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墓

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
墓 U+5893, 墓
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5893
← 墒
[U+5892] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 墔 →
[U+5894]

Translingual

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Stroke order

Han character

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墓 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+10, 13 (Mainland China, Japan), 14 (Hong Kong) strokes, cangjie input 廿日大土 (TAKG), four-corner 44104, composition ⿱莫土)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 238, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5431
  • Dae Jaweon: page 476, character 19
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 470, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+5893

Chinese

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trad. 墓
simp. # 墓
2nd round simp. 圶

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 墓
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (莫) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
蟆 *mraː
鬕 *mraːɡs
饃 *maːl
模 *maː
摸 *maː, *maːɡ
嫫 *maː
謨 *maː
膜 *maː, *maːɡ
摹 *maː
暮 *maːɡs
慕 *maːɡs
募 *maːɡs
墓 *maːɡs
慔 *maːɡs
莫 *maːɡ
寞 *maːɡ
漠 *maːɡ
幕 *maːɡ
鏌 *maːɡ
瘼 *maːɡ
鄚 *maːɡ
瞙 *maːɡ
嗼 *maːɡ, *mraːɡ
塻 *maːɡ
貘 *mraːɡ
驀 *mraːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *maːɡs) : phonetic 莫 (OC *maːɡ) + semantic 土.

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • mou4 - vernacular;
  • bou5 - literary.
Rime
Character 墓
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 明 (4)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 莫故切
Baxter muH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/muoH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/muoH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/moH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/mɔH/
Li
Rong 		/moH/
Wang
Li 		/muH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/muoH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		mù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		mou6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 墓
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		mù
Middle
Chinese 		‹ muH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*C.mˁak-s/
English grave (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 墓
Reading # 1/1
No. 9250
Phonetic
component 		莫
Rime
group 		暮
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		暮
Old
Chinese 		/*maːɡs/

Definitions

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墓

  1. grave; tomb
  2. a surname: Mu

Synonyms

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  • (grave):
Dialectal synonyms of 墳 (“grave”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 墳墓, 墳
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 墳
Harbin 墳
Singapore 墓, 墳墓
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 墳
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 墳
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 墳, 墳地, 塋地, 墳墓
Wanrong 墳, 墓
Xi'an 墳, 墓
Xuzhou 墳墓, 墳
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 墳塋
Ürümqi 墳
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 墳, 墳墓
Chongqing 墳, 墳墓
Wuhan 墳
Guiyang 墳, 墳墓 large
Guilin 墳
Liuzhou 墳, 山
Dagudi (Maliba) 墳堆
Reshuitang (Longling) 墳堆
Mae Salong (Lancang) 墳堆
Mae Sai (Tengchong) 墳
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 墳
Yangzhou 墳, 墳攤, 墳攤堆子
Hefei 墳堰
Mandarin Fuzhou (Qinjiang, Changle) 墳
Cantonese Guangzhou 山墳, 山, 墳
Hong Kong 山墳, 墳, 墓, 墳墓, 山
Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 墳頭
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 墳頭
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 墳頭
Macau 墳墓
Taishan (Guanghai) 墳墓
Dongguan 墓
Yangjiang 山, 墳山
Maoming (Xinpo) 墳山
Nanning 墳山
Wuzhou 墳山
Yulin 墳山
Hepu (Lianzhou) 墳山, 山
Hepu (Shatian) 山
Beihai 墳, 山
Beihai (Nankang) 墳
Beihai (Yingpan) 山, 墳山
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 墳墓, 墳頭, 墳山
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 墳墓, 墳山
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 墳墓
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 山墳, 義山
Singapore (Guangfu) 墳墓
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 山墳
Móng Cái 墳墓
Mandalay (Taishan) 墳山, 墳墓
Gan Nanchang 墳
Lichuan 墳, 墳塋 large
Jianning 地
Taining 地
Hakka Meixian 地, 墓
Xingning 泥壠 first burial, 地 second burial
Huidong (Daling) 地
Dongguan (Qingxi) 墳頭
Wuhua (Huacheng) 地, 地墳
Heyuan (Bendihua) 地
Wengyuan 地墳
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 地
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 地 second burial
Liannan 墳
Jiexi 地
Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 地
Pinghe (Jiufeng) 地
Changting 地
Shanghang 地
Longyan (Yongding) 地
Wuping 地
Wuping (Yanqian) 地, 死佬
Wuping (Pingyu) 地
Liancheng 地
Ninghua 地
Qingliu 地
Yudu 地
Ruijin 地, 風水
Shicheng 地
Shangyou (Shexi) 地
Tonggu (Sandu) 墳, 地
Ganzhou (Panlong) 地
Dayu 地
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 風水
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 風水
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 風水
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 風水
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 風水
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 地, 風水
Hong Kong 墳頭
Yangxi (Tangkou) 山
Yangchun (Sanjia) 山, 山頭
Xinyi (Sihe) 山地
Xinyi (Qianpai) 墳山
Gaozhou (Xindong) 墳地
Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) 墳山
Huazhou (Xin'an) 墳地
Lianjiang (Shijiao) 墳, 墳地
Lianjiang (Qingping) 墳, 地 without a body buried
Mengshan (Xihe) 墳地
Luchuan 山
Senai (Huiyang) 墳, 風水, 義山
Senai (Hepo) 墳墓, 地 dated
Singkawang 地, 地門堂
Pontianak (Meixian) 地
Jin Taiyuan 墳, 墓
Northern Min Jian'ou 塚
Jian'ou (Dikou) 塚
Songxi 塚
Zhenghe 塚
Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 塚
Jianyang 塚
Wuyishan 塚
Pucheng (Shibei) 塚
Eastern Min Fuzhou 墓
Fuzhou (Changle) 墓
Lianjiang 墓
Fuqing 墓
Pingtan 墓
Yongtai 墓
Minqing 墓
Gutian 地, 墓
Pingnan 墓
Luoyuan 墓
Fu'an 墓
Ningde 墓
Xiapu 墓
Zherong 墓
Shouning 墓
Zhouning 墓
Fuding 墓
Southern Min Xiamen 墓, 墓仔, 風水
Xiamen (Tong'an) 墓
Quanzhou 墓, 風水
Jinjiang 墓
Nan'an 墓
Shishi 墓
Hui'an 墓
Anxi 墓
Yongchun 墓
Dehua 墓
Zhangzhou 墓, 墓仔, 風水
Zhangzhou (Longhai) 墓
Zhangzhou (Changtai) 墓
Hua'an 墓
Nanjing 墓
Pinghe 墓仔
Zhangpu 墓
Yunxiao 墓
Zhao'an 墓
Dongshan 墓
Tainan 墓, 風水
Kinmen 墓
Penang (Hokkien) 墓
Singapore (Hokkien) 墓, 墓地, 公司山 dated
Manila (Hokkien) 墓, 風水
Longyan 墓
Zhangping 墓
Datian 墓
Chaozhou 墳, 風水
Lufeng 風水
Haifeng 風水
Bangkok (Teochew) 墳, 義山
Chiang Mai (Teochew) 墳
Hat Yai (Teochew) 墳
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 墳, 義山
Singapore (Teochew) 墳
Leizhou 墓
Haikou 墓
Puxian Min Putian 墓
Xianyou 墓
Central Min Yong'an 墳
Sanming (Sanyuan) 墳
Sanming (Shaxian) 墳
Shaojiang Min Shaowu 墓
Guangze 墓
Jiangle 地
Mingxi 地
Shunchang 塚, 墳
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 墳墓, 山
Shehua Fu'an 墓
Fuding 墓
Luoyuan 墳
Sanming 墳
Shunchang 墳
Hua'an 墳
Guixi (Zhangping) 墳
Cangnan 墳
Jingning (Hexi) 墳
Lishui 墳
Longyou 墳
Chaozhou 墳
Fengshun 墳
Wu Shanghai 墳, 墳墓, 墓
Shanghai (Chongming) 墳
Suzhou 墳
Danyang 墳墓
Hangzhou 墳
Ningbo 墳, 墓
Wenzhou 墳
Yiwu 墳頭
Pucheng 墳
Xiang Changsha 墳
Loudi 墳, 墓
Shuangfeng 墳, 墓
Xiangnan Tuhua Jiangyong 祖

Compounds

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Descendants

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  • → Khmer: ម៉ុង (mong)
  • → Indonesian: bong
  • → Javanese: ꦧꦺꦴꦁ (bong)

References

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  • “墓”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “墓”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 388.
  • 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “墓”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 161.

Japanese

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Kanji

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墓

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. grave; graveyard

Readings

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  • Go-on: も (mo)
  • Kan-on: ぼ (bo, Jōyō)
  • Kun: はか (haka, 墓, Jōyō)
  • Nanori: つか (tsuka)

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
墓
はか
Grade: 5
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *paka. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1]

Ultimate derivation unknown. One possibility is that the final ka may be 処 (ka, suffix denoting place), as in the term 住み処 (sumika, “dwelling, home, abode”, literally “living place”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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墓(はか) • (haka) 

  1. a grave, a tomb
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
墓
ぼ
Grade: 5
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 墓 (muoᴴ, “grave, tomb”). Compare modern Min Nan readings bō͘, bōng.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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墓(ぼ) • (bo) 

  1. a grave, a tomb
Usage notes
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Seldom used in isolation. More commonly encountered in compounds.

Derived terms
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Derived terms

References

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  1. ^ “墓”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology 1

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Irregularly shifted from Middle Chinese 墓 (MC muH), perhaps due to confusion with the hanja 廟 (myo, “temple”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 몽〮 (Yale: mwó)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] 무덤〮 (Yale: mwùtém) 묘〯 (Yale: mywǒ)
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 분묘 (Yale: pwunmywo) 묘 (Yale: mywo)

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [mjo(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [묘(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

墓 (eumhun 무덤 묘 (mudeom myo))

  1. hanja form? of 묘 (“grave; tomb”) [noun]
  2. hanja form? of 묘 (“grave; tomb”) [affix]
Compounds
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Compounds

Etymology 2

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Presumably the original form.

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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墓 (eumhun 무덤 모 (mudeom mo))

  1. (Yukjin, Russia) hanja form? of 모 (“grave; tomb”) [noun]
Usage notes
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  • Yukjin speakers still use the orthodox pronunciation in compounds, e.g. 묘디(墓地) (myodi) for 묘지(墓地) (myoji).
  • This form appears to have historically been more common throughout the peninsula, as even southern dialects still sporadically have the derived term 못자리 (motjari, “gravesite”).

References

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  • 곽충구 (Kwak Chung-gu) (2018) “漢(한)字(자)語(어)(方(방)言(언)) 속의 特(특)異(이) 漢(한)字(자)音(음)—동북방언을 중심으로— [Unusual character readings in (dialectal) Sino-Korean vocabulary: focusing on the Northeastern dialect]”, in Gugeohak, volume 88, pages 3—32

Vietnamese

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Han character

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墓: Hán Nôm readings: mộ, mô, mồ

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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