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約

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 约
約 U+7D04, 約
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D04
← 紃
[U+7D03] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 紅 →
[U+7D05]

Translingual

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Han character

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約 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+3, 9 strokes, cangjie input 女火心戈 (VFPI) or 女火心一 (VFPM), four-corner 27920, composition ⿰糹勺)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 915, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27242
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1343, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3364, character 15
  • Unihan data for U+7D04

Chinese

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trad. 約
simp. 约
alternative forms 𪪊

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 約
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (勺) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
豹 *preːwɢs
趵 *preːwɢs, *preːwɢ
尥 *breːw, *b·reːwɢs
箹 *ʔreːwɢs, *ʔreːwɢ
杓 *plew, *pʰlew, *bljewɢ, *pleːwɢ
約 *ʔlewɢs, *ʔlewɢ
扚 *pleːwʔ, *pleːwɢ
釣 *pleːwɢs
瘹 *teːwɢs
芍 *ɡleːwʔ, *spʰlewɢ, *pl'ewɢ, *bljewɢ, *pleːwɢ
酌 *pljewɢ
灼 *pljewɢ
勺 *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ
彴 *pljewɢ
犳 *pljewɢ
妁 *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ
汋 *bljewɢ, *sbreːwɢ
仢 *bljewɢ
葯 *qlewɢ, *qreːwɢ
礿 *lewɢ
肑 *preːwɢ, *pleːwɢ
瓝 *breːwɢ
的 *pleːwɢ
靮 *pleːwɢ
馰 *pleːwɢ
玓 *pleːwɢ
魡 *pleːwɢ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ʔlewɢs, *ʔlewɢ) : semantic 糸 (“rope”) + phonetic 勺 (OC *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ).

Pronunciation 1

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Note: yāo - only the sense of “to weigh on a balance or scale”.
Note:
  • iók - literary;
  • ióh - vernacular.
Note:
  • yoh6/yeh6 - literary;
  • ieo5 - vernacular.
Note:
  • iok/iak - literary;
  • ioh - vernacular.
Note:
  • iag4 - literary;
  • ioh4/iêh4 - vernacular.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 約
Mandarin Beijing /yɛ⁵⁵/
Harbin /iau⁴⁴/
/yɛ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /ye²¹/
Jinan /yə²¹³/
Qingdao /yə⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /yo²⁴/
Xi'an /yo²¹/
Xining /yu⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ye¹³/
Lanzhou /yə¹³/
Ürümqi /yɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /io²¹³/
Chengdu /yo³¹/
Guiyang /io²¹/
Kunming /io³¹/
Nanjing /ioʔ⁵/
Hefei /yɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /yəʔ²/
Pingyao /yʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /yaʔ⁴³/ 大～
/iɔ³¹/ ～一～
Wu Shanghai /iaʔ⁵/
Suzhou /iɑʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /ʔiɑʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /j̠a²¹³/
Hui Shexian /iɔʔ²¹/
Tunxi /io⁵/
Xiang Changsha /io²⁴/
Xiangtan /io²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /iɔʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /iok̚¹/
Taoyuan /ʒok̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jœk̚²/
Nanning /jœk̚³³/
Hong Kong /jœk̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /iɔk̚³²/
/ioʔ³²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /yɔʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /iɔ²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /iak̚²/
/ioʔ²/
Haikou (Hainanese) /iɔk̚⁵/
Rime
Character 約
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 藥 (107)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 於略切
Baxter 'jak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʔɨɐk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʔiɐk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʔiɑk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʔɨak̚/
Li
Rong 		/ʔiak̚/
Wang
Li 		/ĭak̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ʔi̯ak̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yue
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		joek3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 約
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yuē
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ʔjak ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[q](r)ewk/
English bind (v.), make an agreement

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 約
Reading # 2/2
No. 11201
Phonetic
component 		勺
Rime
group 		藥
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		約
Old
Chinese 		/*ʔlewɢ/

Definitions

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約

  1. † to bundle up; to bind
  2. † rope; cord
  3. † to restrain; to limit; to keep under control
  4. to make an appointment; to arrange
  5. appointment; meeting; arrangement
  6. treaty; agreement; covenant; pact; contract
  7. to invite or ask in advance
    我想約你明天一起去吃飯，不知道你有沒有時間。 [MSC, trad.]
    我想约你明天一起去吃饭，不知道你有没有时间。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ xiǎng yuē nǐ míngtiān yīqǐ qù chīfàn, bù zhīdào nǐ yǒu méiyǒu shíjiān. [Pinyin]
    I'd like to invite you out to have a meal tomorrow, if you have the time.
  8. † to hinder; to block
  9. † to save; to economise
  10. † frugal; economical; thrifty
  11. † brief; concise; succinct
  12. † poor; humble; low-ranking
  13. (mathematics) to reduce (a fraction)
  14. † to prepare; to equip
  15. † to seek; to pursue
  16. † to estimate; to approximate; to reckon
  17. (colloquial) to weigh (on a balance or scale)
  18. about; approximately
    約220大卡／约220大卡  ―  yuē 220 dàkǎ  ―  Approximately 220 kilocalories.
  19. (Hong Kong, historical) district (of the City of Victoria)
    四環九約／四环九约 [Cantonese]  ―  sei3 waan4 gau2 joek3 [Jyutping]  ―  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  20. (Hong Kong, historical) pact, group of villages (clarification of this definition is needed)
    大埔七約／大埔七约 [Cantonese]  ―  daai6 bou3 cat1 joek3 [Jyutping]  ―  the seven village groups of Tai Po

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (約):
  • → Vietnamese: ước (約)

Pronunciation 2

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Rime
Character 約
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 宵 (91)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 於笑切
Baxter 'jiewH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʔiᴇuH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʔiɛuH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʔjæuH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʔiawH/
Li
Rong 		/ʔiɛuH/
Wang
Li 		/ĭɛuH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ʔi̯ɛuH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yào
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jiu3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 約
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yào
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ʔjiewH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[q]ewk-s/
English bond, agreement (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 約
Reading # 1/2
No. 11181
Phonetic
component 		勺
Rime
group 		豹
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		要
Old
Chinese 		/*ʔlewɢs/

Definitions

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約

  1. † Alternative form of 要 (yào, “gist; essentials”)

Pronunciation 3

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Definitions

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約

  1. † cord for the string of a stringed instrument

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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約

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. contract, promise
  2. to contract, to shorten
  3. approximately, roughly

Readings

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Compounds

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Kanji in this term
約
やく
Grade: 4
on'yomi

Pronunciation

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Adverb

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約(やく) • (yaku) 

  1. about, approximately
    約(やく)一(いっ)ヶ月(げつ)
    yaku iggagetsu
    approximately one month
    宇宙(うちゅう)の直径(ちょっけい)は約(やく) ９３０(きゅうひゃくさんじゅう)億(おく)光年(こうねん)だ。
    Uchū no chokkei wa yaku kyūhyakusanjū-oku kōnen da.
    The diameter of the universe is some 93 billion light years.

References

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  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

約 (eumhun 맺을 약 (maejeul yak))

  1. hanja form? of 약 (“contract, promise”)
  2. hanja form? of 약 (“approximately, roughly”)

Compounds

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Vietnamese

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Chữ Hán

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約: Hán Việt readings: ước, yêu

  1. chữ Hán form of ước (“contract, promise”).
  2. chữ Hán form of ước (“approximately, roughly”).
  3. chữ Hán form of ước (“to wish”).
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