳染 (mùrù'ěrrǎn)
- 目染耳濡 (mùrǎn'ěrrú)
- 空氣傳染 / 空气传染 (kōngqì chuánrǎn)
- 空氣汙染 / 空气污染 (kōngqì wūrǎn)
- 紡染 / 纺染
- 紮染 / 扎染
- 絞染 / 绞染
- 纖塵不染 / 纤尘不染
- 習染 / 习染
- 耳染目濡 (ěrrǎnmùrú)
- 耳濡目染 (ěrrúmùrǎn)
- 荏染
- 薰染 (xūnrǎn)
- 蠟染 / 蜡染 (làrǎn)
- 見聞習染 / 见闻习染
- 軋染 / 轧染
- 遷染 / 迁染
- 院內感染 / 院内感染 (yuànnèi gǎnrǎn)
- 陶染
- 隱性傳染 / 隐性传染
- 霑染 / 沾染
- 青蠅染白 / 青蝇染白
- 面染
- 飛文染翰 / 飞文染翰
- 飛沫傳染 / 飞沫传染
- 香染
- 點染 / 点染
- 點染雲煙 / 点染云烟
References
[edit]- “染”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]- dye, color, paint, stain, print
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: ねん (nen)←ねん (nen, historical)←ねむ (nemu, ancient)
- Kan-on: ぜん (zen)←ぜん (zen, historical)←ぜむ (zemu, ancient)
- Kan’yō-on: せん (sen, Jōyō)←せん (sen, historical)←せむ (semu, ancient)
- Kun: しみ (shimi, 染み, Jōyō)、そめる (someru, 染める, Jōyō)、しみる (shimiru, 染みる, Jōyō)、そまる (somaru, 染まる, Jōyō)
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 染 (MC nyemX|nyemH).
- Recorded as Middle Korean ᅀᅧᆷ〯 (zyěm) (Yale: zyěm) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
- Recorded as Middle Korean 염 (yem) (Yale: yem) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [jɘ(ː)m]
- Phonetic hangul: [염(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja
[edit]染 (eumhun 물들일 염 (muldeuril yeom))
Compounds
[edit]References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]染: Hán Nôm readings: nhuộm, nhẹm, nhiễm, nhuốm, ruộm, vẩn
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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